考研考博-英語-哈爾濱遠東理工學院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-哈爾濱遠東理工學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

NowinBritain,winestakeupfourtimesasmuch（）inthestorehouseasbothbeerandspirits.

問題1選項

A.block

B.land

C.patch

D.space

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。block“塊，街區(qū)”；land“陸地”；patch“斑點，小塊土地”；space“空間”。句意：如今在英國，倉庫中的葡萄酒所占的空間比啤酒和烈性酒所占空間的總和還要多三倍。D項符合題意。

2.單選題

Britishfoodhasagoodreputation,butEnglishcookinghasabadone.Itisdifficulttoexplainthereasonforthis.Unfortunately,however,superbrawingredientsareoftenminedfromthekitchensothattheycometothetablewithoutanyofthenaturalflavorandgoodness.

ThisbadreputationdiscouragesalotofpeoplefromeatinginanEnglishrestaurant.Iftheydogotoone,theyareusuallyfullofprejudiceagainstthefood.Itisapity,becausethereareexcellentcooksinEngland,excellentrestaurants,andexcellenthome-cooking.How,then,hasthebadreputationbeenbuiltup?

PerhapsonereasonisthatBritain’sIndustrialRevolutionoccurredveryearly,inthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Asaresult;thequalityoffoodchangedtoo.ThiswasbecauseBritainstoppedbeingalargelyagriculturalcountry.Thepopulationofthetownsincreasedenormouslybetween1840and1870,andpeoplecouldnolongergrowtheirownfood,orbuyitfleshfromafarm.Hugequantitiesoffoodhadtobetakentothetowns,andalotofitlostitsfreshnessontheway.

Thislackoffreshnesswasdisguisedby“dressingup”thefood.Therichmiddleclassesate16ngelaboratemealswhichwerecookedforthembyFrenchchefs.Frenchbecame,andhasremained,theofficiallanguageofthediningroom.Out-of-seasondelicacieswereservedinspiteoftheirexpense,fortherewerealargenumberofextremelywealthypeoplewhowantedtoestablishthemselvessocially.The“l(fā)ook”ofthefoodwasmoreimportantthanitstaste.

Inthe1930s,thesupplyofservantbegantodecrease.Peoplestilltriedtoproducecomplicateddishes,however,buttheyeconomizedonthepreparationtime.TheSecondWorldWarmadethingsevenworsebymakingrawingredientsextremelyscarce.Asaresult,thereweremanywomenwhoneverhadtheopportunitytochooseapieceofmeatfromawell-stockedbutcher’sshop,butwerecontentandgratefultoacceptanythingthatwasofferedtothem.

FoodrationingcontinuedinBritainuntiltheearly1950s.Itwasonlyafterthishadstopped,andbutter,eggsandcreambecamemoreplentiful,anditwaspossibletotravelabroadagainandtasteotherwaysofpreparingfood,thattheEnglishdifferencetoeatingbecamereplacedbyanewenthusiasmforit.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,itisdifficulttoexplain（）.

2.ThenegativeeffectofBritain’sIndustrialRevolutiononEnglishcookingisthat（）.

3.AsaresultoftheIndustrialRevolution,（）.

4.TheSecondWorldWarworsenedtheproblembecause（）.

5.AnewenthusiasmforeatingemergedinBritain（）.

問題1選項

A.whyexcellentingredientsarespoiledintheprocessofcooking

B.whypeopledonotlikeEnglishcooking

C.whyBritishfoodoftenhasanaturalflavor

D.whypeoplepreferhome-cookingtoreadymadefood

問題2選項

A.thepopulationinthecountrysidedecreaseddramatically

B.peoplenolongergrewtheirownfoodontheirownfarms

C.thefreshnessoffoodwaslostonthewaytothecities

D.Britainwasnolongeranagriculturalcountry

問題3選項

A.moreattentionwasgiventothelookofthefood

B.FrenchbecametheofficiallanguageinEnglishrestaurants

C.alargenumberofextremelywealthypeopleateinFrenchrestaurants

D.out-of-seasondelicaciesbecameveryexpensive

問題4選項

A.therewasanincreasingdemandforservants

B.therewasalackofrawingredientsupply

C.manywomenrefusedtochoosemeatfrombutcher’sshops

D.FrenchchefsdominatedEnglishrestaurants

問題5選項

A.whenmanywomenfinallyhadtheopportunitytopurchasefleshmeatfromawell-stockedbutcher’sshop

B.whenbutter,eggsandcreambecameavailable

C.whenpeoplestartedtravelingtoothercities

D.aftertheearly1950s

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的一二句“Britishfoodhasagoodreputation,butEnglishcookinghasabadone.Itisdifficulttoexplainthereasonforthis.”可知，很難解釋的是為什么人們不喜歡英國的烹飪。選項B符合原文。

2.根據(jù)關鍵詞“IndustrialRevolution”定位到第三段，根據(jù)本段內容可知，英國工業(yè)革命對英國烹飪產生的一個負面影響是“Hugequantitiesoffoodhadtobetakentothetowns,andalotofitlostitsfreshnessontheway.”大量的食物被運到城鎮(zhèn)，食物在運輸?shù)倪^程中不再新鮮。選項C符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第四段最后一句“The“l(fā)ook”ofthefoodwasmoreimportantthanitstaste.”工業(yè)革命使得人們更注重食物的外觀而不是口感。選項A符合原文。

4.根據(jù)關鍵詞“TheSecondWorldWar”定位到倒數(shù)第二段第三句“TheSecondWorldWarmadethingsevenworsebymakingrawingredientsextremelyscarce.”二戰(zhàn)使得原材料極度匱乏，情況更加糟糕。選項B符合原文。

5.根據(jù)最后一段的內容可知，在1950年以后，英國出現(xiàn)了一種新的飲食熱潮。選項D正確。

3.單選題

Theintegrationofstafffortraininghasledtoagoodexchangeofideas,greaterenthusiasm,andhigherstaff（）.

問題1選項

A.moral

B.mortal

C.morale

D.mores

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項moral“道德；寓意”；B選項mortal“人類，凡人”；C選項morale“士氣，斗志”；D選項mores“習慣；風俗；道德觀念”。句意：員工集中培訓已帶來了更好的思想交流、更大的熱情和更高的員工士氣。由題干中的“staff員工”、“agoodexchangeofideas更好的思想交流”和“greaterenthusiasm更大的熱情”可知“士氣”符合語境，因此C選項正確。

4.單選題

Inalettertoafriend,GeorgeOrwellwrote,“ItisimpossibletomentionJewsinprint,eitherfavorablyorunfavorably,withoutgettingintotrouble.”Buttherearetimeswhentroublehadbetterbegotintobeforemeretroubleturnsintocatastrophe.Jews,blacks,andhomosexualistsaredespisedbythemajoritiesofEastandWest.Also,asaresultoftheinventionofIsrael,JewscannowcountonthehatredoftheIslamicworld.SinceAmerica’sownChristianmajoritylookstobegettingreadyforgreatadventuresathomeandabroad,Iwouldsuggestthatthethreedespisedminoritiesjoinforcesinordernottobedestroyed.Thisseemsanobviousthingtodo.Unfortunately,mostJewsrefusetoseeanysimilaritybetweentheirspecialsituationandthatofthesame-sexers.Atonelevel,theJewsareperfectlycorrect.Aracialorreligiousortribalidentityisakindoffact.Althoughsexualpreferenceisanevenmorepowerfulfact,itisnotonethatcreatesanyparticularsocialorculturalorreligiousbondbetweenthoseso-minded.AlthoughJewswoulddoubtlessbeJewsiftherewasnoanti-Semitism,same-sexerswouldthinklittleornothingatallabouttheirpreferenceifsocietyignoredit.Sothereisadifferencebetweenthetwoestates.ButthereisnodifferenceinthedegreeofhatredfeltbytheChristianmajorityforChrist-killersandSodomites.IntheGermanconcentrationcamps,Jewsworeyellowstarswhilehomosexualistsworepinktriangles.IwaspresentwhenChristopherIsherwoodtriedtomakethispointtoayoungJewishmovieproducer.“Afterall,”saidIsherwood,“Hitlerkilledsixhundredthousandhomosexuals.”Theyoungmanwasnotimpressed.“ButHitlerkilledsixmillionJews,”hesaidsternly.“Whatareyou?”askedIsherwood.“Inrealestate?”

Likeitornot,Jewsandhomosexualistsareinthesamefragileboat,andonewouldhavetobeprettyobtusenottoseethecommondanger.ButobtusenessisthenameofthegameamongNewYork’snewclass.Harper’sMagazineandCommentaryusuallypublishthesepieces,thoughotherperiodicalsarenotaboveprintingtheoddexposeofthelatesthomosexualconspiracytoturntheUnitedStatesovertotheSovietUnionortostructuralismortoChristianDior.Althoughthenewclass’sthoughtsarenevermuchinthemselves,andtheythemselvesarenomorethanspearcarriersinthepoliticalandculturallifeoftheWest,theirprejudicesandsuperstitionsdoregisterinasubliminalway,makingmephitictheairofManhattanifnotoftheRepublic.

Althoughthekindnessofstrangersismuchsoughtafter,gayliberationhasnotgotmuchsupportfromanyone.NaturalalliesliketheJewsareoftenvirulentintheirattacks.Blacksintheirghettos,Chicanosintheirbarrios,andrednecksintheirpulpitsalsohavebeeninfluencedbythesametribaltaboos.ThatJewsandblacksandChicanosandrednecksallcontributetotheranksofthesame-sexersonlyincreasesthemadness.

Herewiththeburdenof“TheBoysontheBeach”:sincehomosexualistschoosetobethewaytheyareoutofidlehatefulness,ithasbeenamistaketoallowthemtocomeoutoftheclosettotheextentthattheyhave,butnowthattheyareout(whichmostarenot),theywillhavenochoicebuttofaceuptotheiressentialhatefulnessandabnormalityandsobedriventokillthemselveswithpromiscuity,drugs,andsuicide.Noteventheauthorsof“TheProtocolsoftheEldersofZion”eversuggestedthattheJews,whoweresohatefultothem,werealsohatefultothemselves.SoDecterhasmanagedtogoonestepfurtherthantheProtocols’authors;sheisindeedavirtuosoofhate,andthusdopogromsbegin.

1.Theauthorarguesthatakeydifferencebetweenanti-Semitismandhomophobiais

（

）.

2.Inthesecondparagraph,obtusenessisusedtomean

（

）.

3.ThemeaningwearemeanttotakefromtheconversationbetweenChristopherIsherwoodandthefilmproduceris

（

）.

4.Theauthorbelievesthattheargumentsputforthin“TheBoysontheBeach”

（

）.

5.Theauthorarguesthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.anti-semitismcanbeeffectivelystoppedthroughtheuseofHollywoodmovies

B.homophobiadirectlyaffectsmembersofmanydifferentethnicandreligiousgroups

C.anti-semitismisarelicofthe19thcentury

D.homophobiaisprimarilyspreadthroughwrittentexts

問題2選項

A.beingunwillingtounderstandorgraspnewconcepts

B.Jewishdislikeofhomosexuals

C.mentaloremotionaldisability

D.deficitofunderstanding

問題3選項

A.thatJewshavesufferedworsethanhomosexuals

B.thathomosexualsandJewsbothsufferedterriblyundertheNaziregime

C.thatlossofhumanlifemaybeeasilyandmeaningfullyquantified

D.thatHollywoodproducesfilmsthatmeaningfullyexplorestheNazimurderofJewsandhomosexualsalike

問題4選項

A.echothethemesofTheProtocolsoftheEldersofZion

B.aresimilartothoseargumentsheardbefore

C.mayleadtoanorganizedmassacreofaspecificgroup

D.canbemeaningfullyinterpretedthroughthelensoftheJewishexperienceinAmerica

問題5選項

A.homosexualityandJudaismarenecessarilymutuallyexclusive,butbothareindanger

B.homosexualsandJewsshareacommoninterestinjustice

C.“TheBoysontheBeach”,like“TheProtocolsoftheEldersofZion,”isathreattohomosexuals

D.identitygroupsthatarefrequentlydiscriminatedagainstshouldsupporteachother

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:1.判斷推理題。文中第一段說到“Althoughsexualpreferenceisanevenmorepowerfulfact,itisnotonethatcreatesanyparticularsocialorculturalorreligiousbondbetweenthoseso-minded.”盡管性偏好是一個更強大的事實，但它并不能在那些頭腦簡單的人之間建立起任何特定的社會、文化或宗教紐帶。說明與反猶太主義不同的是，恐同癥直接影響到許多不同種族和宗教團體的成員，B選項符合題意。

第2題:2.詞義題。由關鍵詞定位到第二段第一句“Likeitornot,Jewsandhomosexualistsareinthesamefragileboat,andonewouldhavetobeprettyobtusenottoseethecommondanger.”不管喜歡與否，猶太人和同性戀者都在同一條脆弱的船上，而人們卻不得不遲鈍地對于這種眾所周知的危險視而不見。因此obtuseness在這里表示“故意拒絕接受”，A選項符合題意。

第3題:3.判斷推理題。第一段中說到“‘Afterall,’saidIsherwood,Hitlerkilledsixhundredthousandhomosexuals.’Theyoungmanwasnotimpressed.‘ButHitlerkilledsixmillionJews,’hesaidsternly.”可知在納粹制度下，同性戀者和猶太人都遭受了迫害。B選項符合題意。

第4題:4.觀點態(tài)度題。最后一段中說到“theywillhavenochoice…sobedriventokillthemselves”,他們別無選擇，被迫自殺。并且在最后還說到“SoDecterhasmanagedtogoonestepfurtherthantheProtocols’authors;sheisindeedavirtuosoofhate,andthusdopogromsbegin.”Decter更進了一步，她是真正的仇恨專家，大屠殺就這樣開始了。因此C選項“可能導致對特定群體有組織的大屠殺”符合題意。

第5題:5.觀點態(tài)度題。文章第一段中說到“Jews，blacks,andhomosexualistsaredespisedbythemajoritiesofEastandWest…Iwouldsuggestthatthethreedespisedminoritiesjoinforcesinordernottobedestroyed.”作者認為受到歧視的三者有必要聯(lián)合起來。因此D選項“經常受到歧視的群體應該互相支持”符合題意。

5.單選題

Thecentertaskofanempiricalsciencesuchaseconomicsistoprovidegeneralunderstandingofeventsintherealworld,andultimatelyallofitstheoriesandtechniquesmustbeinstrumentaltothattask.Thatisverydifferentfromsaying,however,thatitmustberesponsivetothecontemporaneousconditionsandproblemsofthesocietyinwhichitissituated.

Iftheproblemsofeconomiclifechangedfrequentlyandradically,andlackedalargemeasureofcontinuityintheiressentialnature,therecouldnotbeascienceofeconomics.Anessentialelementofascienceisthecumulativegrowthofknowledge,andthatcumulativecharactercouldnotariseifeachgenerationofeconomistsfacedfundamentallynewproblemscallingforentirelynewmethodsofanalysis.Thechangeofproblemsandmethodswouldalsounderminethetrainingofeconomists;iftheyoungstudiedundertheold,theyoungcouldbeconfidentthattheywerelearningthingsthatwererapidlybecomingoutdated.Asciencerequiresforitsveryexistenceasetoffundamentalanddurableproblems.

Ineconomicsthemostfundamentalofthesecentralproblemsisthetheoryofvalue.Thetheoryofvaluemustexplainhowthecomparativevaluesofdifferentgoodsandservicesareestablished.Untilthatproblemissolved,itisnotpossibletoanalyzeforscientificpurposeswhatwillbeproducedandinwhatquantities,howtheresourceswillbeemployedinproducingthemenuofoutputs,andhowtheresourceswillbevalued.Withoutatheoryofvaluetheeconomistcanhaveneithertheoryofinternationaltradenorpossiblyatheoryofmoney.Thiscentralproblemofvaluedoesnotchangeinitsessentialcontentifoneseekstoexplainvaluesinagriculturalorindustrialsocieties,indeed,iftheproblemofvalueweresochameleonlikeastoalteritsnaturewhenevertheeconomicorpoliticalsystemaltered,eachepochineconomiclifewouldrequireitsowntheory,andshortepochwouldgetshort-livedtheories.

1.Themainideaofthepassageisthat（）.

2.Whichisacorrectstatementoftheoriesandtechniques?

3.Ifeverygenerationofeconomistshadbasicallydifferentproblems,（）.

4.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthetheoryofvalue?

5.Theword“chameleonlike”inthelastsentenceisclosestinmeaningto（）.

問題1選項

A.allsciencesshouldhavepropertoolsiftheyaretocompletethecentraltask

B.theempiricalsciencemustberesponsivetotheproblemsoftherealworld

C.economicsasanempiricalsciencemusthaveitsfundamentalproblemsforstudy

D.economistsmustgiveprioritytoagreementofthetheoryofvalue

問題2選項

A.Theoriesandtechniquesofasciencemustcontributetoourknowledgeoftherealworld.

B.Theoriesandtechniquesofferustoolswhenweendeavortorespondtocurrentproblems.

C.Theoriesandtechniquesmustconstantlychangeradicallyinordertocatchupwiththetime.

D.Theoriesandtechniquesmusthavetheirvaluesinsolvingfundamentalproblemsofsciences.

問題3選項

A.economicknowledgewouldbedramaticallyenriched

B.thescienceofeconomicswouldtransformitsnature

C.thetrainingofeconomistswouldbemuchmoreimportant

D.itwouldbehardtodevelopthescienceofeconomics

問題4選項

A.Thetheoryofvalueisverycomplicatedbecauseitinvolvesmanyfundamentalproblems.

B.Thetheoryofvalueiscrucialtothescientificanalysisofeconomicactivities.

C.Businessexecutivesmustlearnthetheoryofvalueiftheyhopetosucceedinmanagingproduction.

D.Thetheoryofvalueonlyappliestoindustrialsocietieswhencapitalismmakesitsappearance

問題5選項

A.colorful

B.obscure

C.changeable

D.flexible

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文主要探討了經濟學的意義以及經濟學的研究基礎和根本問題，說明了經濟學的研究基礎和發(fā)展關鍵在于一個固定的基本問題的研究，而最根本的核心問題是“thetheoryofvalue”，所以，D項是正確答案。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由文章開頭Thecentraltaskofanempiricalsciencesuchaseconomicsistoprovidegeneralunderstandingofeventsintherealworld,andultimatelyallofitstheoriesandtechniquesmustbeinstrumentaltothattask.可知，經驗科學的核心任務就是能夠解釋現(xiàn)實中的社會問題，促進人們對于事情原理的理解，并且最終所有的理論和方法都應該適用于這個核心任務。因此，A項符合題意。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第二段Iftheproblemsofeconomiclifechangedfrequentlyandradically,andlackedalargemeasureofcontinuitytheiressentialnature,therecouldnotbeascienceofeconomics.可知，如果一個學科研究的核心基礎命題一直在變化，那么將不利于學科的縱深發(fā)展和深入解決問題。因此，D選項正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段中Untilthatproblemissolved,itisnotpossibletoanalyzeforscientificpurposeswhatwillbeproducedandinwhatquantities,howtheresourceswillbeemployedinproducingthemenuofoutputs,andhowtheresourceswillbevalued.可知，如果不能很好地詮釋和定義價值理論，那么這些問題都難以解決，由此可見價值理論的重要性。因此，B選項正確。

5.詞匯題。chameleon意思為變色龍，善變的人，加后綴like變?yōu)樾稳菰~，A選項colorfuladj.多彩的，B選項obscureadj.模糊的，不清楚的，C選項changeableadj.易變的，可改變的，D選項flexibleadj.靈活的，易彎曲的。根據(jù)詞義可知C項最為接近。因此，C選項正確。

6.單選題

Thelecturerwanderedfromhistextto（）onapointthathadobviouslycaughthisaudience’sinterest.

問題1選項

A.elaborate

B.interrupt

C.explain

D.emphasize

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項elaborate“詳細說明，闡述；詳盡計劃（常與on連用）”；B選項interrupt“中斷；打斷；插嘴；妨礙”；C選項explain“說明；解釋”；D選項emphasize“強調，著重”。句意：這位演講者離開他的正文，去詳盡闡述明顯讓他的觀眾感興趣的一個觀點。結合句意，A選項正確。

7.單選題

ThelargetowersoftheGeorgeWashingtonBridgewerenotencasedinmasonrybutwereleftexposedtorevealtheirhandsomesteelstructure.

問題1選項

A.harsh

B.hoarse

C.good-looking

D.flagrant

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：喬治華盛頓大橋的橋塔并沒有采用磚石結構，而是直接將塔身暴露在外，顯示出它……鋼結構。harsh“嚴酷的”；hoarse“嘶啞的”；good-looking“好看的，漂亮的”；flagrant“駭人聽聞的”。根據(jù)“steelstructure”可以推測出handsome的意思是“雄偉的”。選項C符合題意。

8.單選題

Theusualdistinctionsbetween“basicresearch”,“appliedresearch”,and“development”,usedformanyyearsintheformalgovernmentstatisticskeptbytheNationalScienceFoundationare,unfortunatelyinsufficientfordiscussionsofpolicyforgovernmentinvestmentintechnicalactivities.Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.Onecannotdistinguishinanymeaningfulway“basic”from“appliedresearch”byobservingwhatascientistisdoing.

“Appliedresearch”shouldnotbeusedtomean“purposefulanddemonstrablyusefulbasicresearch,”andoneshouldbewaryoftheuseofthetermingovernmentstatistics.Incorporateresearchlaboratories,suchastheTJ.WatsonResearchLaboratoriesofIBM,alloftheworkisreferredtosimplyas“research.”Thereisnoneedtoattemptadistinctionbetween“basic”and“applied”research.Allofthecompany’sresearchinvestmentsaremotivatedbycorporateinterests.Alloftheresearchhasapurpose.Allofitisconductedunderhighlycreativeconditions.Noneofitisso“pure”thattherearenoexpectationsofvaluefromtheresearchinvestment.

Weshouldreservethewords“appliedresearch”forthosenarrowly-definedtasksinwhichlimitedtimeandresourcesaredevotedtoaspecificproblemforanidentifieduserwhogetsallthebenefitandshouldpayallthecosts.Tomakethisviewofappliedresearchclearinthisdiscussion,Iusethewords“problem-solvingresearch”instead.

Narrowproblem-solvinganddevelopmentareactivitiesinitiatedbysomeonewhowishestoapplyresearchmethodspurposefullytoexploitanidentifiedopportunityorsolveaproblem.Theyinvolvetheapplicationoftechnicalresourcestoachieveanidentifiedgoalforaspecifiedbeneficiary,usuallytheinvestorinthework.Itisareasonableassumptionthatthosewhoengageinsuchactivitiesexpecttobenefitfromthem,andtobenefitbyasufficientmarginoverthecosttoaccommodatethetechnicalriskthatisever-presentinresearch.Theinvestorinproblem-solvingmaybeagovernmentagency,butismorelikelytobeaprivatefirm.Inmostcasesthatfirmwouldbeexpectedtobeabletoappropriatesufficientbenefitstoneednogovernmentsubsidytotakethoserisks.Publicinvestmentinthecreationofnewtechnology(technologicaldevelopment,whetherbyresearchorasaproductofproblem-solving)isacriticallinkbetweenidthescientificresearchthatispursuedbyvirtueofsociety’scommitmenttothosegoals.Thusthedesirefortechnologyisanimportant-perhapsthemostimportant-sourceofdemandforscience.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,thedistinctionbetweenBasicandappliedresearchesingovernmentdocumentsis______.

2.Adisturbingresultofthedefinitionsofnatureofresearchingovernmentstatisticsisthat______.

3.Itisimpliedinthesecondparagraphthatbasicresearchischaracterizedby______.

4.The“appliedresearch”astheauthorunderstandsitisbestdefinedintermsof______.

5.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwithdefiningtheroleof______.

問題1選項

A.theoreticallyunjustifiable

B.obscureandmisleading

C.scientificbutinsufficient

D.meaningfulthoughconfusing

問題2選項

A.theroleofgovernmentinfundingresearchactivitiesispoorlydefined

B.scientistsarenotsurewhetherwhattheyaredoingismeaningful

C.thegoalsofbothbasicandappliedresearchesarenotrationallyset

D.researchincorporatesettingsisnotpurposefulordemonstrablyuseful

問題3選項

A.lesscreativity

B.highermotivation

C.lackofimmediatevalue

D.insufficientinvestment

問題4選項

A.thegoalitservesandtheproblemitsolves

B.thepartythatsponsorsandbenefitsfromit

C.thecostandrisksinvolvedinsuchresearch

D.bothAandB

問題5選項

A.appliedresearchinthecreationofnewtechnology

B.basicresearchinthecreationofnewtechnology

C.privatefirmsinrefundingproblem-solvingresearch

D.governmentinthecreationofnewtechnology

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Theusualdistinctionsbetween‘basicresearch,’‘appliedresearch,’and‘development’,usedformanyyearsintheformalgovernmentstatisticskeptbytheNationalScienceFoundationare,unfortunatelyinsufficientfordiscussionsofpolicyforgovernmentinvestmentintechnicalactivities.Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.（對‘基礎研究’和‘應用研究’與‘發(fā)展’這些詞語的基本區(qū)分，在國家科學基金會記錄的正式的政府數(shù)據(jù)中已經沿用多年，不幸的是，在討論政府對技術活動的投資政策時，這些區(qū)分顯得很不足。的確，在討論政府在國家科技事業(yè)中的合理角色時，對這些詞語的界定引起很多混亂。）”，由此可知“基礎研究”和“應用研究”的區(qū)別定義不夠清楚，且會引起誤導，所以B選項“模糊和誤導性的”符合題意。A選項“理論上不合理的”；C選項“科學但不充分的”；D選項“有意義但令人困惑的”。因此B選項正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.（的確，在討論政府在國家科技事業(yè)中的合理角色時，對這些詞語的界定引起很多混亂。）”，由此可知政府在資助研究活動中的角色定義不明確是導致不安結果的原因，所以A選項“政府在資助研究活動中的角色定義不明確”符合題意。B選項“科學家不確定他們正在做的事情是否有意義”；C選項“基礎研究和應用研究的目標設置不合理”；D選項“在公司背景下的研究是沒有目的的，也沒有明顯的用處”。因此A選項正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章二段“Alloftheresearchhasapurpose.Allofitisconductedunderhighlycreativeconditions.Noneofitisso‘pure’thattherearenoexpectationsofvaluefromtheresearchinvestment.（所有的研究都有一個目的。所有這些都是在高度創(chuàng)造性的條件下進行的。哪項研究都不是那么‘純粹’，以至于研究的投資者不指望它有任何價值。）”，由此可推測，基礎研究（即所謂的純科學研究）不在于滿足某些人的功利需求，也不在于滿足一個短期的價值預期，所以C選項“缺乏直接價值”符合題意。A選項“更少的創(chuàng)造力”；B選項“更高的動機”；D選項“投資不足”。因此C選項正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Weshouldreservethewords‘appliedresearch’forthosenarrowly-definedtasksinwhichlimitedtimeandresourcesaredevotedtoaspecificproblemforanidentifieduserwhogetsallthebenefitandshouldpayallthecosts.Tomakethisviewofappliedresearchclearinthisdiscussion,Iusethewords‘problem-solvingresearch’instead.（我們應該把‘應用研究’這個詞保留在那些狹義的定義上，即‘應用研究’指在有限時間內利用有限資源為某個特定使用者完成某個特定任務，作為受益者的使用者獲得全部利益，并支付所有研究成本。為了在這次討論中明確應用研究的觀點，我使用了‘以解決問題為目的的研究’這個詞。）”，作者稱之為“以解決問題為目的的研究”這個定義，以及下一段對這個定義的進一步解釋，強調了研究的目的性，當然也強調了解決問題，因此A選項“它服務的目標和它解決的問題”表達的意思是正確的。同時，這個定義也強調了受益者（=投資者），因此B選項“贊助并從中受益的一方”也是正確的。C選項“這種研究涉及的成本和風險”沒有提及，所以D選項正確。

5.主旨大意題。第一段前兩句實際上表達了本文的主旨。分析“應用研究”的定義也是為了澄清概念，說明政府在研究中的作用。因此最后一段再次指出“Publicinvestmentinthecreationofnewtechnology(technologicaldevelopment,whetherbyresearchorasaproductofproblem-solving)isacriticallinkbetweenidthescientificresearchthatispursuedbyvirtueofsociety’scommitmenttothosegoals.Thusthedesirefortechnologyisanimportant-perhapsthemostimportant-sourceofdemandforscience.對新技術創(chuàng)新進行公共投資（區(qū)別于上面提到的私人和公司投資，所謂‘公共的’根據(jù)上下文實際上指‘政府的’）是一個關鍵環(huán)節(jié)，將社會目標和為追求這些社會目標所做的科學研究聯(lián)系在一起。因此，對技術的追求是對科學的追求的一個重要——也許是最重要的源泉?！弊詈笠痪鋵嶋H上又強調了應用研究和基礎研究的關系?？梢?，本文的主要意圖是如何解決政府在“應用研究”和“基礎研究”中的作用，所以D選項“政府在創(chuàng)造新技術上的支持”符合題意。A選項“新技術創(chuàng)造中的應用研究”；B選項“創(chuàng)造新技術的基礎研究”；C選項“私營企業(yè)資助問題解決研究”。因此D選項正確。

9.單選題

Whenplantingshrubberyitisadvisabletotamphedintaroundtherootaftercoveringthem.

問題1選項

A.intrigue

B.fertilize

C.packdown

D.tamperwith

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。題干tamp“搗實；壓實；塞緊”。A項“激起……的興趣；密謀”，B項“使受孕；施肥于”，C項“把……壓實”，D項“篡改；干預”。因此選C。句意：種植灌木叢時，建議將其覆蓋后夯實在根部周圍。

10.單選題

______thatBartonhadbeenpromoted,hisfriendscametocongratulatehim.

問題1選項

A.Havingbeenheard

B.Beingheard

C.Tohaveheard

D.Havingheard

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.Havingbeenheard聽說B.Beingheard聽說

C.Tohaveheard聽說D.Havingheard聽說

【答案】D

【考查點】非謂語動詞。

【解題思路】分析句子結構可知，空格處要填入一個非謂語動詞，邏輯主語為hisfriends（他的朋友），和動詞hear之間是主動的關系，所以要用現(xiàn)在分詞形式；而主句謂語動詞是came，為一般過去時，hear這個動作應該是發(fā)生在came之前，所以要用現(xiàn)在完成時。故該題選擇D項。

【干擾項排除】

A、B項為被動語態(tài)，不符合主句邏輯；

C項表目的或將來，不符合句意。

【句意】聽說巴頓被提升了，朋友們都來祝賀他。

11.案例題

Inthecollege-admissionswars,weparentsarethetruefights.Wearepushingourkidstogetgoodgrades,takeSATpreparatorycoursesandbuildresumessotheycangetintothecollegeofourfirstchoice.I'vetwicebeentothewars,andasIsurveythebattlefield,somethingdifferentishappening.Weseeourkids'collegebackgroundaseprizedemonstratinghowwellwe'veraisedthem.Butwecan'tacknowledgethatourobsession（癡迷）ismoreaboutusthanthem.Sowe'vecontrivedvariousjustificationsthatturnouttobehalf-truths,prejudicesormyths.Itactuallydoesn'tmattermuchwhetherAaronandNicolegotoStanford.

Wehaveafull-blownprestigepanic;weworrythattherewon'tbeenoughprizestogoaround.Fearfulparentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolsthanever.Underlyingthehysteria（歇斯底里）isthebeliefthatscarceelitedegreesmustbehighlyvaluable.Theirgraduatesmustenjoymoresuccessbecausetheygetabettereducationanddevelopbettercontacts.Allthatisplausible——andmostlywrong.Wehaven'tfoundanyconvincingevidencethatselectivityorprestigematters.Selectiveschoolsdon'tsystematicallyemploybetterinstructionalapproachesthanlessselectiveschools.Ontwomeasures——professors'feedbackandthenumberofessayexams——selectiveschoolsdoslightlyworse.

Bysomestudies,selectiveschoolsdoenhancetheirgraduates'lifetimeearnings.Thegainisreckonedat2-4%forevery100-pointincreaseinaschool'saverageSATscores.Buteventhisadvantageisprobablyastatisticalfluke（偶然）.Awell-knownstudyexaminedstudentswhogotintohighlyselectivesc