定語從句專項講義-高中英語牛津譯林版（2020）必修第一冊

第19頁共19頁定語從句1一、基本概念（一）定語從句在復合句中作定語，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。（二）先行詞被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。一般情況下，定語從句緊跟先行詞。但也有因各種原因定語從句與先行詞被分割的現(xiàn)象。（三）關系代詞和關系副詞定語從句的引導詞。與先行詞關系密切，因此緊跟先行詞，并在定語從句中充當一個成分。關系代詞有：who,whom,which,that和whose,另外，as也可充當關系代詞。關系代詞在定語從句中充當主語、賓語、表語和定語。關系副詞有：when,where和why。在定語從句中充當狀語。二、關系代詞的用法（一）基本用法根據(jù)先行詞的不同，和在從句中所充當?shù)某煞植煌?，選用不同的關系代詞。如下表：關系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關系代詞who人主語，賓語Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在從句中做賓語時，?？梢允÷裕樵~提前時后面關系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.whose人，物定語Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismyclassmate.that人，物主語，賓語Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主語，賓語Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主語，賓語Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做賓語一般不省略例如：（注意關系代詞在定語從句中所充當?shù)某煞郑貲oyouknowtheprofessorwho/thatwillgiveusaspeechnextweek?（作主語）②Ireadareportabouthisnewnovelthat/whichwillsoonbepublished.（作主語）③Theplanthat/whichtheyarguedaboutwassettledatlast.（作賓語）④Thisisthenewsecretary(who/whom/that)Iwouldliketointroducetoyou.（作賓語）⑤Thesoldierwhoselegswerebadlywoundedwasoperatedonwithoutdelay.（作定語）注意：關系代詞在定語從句中充當賓語時可以省略，充當主語時則不能。（見上例③④）（二）關系代詞that代替which的一些情況which,that在代替物時，一般可以通用。但在有些情況下，只用that。先行詞是最高級形容詞或它的前面有最高級形容詞修飾時。例如：①Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.②Englishisthemostdifficultsubjectthatyouwilllearnduringtheseyears.⑵先行詞是序數(shù)詞，或它前面有一個序數(shù)詞時。例如：①Thisisthelastplace(that)Iwanttovisit.②ItisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatI’veeverseen.⑶先行詞是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等代詞時。例如：①Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.②Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.⑷先行詞前面有theonly,thevery,any,few,little,no,all,much,every等修飾時。例如：①Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.②Thelittlemoney(that)hehadwasstolen.（三）宜用who,而不用that的一些情況⑴先行詞是one,ones,anyone時。例如：①Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.②Don’ttellanyoneaboutthenewswhooughtn’ttoknowit.⑵先行詞是those時。例如：①Thosewhowerenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothesmadeofthemagiccloth.（四）其它情況⑴先行詞既有人又有物時。例如：①Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?②Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.⑵主句已有疑問詞who或which時。例如：①Whichisthebikethatyoulost?②Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?（五）與whose有關的問題⑴whose是代詞的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如：①Isawawomanwhosebagwasstolen.②Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.⑵當whose表示物與物的所有格關系時，亦可用ofwhich的形式。例如：①Thebuildingwhoseroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.→Thebuilding,theroofofwhichyoucanseefromhere,isanewrestaurant.或→Thebuilding,ofwhichtheroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.三、介詞前提的問題關系代詞在定語從句中充當介詞賓語時，介詞可以前提至關系代詞前。例如：Haveyouseenthepen(which)Iwrotethenotewithjustnow?（which作介詞with的賓語）→HaveyouseenthepenwithwhichIwrotethenotejustnow?但是，要注意的是：⑴介詞前提后，先行詞是人或物，關系代詞分別只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。⑵介詞前提后，關系代詞不再能省略。⑶有些含有介詞的短語動詞中的介詞不能前提，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。例如：錯誤：Whoistheoldmantothatyouweretalkingto?正確：Whoistheoldmantowhomyouweretalking?或Whoistheoldman(that/whom)youweretalkingto?錯誤：Thesearethesheepofwhichtheboytookcare.正確：Thesearethesheep(which/that)theboytookcareof.四、關系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句中的主謂一致關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上應與先行詞一致。例如：Whoistheguythatisreadingoverthere?Thenumberofpeoplethataregoingtotheexhibitionisexpectedtobeover25,000.Allthatneedstobedonehasbeendone.Heisoneofthestudentswhousecomputeralotforstudy.Timmyistheonlyoneofthepupilsthathasfailedtheexam.例③中的all意為“一切”，作單數(shù)。例⑤中沒通過考試的學生事實上只有一人，因此謂語動詞也用單數(shù)。that與which,who,whom的用法區(qū)別：情況用法說明例句只用that的情況先行詞為all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代詞時。先行詞被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修飾時先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時先行詞既指人又指物時先行詞被theonly,thevery修飾時句中已經有who或which時，為了避免重復時1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhavebeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情況在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人在由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。先行詞本身是that時，關系詞用which,先行詞為those,one,he時多用who。1.Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.2.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.3.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.定語從句（二）一、“介詞+關系代詞”結構1.可代替when,where,why,that等關系詞E.g.thereisnoreasonforwhich(why)weshouldn’tbefriends.2.介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。e.g.Hereisthemoneywithwhichtobuyapiano.3.that前不能有介詞。4.某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的“介詞+關系詞”結構可以跟關系副詞when和wherewhy互換。e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.

ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?

Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?二、關系副詞的用法：關系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關系副詞when時間時間狀語Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhich代替where地點地點狀語ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhich代替why原因原因狀語Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhich代替（一）基本用法關系副詞起連接主句和從句的作用，又在從句中作狀語，when,where和why分別表示時間，地點和原因。1.when在從句中作時間狀語。常用onwhich,inwhich,atwhich,duringwhich等代替。e.g.Aprilthefirstisthedaywhenpeoplemakefunofothers.=Aprilthefirstisthedayonwhichpeoplemakefunofothers.2.where在從句中作地點狀語。?？捎蒳nwhich,onwhich,atwhich,onwhich等取代。e.g.Thisisthehousewherehelivedtwoyearsago.=Thisisthehouseinwhichhelivedtwoyearsago.3.whywhy在定語從句中作原因狀語?？捎胒orwhich代替。why不可引導非限定性定語從句，此時可用forwhich代替。e.g.Thisisthereasonwhyhewentaway.=Thisisthereasonforwhichhewentaway.（二）關系副詞?？捎谩敖樵~+關系代詞”的結構改寫這里的關系代詞只限于which和whom，例如IwillneverforgetthenightwhenImetyouforthefirsttime.=IwillneverforgetthenightonwhichImetyouforthefirsttime.ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.=ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Wedon’tknowthereasonforwhichhesuddenlyfellill.=Wedon’tknowthereasonwhyhesuddenlyfellill.注意：并不是所有的介詞+關系代詞的結構都可用關系副詞替代。例如：Iamveryimpressedbythewayinwhichheworks.這里inwhich代表的是intheway,在句中作方式狀語。只有當介詞+關系代詞結構作表示時間、地點和原因的狀語時，才能相應地用when,where和why代替。（三）如何判斷是用關系代詞還是關系副詞這本質上取決于關系代詞和關系副詞在定語從句中充當?shù)某煞帧Ｇ罢叱洚斨髡Z、賓語、表語或定語，后者充當狀語。試比較下面兩組句子：Thisisthefactorythat/whichproducesradios.Thisisthefactorywhereradiosareproduced.第一句中劃線部分在從句中作主語，故而應選用關系代詞：Thefactoryproducesradios.而第二句中劃線部分在從句中作地點狀語故而應選用關系副詞：Radiosareproducedinthefactory.Doyourememberthedays(that)wespenttogether?Doyourememberthedayswhenweworkedtogether?第一句中關系代詞在從句中作賓語：Wespentthedaystogether.而第二句中關系副詞作時間狀語：Weworkedtogetherduringthedays.（四）一些需要特殊記憶的關系詞的用法1.Idon’tlikethewayinwhichhelookatpeople.當先行詞是way時，除了inwhich，還可以用that來引導定語從句。that還經常省略。又如：Judgingfromthewayhewalked,Ibelievehewaswoundedintheleg.2.Finallycamethedaywhenhehadtoleavehishometown.當先行詞為time,moment,day等，并在從句中作狀語時，從句也可以用that引導，that也常省略。又如：①Itwasthefirsttime(that)wehadstayedupsolate.②Themoment(that/when)hesentthemail,Johnrealizedwhatamistakehehadmade.③ShewastheonlygirlIwentsteadywithduringthefouryears(that/when)Iwasatuniversity.三、關系副詞的省略：1.thetime,everytime,eachtime,themoment等后的關系副詞可以省略。e.g.Bythetime(when)hewasfourteenyearsold,JimhadlearntmorethantwothousandEnglishwords.2.在某些表示地點的名詞后，關系副詞有時也可以省略。如theplace等。e.g.Thisistheplace(where)Isawhimlasttime.3.先行詞thereason后面的關系副詞可以省略。e.g.Thereason(why)hecamehereisquiteclear.4.當先行詞是way時，關系副詞常常省略。e.g.Iknowtheway(that)helearnsEnglish.四、判斷關系代詞與關系副詞的方法：

1.用關系代詞，還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面沒有賓語，就必須要求用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。

判斷下列句子的對錯

（×）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.

（×）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.

（√）Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.

（√）I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞where,when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。

2.準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也就能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。

例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?

A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone

例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.

A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone

答案：例1D，例2A

例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.

例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.

在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where,that,onwhich都不能起到賓語的作用，只有theone既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關系代詞，所以應選D。

而句2中,主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where，又因inthemuseum詞組，可用介詞in+which引導地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on用的不對，所以選A。

關系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關系代詞(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應選擇關系副詞(where地點狀語，when時間狀語，why原因狀語)。練習篇(基礎篇)1.Whoisthewomanissweepingtheflooroverthere?A.who B./ C.that D.when2.ThedoctorisleavingforAfricanextmonth.A.thenurseistalkingtohim B.whomthenurseistalkingC.thenurseistalkingto D.whothenurseistalking3.Hetalkedaboutaheronoonehadeverheard. A.ofwhom B.fromwhom C.aboutthat D.who4.HaveyoureadthebookIlenttoyou? A.that B.whom C.when D.whose5.Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone______theycantalkfrequently.A.who B.as C.aboutwhich D.withwhom6.RecentlyIboughtasecond-handcarwasverylow.A.whichprice B.thepriceofwhose C.itspriceD.whoseprice7.Lily,isHelen______youwanttointroducemeto?A.that B.who C.whom D.thegirl8.Theprofessorstalkedwithusaboutthebeautifulschoolsandtheexperiencedteachers______theyhadseen.A.that B.who C.which D.what9.Thisistheonlybus______goestothevillageschool.A./ B.that C.where D.it10.Isthereashoparound_______sellsChinaDaily?A.who B.where C.inwhich D.which11.Shewastheonlyoneofthegirlsinourclass_______acceptedascandidateforthepresidentofourStudents’Union.A.whowas B.whowere C.whohasbeen D.whohavebeen12.Sheisnolongerthesweetlittlegirl______sheusedtobe. A.what B.who C.when D.that13.Isthissinger______songsyoulikebest?A.who’s B.whose C.which Dtheonewhose14.Hegotangrywith_____wasagainsthisopinion.A.who B.whomever C.whoever D.nomatterwho15.Anyone_____withwhatIsaidmayraiseyourhand.A.whichagrees B.whoagree C.whoagreesD.whichagree16.That’sthedog______.A.we’vebeenlookingafter B.afterwhichwe’vebeenlookingC.whatwe’vebeenlookingafter D.we’vebeentakingcarefor17.Thisisthelasttime______I’llgiveyoualesson.A.when B.that C.what D.as18.Thefamily_____IstayedwithinParisarecomingtoLondon.A.whose B.which C.what D.whom19.Thisistheveryknife______Iusedtocutapplesyesterday.A.that B.bywhich C.which D.withwhich20.Chinahasmanyrivers,_____theYangtzeRiveristhelongest..A.which B.inwhich C.amongwhich D.oneofwhich21.Theusetheyare______thewastehelpstosavealotofmoney.A.madeof B.madefrom C.makingupof D.makingof22.Thattree,thebranches______arealmostbare,isaveryoldone.A.whose B.inwhich C.ofwhich D.ofit23.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson______shecouldturnforhelp. A.that B.who C.fromwhom D.towhom24.WhatisthewaySmiththoughtof______enoughmoneytobuythenewhouse?A.getting B.havinggot C.beinggot D.toget25.Jackspentasmuchtimeashecould______overhislessons.A.going B.went C.go D.togo26.Thefreezingpointisthetemperature______waterchangesintoice. A.atwhich B.onthat C.when D.ofwhich27.Iamimpressedbythefactthathemakesgooduseofeveryminute_____hecanspare. A.that B.inwhich C.inthat D.when28.Thisisthelasttime______Iwillwritetoyou. A.when B.that C.what D.as29.Idon’tliketheway______hespoketome. A.what B.bywhich C.bythat D./30.Thetrain______hewastravelingwasdelayedformorethananhour. A.bywhich B.onwhich C.forwhich D.onthat31.DoyouknowthereasonTomdidn’tcomeyesterday?A.which B.why C.who D.that32.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown______hegrewupasachild.A.which B.where C.that D.when33.Isthisthereasonshegavefornotfinishingherhomeworkyesterday?A.why B.forwhich C.that D.towhich34.Afterthewar,anewschoolwasputup______therehadoncebeenatheatre.A.that B.which C.when D.where35.Doyouknowthereason______shegotsoangryyesterday?A.why B.that C.which D.whom36.Doyoubelievethereason______hegaveforhisbeinglate?A.why B.forwhich C.which D.it37.Hehasgothimselfintoadangeroussituation______heislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.A.where B.which C.while D.when38.Idon’tliketheway_____youspeaktoher.A.which B./ C.ofwhich D.bywhich39.Theoldmantoldus_____thedays______hewaspoorweregone.A.that,when B.what,when C.when,that D.something,that40.Ishallneverforgettheday____ShenzhouVwaslaunched,____hasagreat

effectonmylife.

A.when;which

B.that;which

C.which;that

D.when;that41.Iwalkedinthegarden,____TomandJimweretyingabigstringontooneof

the

trees.

A.which

B.when

C.where

D.that42.Let'sputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,______theweathermaybebetter.

A.as

B.then

C.if

D.when43.Wearelivinginanagemanythingsaredoneoncomputer. A.which B.that C.whose D.when44.

Winter

is

the

time

of

year

_____

the

days

are

short

and

nights

are

long.

A.

that

B.

which

C.

when

D.

whose

45.Is

there

anyone

in

your

class

_____

family

is

in

the

city?

A.

which

B.

whose

C.

what

D.

who

46.Can

you

suggest

a

time

______

we

can

meet?

A.

which

B.

when

C.

where

D.

how

47.These

days

_____

we

spent

together

cannot

be

easily

forgotten.

A.

that

B.

when

C.

on

which

D.

at

which

48.Nearly

all

the

food

______

comes

from

animals

and

plants.

A.

that

eat

B.

is

eaten

C.

we

eat

D.

that

eats

49.This

is

_____

I

can

do

for

you

right

now.

A.

which

B.

that

C.

what

D.

as

50.I

can

still

remember

the

sitting-room

_____

my

mother

and

I

used

to

sit

in

the

evening.

A.

what

B.

which

C.

that

D.

where51.On

the

train

I

saw

a

student

_____

I

thought

was

your

sister.

A.

who

B.

whom

C.

which

D.

that

52.Egypt

is

a

country

_____

is

famous

for

its

pyramids.A.

where

B.

which

C.

in

which

D.

at

which

53.China

is

the

country

_____

he

spent

the

best

part

of

his

life.

A.

where

B.

which

C.

in

that

D.

at

which

54.Have

you

got

anything

_____

belongs

to

me?

A.

which

B.

that

C.

of

which

D.

what

55.Thisisthemagazine_____Icopiedtheparagraph.A.that B.which C.fromthat D.fromwhich56.I

didn’t

like

the

way

_____

she

treatedchildren.

A.

which

B.

that

C.

how

D.

as

57.Heistheonlyoneofthethree_____gotthenewidea.A.whohave B.whomhaveC.whohasD.whosehad58.Theboss_____departmentMsKingworkedtenyearsagolookdownuponwomen.A.inwhich B.inthat C.inwhose D.whose59.Alecaskedthepoliceman_____heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.

A.withhim

B.who

C.withwhom

D.whom

60.It

was

at

our

college

library

_____

I

borrowed

the

novel.

A.

which

B.

in

which

C.

that

D.

where

提升篇61.Wewentthroughaperiod_____communicationswereverydifficultinruralareas.(2008上海) A.which B.whose C.inwhich D.withwhich62.Humanfacialexpressionsdifferfromthoseofanimalsinthedegree_____theycanbecontrolledonpurpose.(2007重慶) A.withwhich B.towhich C.ofwhich D.forwhich63.AnimalssufferedatthehandsofMan______theyweredestroyedbypeopletomakewayforagriculturalhadtoprovidefoodformorepeople.(2008江西)A.inwhich B.forwhich C.sothat D.inthat64.Somechildrenwanttochallengethemselvesbylearningalanguagedifferentfrom______theirparentsspeakathome.(2008浙江)A.what B.that C.which D.one65.Youcanonlybesureof_____youhaveatpresent;youcannotbesureofsomething_____youmightgetinthefuture.(2007安徽) A.that;whatB.what;/ C.which;that D./;that66.Women_____drinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose_____don’t.(2006北京) A.who,/ B./;who C.who,who D./;/67.TheBeatles_____manyofyouareoldenoughtoremember,camefromLiverpool.(2006天津) A.what B.that C.how D.as68.Inanhour,wecantraveltoplaces_____wouldhavetakenourancestorsdaystoreach.(2006上海) A.where B.when C.which D.what69.Isawawomanrunningtowardmeinthedark.BeforeIcouldrecognizewhoshewas,shehadrunbackinthedirection________shehadcome.（2006重慶卷） A.ofwhich B.bywhich C.inwhich D.fromwhich70.Lookout!Don’tgettooclosetothehouse______roofisunderrepair.(2006福建) A.whose B.which C.ofwhich D.that71.–Mom,whatdidyourdoctorsay?--Headvisedmetolive____theairisfresher.(2006四川)A.inwhere B.inwhich C.theplacewhere D.where72.Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulinthejobs______theyarebeingtrained.(2005江西)A.inthat B.forthat C.inwhich D.forwhich73.TheEnglishplay____mystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess