考研考博-英語-太原科技大學(xué)華科學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-太原科技大學(xué)華科學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Journalistsusuallyrefertowhattheywriteasstories.Notarticlesorreports,occasionallypieces,butstories.Thisdoesnotapplyonlytoreportersbuttoeverybodyintheeditorialchain,fromdeskeditors,copyeditors,specialistandsportswriterstotheeditorhimorherself.Wordspublishedinnewspapers,onairoronlinearestories.

Storiessoundinteresting;reportssounddull.Tosome,storiesmeanfiction:"Tellmeastory,mummy”.Storiesaretallandshort,madeupandtrue.Truestoriesareaboutwhathappened.Wetellstoriesinconversation,recountingexperiencesandeventsinwhichwetookpartorobserve.Thecrucialthingaboutastoryisthatotherpeoplewanttohearit,becauseitisinterestingorentertaining.Otherwisethestorytellerisabore.

Sojournalistswritestoriesfortheirreaderstotellthemwhatisgoingon,toinformthem,engagethem,entertainthem,shockthem,amusethem,disturbthem,upliftthem.Thesubjectmatterwillvaryaccordingtothenatureofthepublicationandtheintendedaudience.Thegoodnewspapereditorwillhaveaclearideaofthesortofpeoplewhoarereadingit,andcatertotheirinterestsandpreoccupations,sometimestheirprejudices.Andthepaperwillincludethatvitalingredientserendipity-thestoryyoudidn’texpect,the"justfancythat",theabsurditiesaswellasthetravailsofthehumancondition.

Journalismisbasicallyasimplegame.Itisaboutfindingthingsoutandtellingotherpeopleaboutthem.Thefindingoutrequiresavarietyofskillsbecausethoseinpoweroftenpreferthatweknowonlysomuch.Journalismisaboutholdingsuchpeopletoaccount,exposingtheirhumbugandhypocrisy,theabuseoftheirpower.Thisincludesthecontrolitgivesthemovertheflowofinformation,theabilitytoburythebadnews,tospinandobfuscate.Goodjournalistsmustasktheawkwardquestionsandquestiontheanswers,mustdigtounearthandthenexplain,makingcomprehensiblethatwhichauthority,byintentorverbalinadequacy,hasleftconfused,incompleteorplainmendacious.Incomprehensiblejournalismisquitesimplybadjournalism,andthereforepointless.

Ultimatelythereisonlyonepurpose:tomakethereaderreadthestory.Iftheydon't,whatwasthepointoffindingitoutandtellingit?Thisbookletpicksupthestorywhenthereaderhasreachedthestageofdecidingtoaddressthestory.Thatisnotthesameasreadingit,orevenreadingacertainamountofit.Theyhavejustreachedthefirstword,perhapsattractedbythepicture,theextractedquote,oranyoftheotherpresentationaldevicesusedtodragthereadertothestory.Wehavereachedthestagewherethereaderisgoingtosubjectthestorytothefinaltest,readingsomeorallofin.Thisisaboutwriting.

Newspaperreadingisdifferentfromreadingabook.Itisselective,doesnotinvolvecommitmenttothewhole.Relativelylittletimeisspentreadingadailynewspaper.Thenewspaperreader,unlikethereaderofthemoreliterarynovel,doesnotexpecttoinvesteffortintheendeavour.Heorshewillnotreadasentenceorparagraphasecondtimetobeclearaboutwhatisbeingsaid.Confusion,moreoftenthannot,willmeanabandoningthestoryaltogetherandmovingon.Manynewspaperreadersskim,sampleorgetaflavourofastoryratherthanreadingitthrough.

Sojournalisticwritingisdifferentfromcreativewriting.Manyyoungpeoplethinktheywouldliketobejournalistsbecausetheyhave"alwayslovedwriting”orstartedwritingpoemswhentheywereeight.Itiscertainlynotenoughandmaywellbeabarriertosuccessinjournalism.ThelateNicholasTomalinfamouslywrotethat"theonlyqualitiesessentialforrealsuccessinjournalismarerat-likecunning,aplausiblemanner,andalittleliteraryability."Heincludedwriting,butheplaceditthirdandprefaceditwithadiminutive.Thewritingmatters;butdon'tthinkofitasart.Thinkofitasworkingwriting,writingdoingajob,writingthatputsacrossinformationinawaythatmakesreaderswanttoabsorbit.

Atatimewhenthevastmajorityofentrantstojournalismhavedegrees—welcomebecausejournalisminacomplexworldisanintellectualpursuititisworthpointingoutthatwritingfornewspapersisalsoverydifferentfromtheacademicwritingofstudentessays.Notimetoproducearoutemapfortheessayandreachthepointsomewhereneartheend;thejournalistmustgrabtheattentionatonce.

Itisdifficulttowritesimplyandengagingly,sothatreaderswillkeepreading;toexplainsothatallthereadersunderstand,andwantto.Thisisthetaskthewritingjournalisthas.

1.Whichofthefollowingismostlyusedbyjournaliststodescribethepiecestheywrite?

2.Whatshouldagoodnewspapereditordoaccordingtothetext?

3.ThequoteofNicholasTomalinisusedtoexpressthat（）

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadifferencebetweennewspaperreadingandbookreading?

5.Whatisthefinalpurposeforjournalisticwritingaccordingtothetext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Reports.

B.Stories.

C.Articles.

D.Pieces.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Findthingsoutandtellreadersaboutthem.

B.Grabtheattentionatonce.

C.Catertoreaders’interestsandpreoccupations.

D.Controltheflowofinformation.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Journalisticwritingisdifferentfromwritingasanart.

B.Itisdifficulttowritesimplyandengaginglyforreaderstokeepreading.

C.Newspaperreadingisdifferentfromreadingabook.

D.Journalismisbasicallyasimplegame.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Contentsareselectedinnewspapers.

B.Lesstimeisspentreadinganewspaper.

C.Newspaperreadersareexpectedtoinvesteffortintheendeavour.

D.Newspaperreadersgetaflavourofastoryratherthanreadingitthrough.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Makingreadersspendmoretimereadinganewspaper.

B.Connectingreaderswithgovernments.

C.Makingreadersreadthestory.

D.Explaininginawaysothatallthereadersunderstand.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段指出“Notarticlesorreports,occasionallypieces,butstories”，不是文章或報(bào)告，偶爾的作品是故事。由此可知B項(xiàng)“故事”正確。

第2題:2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三段“Thegoodnewspapereditorwillhaveaclearideaofthesortofpeoplewhoarereadingit,andcatertotheirinterestsandpreoccupations,sometimestheirprejudices”，一位好的報(bào)紙編輯要有明確的概念，即：什么樣的人會(huì)讀報(bào)紙，要迎合讀者的興趣，抓住讀者的注意力，有時(shí)可能要關(guān)注他們的偏見。因此C項(xiàng)“迎合讀者的興趣，抓住讀者的注意力”正確。

第3題:3.判斷推理題。對(duì)NicholasTomalin所述的引用在第七段，第七段的主題句是“Sojournalisticwritingisdifferentfromcreativewriting”，所以新聞寫作不同于創(chuàng)意寫作。此后的每句都是在論證這一主題句，因此A項(xiàng)“新聞寫作不同于創(chuàng)意寫作”正確。

第4題:4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。A:報(bào)紙上的內(nèi)容是選擇性的。第六段指出“Itisselective”，它是選擇性的，因此A項(xiàng)正確。B：讀報(bào)所花的時(shí)間更少。根據(jù)“Relativelylittletimeisspentreadingadailynewspaper”可知B項(xiàng)正確。C：報(bào)紙讀者應(yīng)該在這方面努力。根據(jù)“Thenewspaperreader,doesnotexpecttoinvesteffortintheendeavour”，看報(bào)的人并不需要投入太多的精力，因此C項(xiàng)與原文不符。D：報(bào)紙讀者偏愛故事，而不喜歡從頭到尾讀。根據(jù)“Manynewspaperreadersskim,sampleorgetaflavourofastoryratherthanreadingitthrough”，許多讀報(bào)者只是略讀，僅僅粗略看看故事而不是精讀，因此D項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:5.判斷推理題。文章講述了新聞寫作的特點(diǎn)與要求。因?yàn)榭磮?bào)者通常會(huì)花較少的時(shí)間瀏覽報(bào)紙各版面，所以新聞作品要迎合讀者口味，吸引他們的注意力。故本題選A項(xiàng)“讓讀者花費(fèi)更多的時(shí)間去閱讀報(bào)紙”。

2.單選題

Hebecome（）withthegirlreporterwhoquestionedhimatpressconference.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.observed

B.obsessed

C.notified

D.troubled

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。becomeobsessedwith為固定搭配，意為癡迷于……。

3.單選題

AriellaRosengardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniadidn’tsetouttoscareanyone.Shejustwantedtoinvestigatealittle-understoodpartoftheimmunesystembystudyinghowviralproteinsinteractwithit.Atfirst,Rosengardworkedwithacommonviruscalledvaccinia.Butvacciniararelymakespeoplesick,andshebegantoworrythatitwouldn’ttellhermuchaboutthehumanimmunesystem.Sosheturnedtoacloselyrelated,farmorefearsomevirus:smallpox.

Smallpoxvirusisn’teasytocomeby.Officially,itresidesinonlytwoplaces—securelabsintheUnitedStatesandRussia.ButRosengarddidn’tneedthevirusitself.ScientistshavemadeitsgeneticcodefreelyavailableontheInternet,givingherthedatasheneededtosynthesizeakeysmallpoxproteininthelab.Test-tubestudiesshowedthatitworksfarbetterthanthecorrespondingvacciniaproteinatblockingakeystepinthehumanimmuneresponse.Thediscoverymayhelpexplainwhysmallpoxkills,anditcouldleadtonewtreatments.

ButwhenRosengardpublishedherreportlastmonthintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,aslightlydefensivecommentaryappearedwithit.Thearticlesaiditwouldbeunlikelytousetheworkasablueprintformakingvacciniamorelikesmallpox.Itacknowledged,however,that“theideathatbioterroristsmightbetemptedtoattemptsuchanexperimenthasbeensuggestedasareasonforconsideringitunwisetopublishobservationsofthisnature.”

Rosengardrejectstheideathatbasicsciencelikehersshouldbeputunderwraps.“Thinkhowmanybrilliantmindswouldnotbeabletoparticipateinfindingacure,”shesays.“Youcan’tpredictthemindofamadman.Thebestdefenseagainstanyvirusisunderstandinghowitfunctions.”

Mostbiologistswouldagree.Butthesedays,theyfindthemselvesgrapplingwithadilemma,astheirtraditionofopennessclasheswiththefearthatwell-intentionedresearchcouldbemisusedtodevelopbioweapons.Asmuchasscientistsfearaidingtheirenemies,theygetunnervedwhengovernmentofficialstalkaboutrestrictingtheirfreedomtopublish.Onething’sforsure—theproblemwon’tjustgoaway.Thegovernmenthasproposedadramaticincreaseinfundingforbasicresearchonpotentialbiowarfareagents.Thismeansthatmanymorescientistswillstudydeadlygerms,andthey’llinevitablywanttopublishwhattheyfind.

1.WhydidAriellaRosengarddecidetostudysmallpox?

2.Howdidsheobtainthesmallpoxprotein?

3.Smallpoxis

deadlyprobablybecause（

）.

4.AccordingtothecommentarymentionedinParagraph3,Rosengard’sreport

（

）.

5.Rosengardthinksthatbasicscience

（

）.

6.Accordingtothefinalparagraph,biologistsareworriedabout（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Becausesmallpoxisbecomingmoreimportantandcomplicated.

B.Becausesmallpoxismorefamiliartoscientiststoday.

C.Becausethesmallpoxviruscanbeobtainedmoreeasily.

D.Becausesmallpoxcanrevealmoreabouttheimmunesystem.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Shemadeitfrominformationavailableonline.

B.Shereliedonsecurelabsforasample.

C.Shedevelopeditbyusingvacciniavirus.

D.Shereceivedhelpfromgovernment.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itkillsvacciniainthehumanimmunesystem

B.itstopsthereactionofthehumanimmunesystem

C.itcausesthehumanimmunesystemtoattackproteins

D.itreproducesquicklyinthehumanimmunesystem

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.wouldbecriticized

B.wouldhelpcontrolsmallpox

C.wouldmisleadresearchers

D.wouldleadtomorepublicationsaboutsmallpox

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.shouldhavealong-termperspective

B.shouldreceivemorefinancialsupport

C.shouldfocusonacademicresearch

D.shoulddevelopinanopenmanner

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.alossofmotivationamongresearchers

B.fundingfromthegovernment

C.theirfreedomtopublish

D.theprospectsoftheirresearch

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

第6題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干信息，將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文第一段。根據(jù)“…shebegantoworrythatitwouldn’ttellhermuchaboutthehumanimmunesystem.Sosheturnedtoacloselyrelated,farmorefearsomevirus:smallpox.（她開始擔(dān)心這并不能告訴她很多關(guān)于人類免疫系統(tǒng)的信息。因此，她轉(zhuǎn)向了一種與之密切相關(guān)、可怕得多的病毒:天花。）”即可得出本題答案。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“smallpoxprotein”,可將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文第二段。根據(jù)“ScientistshavemadeitsgeneticcodefreelyavailableontheInternet,givingherthedatasheneededtosynthesizeakeysmallpoxproteininthelab.（科學(xué)家們?cè)诨ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)上免費(fèi)提供了它的遺傳密碼，為她提供了在實(shí)驗(yàn)室合成一種關(guān)鍵天花蛋白所需的數(shù)據(jù)。）”即可得出本題答案。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“deadly”，可將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文第二段。根據(jù)“itworksfarbetterthanthecorrespondingvacciniaproteinatblockingakeystepinthehumanimmuneresponse（它比相應(yīng)的牛痘蛋白在阻斷人體免疫反應(yīng)中的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵步驟方面效果要好得多）”即可得出本題答案。

4.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干信息，將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文第三段。根據(jù)“aslightlydefensivecommentaryappearedwithit（與此同時(shí)出現(xiàn)了一篇略帶辯護(hù)意味的評(píng)論）”“unlikely（不太可能的）”“unwise（不明智的）”即可得出本題答案。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Rosengard”,可將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文第四段第一句。根據(jù)“Rosengardrejectstheideathatbasicsciencelikehersshouldbeputunderwraps.（羅辛格反對(duì)像她這樣的基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)應(yīng)該保密的觀點(diǎn)。）”,即可得出本題答案。

6.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干信息，將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文最后一段。根據(jù)“theygetunnervedwhengovernmentofficialstalkaboutrestrictingtheirfreedomtopublish（當(dāng)政府官員談?wù)撓拗扑麄兊某霭孀杂蓵r(shí)，他們會(huì)感到不安）”即可得出本題答案。

4.單選題

Themedicine（）hispainbutdidnotcurehisillness.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.activated

B.alleviated

C.mediated

D.deteriorated

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。activate“刺激，使活動(dòng)”；alleviate“減輕，緩和”；mediate“調(diào)解，居中”；deteriorate“惡化”。句意：這種藥減輕了他的疼痛，但是沒有治愈他的病。由but…可知空格處所填詞的內(nèi)容性質(zhì)與其相反，故B項(xiàng)正確。

5.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishtoChinese

Naturecontainstheelements,incolorandform,ofallpictures,asthekeyboardcontainsthenotesofallmusic.

Buttheartistisborntopick,andchoose;andgroupwithscience,theseelements,thattheresultmaybebeautifulasthemusiciangathershisnotes,andformshischords,untilhebringsforthfromchaosgloriousharmony.

Tosaytothepainter,thatNatureistobetakenassheis,istosaytotheplayer,thathemaysitonthepiano...

Thedignityofthesnow-cappedmountainislostindistinctness,butthejoyofthetourististorecognizethetraveleronthetop.Thedesiretosee,forthesakeofseeing,is,withthemass,alonetheonetobegratified,hencethedelightindetail.

【答案】在色彩和形狀方面，大自然包含所有的圖畫元素，如同鍵盤包含所有的音樂的音符一樣。

但是藝術(shù)家生來就有挑選和選擇的能力，將它們巧妙地結(jié)合在一起，構(gòu)成一幅美麗的圖畫，如同音樂家用聲音譜成和音，從混亂無序的聲音中創(chuàng)作出動(dòng)聽和諧的樂曲一樣。

對(duì)畫家來說，他可以按照大自然本來的樣子創(chuàng)作，就等同對(duì)演奏家說，他可以坐在鋼琴……

白雪皚皚的高山若是變得清晰可見就失去了它的威嚴(yán)，但觀光者的快樂在于能看到山頂上的游客。對(duì)于大多數(shù)人，只是為了看見而要看見，只是為了使這個(gè)愿望得到滿足，因此，他們以能一睹細(xì)節(jié)為快。

6.單選題

Thepursuitofleisureonthepartoftheemployeeswillcertainlynot（）theirprospectofpromotion.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.spur

B.further

C.induce

D.reinforce

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)spur“鞭策，刺激”；B選項(xiàng)further“促進(jìn)，助長(zhǎng)”；C選項(xiàng)induce“誘導(dǎo)”；D選項(xiàng)reinforce“加強(qiáng)，鞏固”。根據(jù)句意：追求享樂對(duì)于雇員而言肯定不能促進(jìn)他們晉升。選項(xiàng)B更符合語境。

7.單選題

Nowonderthatman’sgreatdreamhasbeensomedaytocontroltheweather.Thefirststep

A

B

towardcontrolis,ofcourse,knowledge,andscientistshavebeenhardatworkforyearstrying

C

tokeeptrackfortheweather.

D

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Nowonder

B.man’s

C.hardatwork

D.keeptrackfor

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。keeptrackof意為“了解，記錄，保持聯(lián)系”。

試題答案：D;keeptrackof

8.單選題

Whattypeofautomobilewouldyoubuy（）?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ifyouhavefreechoicetochoosethecarsavailabletoday

B.Ifyouarefreetochooseamongallthecarsavailabletoday

C.Ifallcarsavailablewasfreetobechosenbyyou

D.Ifyouwerefreetochooseamongallthecarsavailabletoday

【答案】D

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。根據(jù)題干主句Whattypeofautomobilewouldyoubuy，得知if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句要用虛擬語氣。主語謂語形式是would+動(dòng)詞原形，句子是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。If條件狀語從句應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞的過去式(be動(dòng)詞用were而不用was)，所以D選項(xiàng)符合題意。句意：如果你可以在所有的汽車中自由選擇，你會(huì)買什么類型的汽車？因此，本題的正確選項(xiàng)是D選項(xiàng)。

9.單選題

（）IrealizedthatIhadleftmybriefcaseinthetaxi!

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Atalltime

B.Timeaftertime

C.Allofasudden

D.Onceforall

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。atalltime“總是，隨時(shí)，常?！保籺imeaftertime“不斷地，反復(fù)”；allofasudden“突然地，出乎意料地”；onceforall“徹底地，一勞永逸地”。句意：突然我意識(shí)到我把公文包落在出租車上了。C項(xiàng)符合句意。

10.單選題

IfthereisonequalitythatmostAmericanshares,itisadesirethatsetstheireyesstrainingforalookbeyondthehorizon,theirmindswonderingwhatmightbebeyondtheirrangeofvision,andtheirfeetonpathsintotheunknown.Thehorizonskeepexpanding;overacenturytheadventurersandhome-seekersbravedthewildnesstolookforindependenceandprosperity.

Inthe1800’stheterm“theWest”wasoftenusedtodescribeanyfrontierregionorterritorythatlaybetweenthewell-establishedsettlementsandtheuntamedwildness.AsAmericanmovedsteadilywestward,thefrontiermovedwestwardalso.

Thepushingbackofthefrontier,however,wasfarfromeasy.Theearlypioneerhadtofaceandovercomemanydangersandhardships.Horriblesnowstormsinwintermightdestroyhislivestock,andmanypioneersthemselveswerefrozentodeath.Insummerapioneermightstandbyhelplesslywhilehiscattlediedorcropswitheredforlackofwater.Atothertimes,floodsmightsweepawayallofhisworkButhisgreatestdangerintheearlyyearswasfromIndianraids.ThewestwardmovementwasatypicalexpressionoftheAmericancharacter,notoostronglydesiringforasettledlifebutseekingtheirdreamsbymovingfromplacetoplace.Itisstilltrueevennow.

TheworstdangerstoapeacefulpioneerinthemiddlenineteenthcenturycameperhapsnotfromnaturalconditionsorfromIndians,butfrompioneers.Itwasdifficulttoenforcelawandorderinsuchalargeareawithsolittleestablishedauthority,andsomepeoplemovedtothewestnotinordertodevelopthecountrybuttorobthosewhoweredoinghardwork.Themovementtothewesthaditsheroesaswellasitsvillains.

OnthewaytowardtheWest,one’ssuccessorfailuredependedlargelyonhisstrengthandabilityinmanagement.HardlaborandtensecompetitionintheWestmadethefrontiersmenrough,sowastheirlanguage.ThiscouldserveasacluetotheunderstandingofAmerican“honesty”.TheAmericansweresaidtovaluehonestspeech,honestpeople,honestgovernment,andhonestPresidents.

SomepeoplefeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpressesitselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeingwithoutwork,andtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajob,showingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenation,spokeofthe“NewFrontier”.Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthemoon,themostrecentofallfrontiersmentobecrossed.

1.Thetextismainlyabout（）.

2.Accordingtothetext,whatisatypicalexpressionofthefrontierspirit?

3.Fromthetextyoucanlearnwhatendangeredtheearlypioneerwas（）.

4.Itseemsthatsuccessfulfrontiersman（）.

5.Fromthetextyoucanseetheauthorthinks（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Americanhistoryinthe19thcentury

B.thedifferencebetweentheUSAandmostoftheolderEuropeancountries

C.theAmericanfrontierspirit

D.Americanhonesty

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.GoWest.

B.Bravethewildness.

C.Overcomedangersandhardships.

D.Travelfromplacetoplace.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.coldweatheredandlackofwater

B.Indianraids

C.floodsandwildness

D.naturaldisastersandhumanattacks

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.mustbeverytoughmenspeakingroughlanguage

B.werehonestmenhungryforindependenceandprosperity

C.mustbeadventurersbraveandgoodatmanagement

D.werebothcountrybuildersandshamefulvillains

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.thefrontierspiritisnotnecessaryintheUSAtoday

B.courageandenterprisearethefrontierspiritintheUSAtoday

C.Americantodayenjoytravelinginsteadofgoingwest

D.theexplorationofouterspaceistheexpressionofthenewfrontierspirit

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。從19世紀(jì)的西進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)再到當(dāng)今美國(guó)人的西進(jìn)精神，本文主要講了美國(guó)的拓荒精神，即美國(guó)人的勇氣和進(jìn)取心，以及能吃苦的精神。

2.推理判斷題。由第三段Theearlypioneerhadtofaceandovercomemanydangersandhardships.早期的拓荒者不得不面對(duì)和克服許多危險(xiǎn)和困難。以及第五段“HardlaborandtensecompetitionintheWestmadethefrontiersmenrough,sowastheirlanguage.西部艱苦的勞動(dòng)和激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)使邊疆人生活艱難，他們的語言也是如此?！币约白詈笠欢巍癝omepeoplefeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpressesitselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeingwithoutwork,andtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajob,showingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.有些人覺得美國(guó)的拓荒精神已經(jīng)不存在了。但它以多種方式表現(xiàn)出來。美國(guó)人不喜歡沒有工作，他們會(huì)跋涉數(shù)百英里尋找工作，顯示出勇氣和進(jìn)取心，這在大多數(shù)較老的歐洲國(guó)家是不常見的?！笨芍鼗木耋w現(xiàn)為能克服危險(xiǎn)和困難，有勇氣和進(jìn)取心。故C項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第三段“Theearlypioneerhadtofaceandovercomemanydangersandhardships.早期的拓荒者不得不面對(duì)和克服許多危險(xiǎn)和困難。”“Horriblesnowstormsinwintermightdestroyhislivestock,andmanypioneersthemselveswerefrozentodeath.Insummerapioneermightstandbyhelplesslywhilehiscattlediedorcropswitheredforlackofwater.Atothertimes,floodsmightsweepawayallofhisworkButhisgreatestdangerintheearlyyearswasfromIndianraids.冬天可怕的暴風(fēng)雪可能會(huì)毀掉他的牲畜，許多拓荒者自己也被凍死了。在夏天，一個(gè)拓荒者可能會(huì)無助地站在一邊，看著他的牛死去或莊稼因缺水而枯萎。在其他時(shí)候，洪水可能會(huì)沖走他所有的工作，但他早年最大的危險(xiǎn)來自印第安人的襲擊?！币约暗谒亩蔚谝痪洹癟heworstdangerstoapeacefulpioneerinthemiddlenineteenthcenturycameperhapsnotfromnaturalconditionsorfromIndians,butfrompioneers.在十九世紀(jì)中葉，對(duì)于一個(gè)愛好和平的拓荒者來說，最大的危險(xiǎn)可能不是來自自然條件或印第安人，而是來自拓荒者。”可知早期拓荒者面臨自然災(zāi)害的威脅以及印第安人的襲擊。故D項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由倒數(shù)第二段“OnthewaytowardtheWest,one’ssuccessorfailuredependedlargelyonhisstrengthandabilityinmanagement.在去西方的路上，一個(gè)人的成功或失敗在很大程度上取決于他的實(shí)力和管理能力。可知C項(xiàng)“拓荒者的成敗取決于他的力量與管理能力”正確。

5.推理判斷題。由最后一段“Americansdonotlikebeingwithoutwork,andtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajob,showingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.美國(guó)人不喜歡沒有工作，他們會(huì)跋涉數(shù)百英里尋找工作，顯示出勇氣和進(jìn)取心，這在大多數(shù)較老的歐洲國(guó)家是不常見的?！笨芍?dāng)今美國(guó)人的拓荒精神體現(xiàn)為勇氣和進(jìn)取心。故B項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Itisironicthatthe_______insightsofthegreatthinkersarevoicedsooftenthattheyhavebecomemere_______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.original...cliches

B.banal...beliefs

C.dubious...habits

D.philosophical...questions

【答案】A

【解析】original...cliches原始的,獨(dú)創(chuàng)的陳詞濫調(diào);banal...beliefs陳腐的信仰;dubious…h(huán)abits可疑的習(xí)慣;philosophical...questions哲學(xué)的問題。句意：具有諷刺意味的是,偉大思想家的獨(dú)到見解經(jīng)常被人提出,以至于成為陳詞濫調(diào)。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

12.單選題

Thegovernmentisexpectedtomakenewlegislationsto（）foreigninvestmentinrealestate.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.manipulate

B.regulate

C.dominate

D.prevail

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)manipulate“操縱，操作”，B項(xiàng)regulate“調(diào)節(jié)，控制”，C項(xiàng)dominate“占優(yōu)勢(shì)，支配”，D項(xiàng)prevail表示“盛行，流行”。句意：預(yù)計(jì)政府將制定新的立法來規(guī)范外國(guó)在房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域的投資。因此B項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Doctorsmustinform______parentsaboutthelowoddsofsuccessinfertilitytreatments.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.protective

B.respective

C.prospective

D.perspective

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)protective“防護(hù)的；關(guān)切保護(hù)的；保護(hù)貿(mào)易的”；B選項(xiàng)respective“分別的，各自的”；C選項(xiàng)prospective“未來的；預(yù)期的”；D選項(xiàng)perspective“透視的”。句意：醫(yī)生必須告知準(zhǔn)父母生育治療成功的幾率很低。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetooldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsand,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Someotherresearcherswhostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthoserewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.

Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparksingrade-schoolchildrensuggestingthatproperlypresentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalPersonalityandSocialPsychology.

“Iftheyknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEsenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”

Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Esenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefallinggrades.

Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomics,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.

1.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward（）.

2.Whatistheviewheldbymanyeducatorsconcerningexternalrewardsforstudents?

3.Accordingtotheresultofthestudymentionedinthepassage,whatshouldeducatorsdotostimulatemotivationandcreativity?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmajoruniversitiesaretryingtotightentheirgradingstandardsbecausetheybelieve（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingfactsabout“tokeneconomics”isNOTcorrect?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragementandmonetaryrewards

B.theappropriateamountofexternalrewards

C.thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactions

D.theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudents’performance

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyapproveofexternalrewards

B.Theydon'tthinkexternalrewards

C.Theyhavedoubtsaboutexternalrewards

D.Theybelieveexternalrewardscanmotivatesmallchildren,butnotcollegestudents

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Giverewardsforperformanceswhichdeservethem

B.Alwayspromiserewards

C.Assigntaskswhicharenotverychallenging

D.Bemoretoleranttostudentswhenmistakesaremade

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.rewardingpoorperformancemaykillstudents'creativity

B.punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewarding

C.failinguninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverallacademicstandards

D.discouragingthestudents’anticipationforeasyrewardsismatterofurgency

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Studentsareassignedchallengingtasks

B.Rewardsaregivenforgoodperformances

C.Studentsareevaluatedaccordingtotheefforttheyputintothetask

D.Withtokeneconomics,students，creativitycanbeenhanced

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第一段“Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsand,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Someotherresearcherswhostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthoserewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.研究行為和行為之間關(guān)系的行為主義者認(rèn)為，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)可以提高工作和學(xué)習(xí)表現(xiàn)。其他一些研究精神生活各個(gè)方面的研究人員認(rèn)為，這些獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)會(huì)鼓勵(lì)人們依賴他人的認(rèn)可和禮物，從而破壞創(chuàng)造力?！笨芍芯空邔?duì)于獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)是否能提高工作和學(xué)習(xí)表現(xiàn)持相反意見。故D項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.后一種觀點(diǎn)得到了許多人的支持，尤其是教育工作者?！焙笠环N觀點(diǎn)即第一段提到的反對(duì)觀點(diǎn)。故B項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。由第三段“Iftheyknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEsenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”如果他們知道自己是為了獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)而工作，并且能夠?qū)Ｗ⒂谝豁?xiàng)相對(duì)具有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù)，他們就會(huì)表現(xiàn)出最大的創(chuàng)造力，”特拉華大學(xué)紐瓦克分校的RobertEsenberger說。但如果對(duì)表現(xiàn)不佳的學(xué)生進(jìn)行獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，或者讓學(xué)生對(duì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)有太多的預(yù)期，就很容易扼殺創(chuàng)造力?？芍狢項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由倒數(shù)第二段“Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Esenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefallinggrades.Esenberger認(rèn)為，如果一個(gè)老師不斷地把注意力放在獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)上，或者對(duì)一般的成績(jī)給