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[模擬]考研英語模擬72多項(xiàng)選擇[聽力原文]【短文大意】這是以講座形式出現(xiàn)的談話短篇。談話開宗明義,開門見山地闡明談話的主題:美國(guó)某島300多年來居民耳聾率一直居高不下。談話認(rèn)為這是由近親繁殖及基因遺傳所致。電話的發(fā)明者Bell先生也曾親臨該島進(jìn)行研究。由于基因遺傳等理論仍不十分清楚,有許多問題當(dāng)時(shí)尚不能解決。但是,本世紀(jì)以來,當(dāng)?shù)厝伺c外地人的通婚已使耳聾現(xiàn)象有所緩解,耳聾率有所下降。第1題:Whyweresomanypeopletheredeaf?Theyinheriteddeafness.Anepidemicstrucktheisland.Theclimatecausedhearingloss.Itwasanunluckyplace.參考答案:A答案解析:此題問耳聾的原因,需要考生將聽到的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容作一定的歸納。四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中的B、C、D都是錄音中沒有涉及到的內(nèi)容,這無疑降低了考生解答題目的難度。但是聽力測(cè)試中特殊的時(shí)間要求決定了答題的速度要求,要求考生只能在瞬間做出選擇。A項(xiàng)Theyinheriteddeafness.綜合了報(bào)告中關(guān)于近親婚配、繁衍后代致使后代先天性耳聾等信息。第2題:WhatdidAlexanderGrahamBellhopetodowhenhewenttotheisland?Toestablishhislaboratory.Tohaveavacation.Tostudydeafnessamongthefamilies.D.Tovisitmembersofhisfamily.參考答案:C答案解析:此題為細(xì)節(jié)推斷題目。報(bào)告者講Bell去tostudythepopulation,但是根據(jù)上下文及Bell本人的職業(yè)特點(diǎn),可以推斷其目的是去tostudythedeafnessamongthefamilieso第3題:Accordingtothetalk,howwastheislandchangedinthetwentiethcentury?Manydeafpeoplehaveregainedtheirhearing.Thepatternsofthemarriagehavechanged.Mostoftheoriginalpopulationhaslefttheisland.Theislandhasbecomefamousforitsresearchfacilities.參考答案:B答案解析:此題涉及對(duì)mixedwith這個(gè)詞語的理解,屬于詞語釋義題型。最后一句話中mixedwith指marriage。談話中有關(guān)20世紀(jì)的變化也是指marriage的變化,從而使耳聾率下降。[聽力原文]【短文大意】這是夫婦兩人就租房子問題展開的一則對(duì)話。夫婦兩人已經(jīng)看過了三處公寓,其中一處兩人都不喜歡。然后他們又對(duì)另外兩處(the72ndapartmentand80thone)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)逐一做了比較,最后一致決定選擇the72ndapartment0第4題:Whydidtheycrossofftheapartmenton68thstreet?Itwasonacrossstreet.Ithadnoparking.Ithasadesk.Theydidn,tlikeit.參考答案:D答案解析:此題考查考生細(xì)節(jié)性問題:他們夫婦兩人為什么將the68thstreetapartment首先排除在外。關(guān)于這一點(diǎn),在他們對(duì)話的一開始女主人就明確說:Idontliketheoneon68thstreet?然后男主人附和:NeitherdoI.所以理由就是Theydidn,tlikeit.o第5題:What,swrongwiththewestwindow?Itistoosmall.Ithasnoairconditioner.Itadmitsheatfromthelateafternoonsun.Theycanimprovethecurtain.參考答案:C答案解析:此題是一細(xì)節(jié)題目。對(duì)話中女主人講到西面的窗戶時(shí)說:It(thewestwindow)getsquitehotinthelateafternoonwiththesunbeatingdownonthewindow.所以,它的問題所在就是讓熱量進(jìn)入室內(nèi)。第6題:Whichconsiderationiscrucialintheirchoiceofanapartment?Parkinganddeskspace.Parkingandairconditioning.Privacyandcleanliness.Acheerfulkitchenandaseparatediningarea.參考答案:A答案解析:他們夫婦兩人最終之所以選擇the72ndstreetapartment,正如女主人所言:Ithinkthatapartmentisbestforourneeds.There,sgoodparking,andthereisasemi-privateareaforourdesk.此話道出了他們選擇房子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也就是關(guān)鍵性條件:parkinganddeskspace。[聽力原文]【短文大意】這篇短文介紹了尼加拉爪大瀑布的一些情況。它是東美最偉大的自然奇觀。它告訴人類,自然界的力量是非常之巨大的,是難以想象的。第7題:WhichofthefollowingdescriptionsaboutNiagaraFallsisnottrue?A.ItisineasternAmerica.B.ItisontheUS一Canadaborder.C.Itisdividedintotwoparts.VisitorswalkdowntotheCaveoftheWindstoenjoythebeautyofNiagaraFalls.參考答案:D答案解析:此題是一正誤判斷題目,問哪一項(xiàng)與聽力原文的內(nèi)容不一致。這要求考生準(zhǔn)確理解文中出現(xiàn)的有關(guān)尼加拉瓜瀑布的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。選項(xiàng)A、B、C在短文中都明確出現(xiàn)了o同時(shí)根據(jù)“AnelevatoronGoatIslandcarriesvisitorsdowntotheCaveoftheWindswhereispossibletowalkbetweentherocksandthetumblingsheetofwater"這句話,我們可以判定選項(xiàng)D與原文不一致,為此題答案。第8題:WhatisthewidthoftheAmericanFalls?167feet.1075feet.2100feet.4200feet.參考答案:B答案解析:此題為一細(xì)節(jié)題目,詢問尼加拉瓜瀑布在美國(guó)部分的寬度。根據(jù)材料中的有關(guān)信息,TheAmericanFallsare167feethighand1075feetwide.即美國(guó)瀑布高167英尺寬1075英尺,所以答案非常明顯。但這題難點(diǎn)在于文中出現(xiàn)的數(shù)字太多,考生非常有必要在考前仔細(xì)研究表格,并在聽的過程中做好筆記,這樣才不會(huì)將眾多的數(shù)字弄混。第9題:WhichlakesmakeuptheGreatLakes?LakeOntarioandLakeErie.LakeOntario,LakeErie,LakeHuron,LakeMichiganandLakeSuperior.LakeHuron,LakeMichiganandLakeSuperior.LakeOntario,NiagaraFallsandLakeErie.參考答案:B答案解析:此題問五大湖(theGreatLake)分別是指的哪幾個(gè)湖。對(duì)于這一點(diǎn),文章中講的很明確。其實(shí),即使考生沒能夠完整地聽下來,只要知道GreatLake是指五大湖,利用文化背景知識(shí),便可以非常容易地作出正確的選擇。第10題:WhichofthefollowingisnotthesourceofNiagaraFalls?Theinlandseas.TheAtlantic.America,sGreatLakes.LakeErie.參考答案:B答案解析:此題涉及尼加拉瓜瀑布的水源(sources)問題。四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中列出的內(nèi)容全都在文中出現(xiàn)過,所以要確定哪一個(gè)不是其水源,就需要考生認(rèn)真去聽??忌鷳?yīng)該在聽之前,將幾個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)看清楚,然后將目光集中在選項(xiàng)上來聽,確定應(yīng)選答案。短文中講至IIThesourcesofNiagara,sstrengtharetheinlandseasthatlaybehindit.也講至UBeyondOntariowasNiagaraFallsanditsimmediatesource,LakeErie,接著講其他的湖為其提供了水源。雖然文中也講了大西洋,但They(指五大湖)provideawaterroutefromtheAtlantictothecenteroftheNorthAmericacontinent...說明大西洋并不是尼加拉瓜瀑布的水源,而是五大湖為大西洋與北美洲之間開通了水路。[聽力原文]【短文大意】當(dāng)今,乘飛機(jī)旅行比在繁忙的高速公路上駕車旅行要安全得多。但是,乘飛機(jī)也有一個(gè)隱患。地面上的熒屏能夠觀察到飛機(jī)從起飛到降落過程中的每一個(gè)動(dòng)作,飛行調(diào)度員確切地告訴飛行員什么飛機(jī)時(shí)候轉(zhuǎn)彎、什么時(shí)候攀升、什么時(shí)候下降。一個(gè)繁忙的飛機(jī)場(chǎng)的飛行調(diào)度員一天之內(nèi)可以操縱1,000架飛機(jī)。每一架接近該飛機(jī)場(chǎng)的飛機(jī)都受其控制。飛行調(diào)度員的每一個(gè)微小的錯(cuò)誤都有可能導(dǎo)致空難。最近這樣的一次空難差點(diǎn)就發(fā)生了。在兩架同時(shí)接近飛機(jī)場(chǎng)的飛機(jī)當(dāng)中,一架來自于多倫多,載有乘客69人,另一架來自于芝加哥,載有乘客176人。一個(gè)飛行調(diào)度員從他的雷達(dá)熒屏上觀察到這兩架飛機(jī)的位置靠得太近,于是,他命令一架向右轉(zhuǎn)并且向上攀升。可是,他卻錯(cuò)誤地命令另一架來完成這個(gè)動(dòng)作。結(jié)果第一架飛機(jī)不但沒有遠(yuǎn)離第二架飛機(jī),反而向他靠得更近。15秒鐘之后,兩架飛機(jī)之間的距離不到一個(gè)大游泳池那么大。他們?cè)趧x那間避免了相互碰撞。這就是逐年增加的飛行隱患的一個(gè)例子。第11題:Whichfactorcanmostseriouslyendangerairplanesaccordingtothereport?Crowdedairtraffic.Thelargesizeofairplanes.Mistakesmadebyairtrafficcontrollers.Badweather.參考答案:D答案解析:此題屬主次題,旨在測(cè)試考生理解重要的明示細(xì)節(jié)的能力,要求選出最能危及飛機(jī)安全的因素。短文中有關(guān)的句子:Evenasmallmistakeontheirpartcouldcauseadisaster.飛行調(diào)度員即使出現(xiàn)一點(diǎn)兒差錯(cuò)也有可能導(dǎo)致空難的發(fā)生。因此最能危及飛機(jī)安全的因素是C項(xiàng):mistakesmadebytheairtrafficcontrollersoB項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)在短文中沒有提及,沒有提及的不是正確答案。A項(xiàng)雖在文中提到,但不是影響飛行安全的最主要因素,與提問的要求不相符,也不正確。第12題:Whathappenedtothetwolargejets?Theybumpedintoeachotheroveraswimmingpool.Theyavoidedeachotherbyturningintodifferentdirections.Theynarrowlyescapedcrashingintoeachother.Oneplaneclimbedabovetheotheratthecriticalmoment.參考答案:C答案解析:此題屬于多項(xiàng)干擾明示細(xì)電題,旨在測(cè)試考生領(lǐng)會(huì)明示細(xì)節(jié)的能力,詢問例子中的兩架飛機(jī)的情況。由于短文中出現(xiàn)了toturn,toclimb,toavoid,alargeswimmingpool.這些詞和短語,形成了干擾,使考生在選擇答案時(shí)猶豫不決,容易選錯(cuò)。解答此類試題的關(guān)鍵在于抓住正確信息。短文在接近尾聲時(shí)指出Theyavoidedeachotherbythesmallestpartofasecond.意思是他們?cè)趧x那間避開了,這與C項(xiàng)Theynarrowlyescapedcrashingintoeachother.內(nèi)容相符。第13題:Whywerethetwolargejetsspeciallymentioned?Toshowthekeyroleplayedbyairtrafficcontrollers.Toshowthegreatresponsibilityshoulderedbythepilots.Togiveanexampleofairdisasters.Toshowthatairtravelisfarsaferthandrivingacar.參考答案:C答窠解析:此題為隱含細(xì)節(jié)題,旨在測(cè)試考生綜合理解與判斷的能力,有一定的難度??忌?jīng)過分析、推導(dǎo)與問題相關(guān)的事實(shí)后才可以找到答案。本題測(cè)試的是文章中特別提到兩架大型噴氣式飛機(jī)的原因。短文中間提到的有關(guān)信息是Evenasmallmistakeontheirpartcouldcauseadisaster.飛行調(diào)度員即使出現(xiàn)一點(diǎn)兒差錯(cuò)也有可能導(dǎo)致空難的發(fā)生,接著就舉出了兩架飛機(jī)的例子,顯而易見,舉出兩架飛機(jī)的例子就是要支持上述觀點(diǎn),說明調(diào)度員的重要作用,這與選項(xiàng)AToshowthekeyroleplayedbyairtrafficcontrollers意思相符。[聽力原文]【短文大意】就人類歷史而言,科學(xué)方法從某種程度上來說是現(xiàn)代的。古代希臘人認(rèn)為對(duì)任何事物的知識(shí)均可通過假設(shè)獲得。在某種意義上,他們認(rèn)為只要你長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的靜坐默想某種東西,就可以了解它。亞里士多德就是這些最著名的希臘哲學(xué)家中的一員。在希臘文中,哲學(xué)家的意思是“智慧的愛好者”。亞里土多德對(duì)他生存的世界做了大量細(xì)微高明的觀察,他甚至認(rèn)識(shí)到海豚是呼吸空氣的動(dòng)物,在很大程度上根本不像魚。(大約有2000年的時(shí)間沒有一個(gè)人能認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn))。但是亞里士多德也是一位十分崇尚理論的人,他喜歡純推理而非實(shí)驗(yàn)。例如,亞里士多德有過一個(gè)設(shè)想:較重的物體比較輕的物體下落要快。他用一塊石頭和一片羽毛來證明這點(diǎn),他從未用過大小不同的石頭,很明顯亞里士多德認(rèn)為他并不需要這樣做。但是,如你所知,其結(jié)淪是錯(cuò)誤的,根本不對(duì)。但大約2000年以來人們一直接受這一設(shè)想。古代希臘哲學(xué)家們是一些非常睿智的人,他們發(fā)明了邏輯學(xué),使得人人皆知。甚至今天我們還使用邏輯來管理現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)!古代希臘人對(duì)許多事情的判斷十分正確和理智,以致其他國(guó)家的人在許多世紀(jì)之后才放棄了自己的觀點(diǎn)。但請(qǐng)注意,問題是單單依靠思考并不總能獲取正確的答案。我們必須對(duì)我們所思考的問題進(jìn)行測(cè)試和試驗(yàn)。而亞里士多德正是沒有像現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家那樣進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。第14題:Thispassageismainlyabout.howAristotledevelopedphilosophywhyGreekpeoplearefamousintheworldhowAristotlemadeexperimenttoprovehisideasthecontributionstheancientGreeksmadetothephilosophy參考答案:D答案解析:此題是主旨要義題,要求考生選擇本文的主題。本文沒有主題段或主題句,考生只有完全了解了全文,才能做好此題。這篇短文主要有兩條線索,其一是哲學(xué),其二是一亞里士多德位代表的古希臘哲學(xué)家們。選項(xiàng)A(howAristotledevelopedphilosophy)和C(howAristotlemadeexperimenttoprovehisideas)只講了亞里士多德,未提及其它的古希臘哲學(xué)家們,故不全面。選項(xiàng)B(whyGreekpeoplearefamousintheworld)未談到哲學(xué),也不全面,都可以排除。這樣選項(xiàng)D(thecontributionstheancientGreeksmadetothephilosophy)講述古希臘的哲學(xué)家們對(duì)哲學(xué)所做的貢獻(xiàn),是惟一正確的答案。第15題:HowdidtheancientGreeksthinkaboutthethingsintheworld?Theybelievedthatanythingcouldbetestedbythemselves.Theybelievedthatanyknowledgecouldbegotbylearningphilosophy.Theythoughtthatthingscouldbeunderstoodbyreasoning.Theythoughtthatproblemscouldbesolvedbyphilosophers.參考答案:C答案解析:此題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié),詢問古希臘的哲學(xué)家們?nèi)绾嗡伎际澜缟系娜f事萬物的。短文在開頭一部分就講述了這個(gè)問題TheancientGreeksbelievedthatknowledgeofanythingcouldbegianedbyhypothesizingalone.Theybelieved,inasense,thatifyoujustsataroundthinkingaboutstufflongenough,youcouldcompletelyunderstandit.即他們認(rèn)為只要通過假設(shè),通過思索足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間就能理解萬事萬物,選項(xiàng)C(Theythoughtthatthingscouldbeunderstoodbyreasoning.)就是對(duì)這兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)句子的解釋,是正確的答案。第16題:ThespeakersaidthatAristotlealsowasatheoreticalguybecause.helikedreasoningratherthanexperimentinghelikedexperimentingratherthanreasoningC.helikedhypothesizinginsteadoftestingD.helikedtestinginsteadofhypothesizing參考答案:A答案解析:此題也是一道細(xì)節(jié)題,要求考生解釋亞里士多德是一個(gè)純粹的理論家的原因。原文中有關(guān)的事實(shí)是Aristotlealsowasatheoreticalguy,whopreferredpurereasoningtoexperimenting,即他崇尚純粹的推理而不是實(shí)驗(yàn),與選項(xiàng)A(helikedreasoningratherthanexperimenting)意思完全一致,只是不同的表述而已。[聽力原文]【短文大意】每一個(gè)人都有自己獨(dú)特的、不可更改的指紋??茖W(xué)專家們已經(jīng)證實(shí)了指紋的獨(dú)特性并且發(fā)現(xiàn)父母不能將指紋毫不改變地遺傳給自己的孩子。人的指肚的指紋不因年齡或表面?zhèn)Χ淖?。表皮受到燒傷、割傷或其他的傷害之后很快被新生的、完全相似的指紋所取代。只有當(dāng)內(nèi)皮受到傷害時(shí),紋路才會(huì)受到破壞。一些犯罪分子正是利用這一事實(shí)來改變他們的指紋,當(dāng)然這樣做是危險(xiǎn)的。指紋很容易留下并被記錄下來。使用一些特殊的措施,指紋能夠在很短時(shí)間內(nèi)識(shí)別出來。由于這種識(shí)別系統(tǒng)既簡(jiǎn)單又經(jīng)濟(jì),經(jīng)常被用來處理刑事案件。即使一個(gè)犯罪嫌疑人的外貌由于年齡或意外事故而改變,他的指紋也可以證實(shí)他的真實(shí)身份,這樣,他就無法否認(rèn)對(duì)他的指控。當(dāng)一個(gè)犯罪嫌疑人在犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)留下了指紋,這些指紋用肉眼很難識(shí)別。如果經(jīng)過特殊處理,即使這些留下的痕跡并不完整或者只有1/4平方英寸,也能識(shí)別他們。第17題:Whathasbeenprovedaboutthepatternofahumanbeing'sfingerskinbyscientistsandexperts?Itissimilartohismother,s.Itisvaluabletohimselfonly.Itislikethatofotherswithsametypeofblood.Itisdifferentfromthatofallothers.參考答案:D答案解析:此題要求考生具有一定的概括能力。根據(jù)問題,科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)證實(shí)了指紋的什么特點(diǎn)。要回答這個(gè)問題需要對(duì)文章的開始部分進(jìn)行概括。原文中說Everhumanbeinghasauniquearrangementoftheskinonhisfingersandthisarrangementisunchangeable.Scientistsandexpertshaveprovedtheuniquenessoffinger-printsanddiscoveredthatnoexactlysimilarpatternispassedonfromparentstochildren,thoughnobodyknowswhythisisthecase,意思是“每一個(gè)人都有自己獨(dú)特的、不可更改的指紋??茖W(xué)專家們已經(jīng)證實(shí)了指紋的獨(dú)特性并且發(fā)現(xiàn)父母不能將指紋毫不改變地遺傳給自己的孩子。”這段里關(guān)鍵詞是uniqueness.考生只要了解這個(gè)詞的含義便可選擇正確的答案D(Itisdifferentfromthatofallothers)。第18題:Whatwillhappentothestructureofskinifyourfingersarewoundedbyknife,fireorothermeans?Itwillbechangedpartly.Itwillbereplacedbyadifferentone.Itwillbethesamewhenthewoundishealed.Itwillbecomeugly.參考答案:C答案解析:此題測(cè)試特定的細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)提問,如果你的手指受到刀傷、燒傷或其他的傷害,你的指紋會(huì)受到什么影響。這只是對(duì)原文中的句子“Burns,cutsandotherdamagetotheouterpartoftheskinwillbereplacedintimebynewone,whichbearsareproductionoftheoriginalpattern,,,進(jìn)行另一*種表述,意思是表皮受到燒傷、割傷或其他的傷害之后很快被新生的、完全相似的指紋所取代,因此與C(Itwillbethesamewhenthewoundishealed.)內(nèi)容相符。第19題:Howdosomecriminalsremovetheirfingerprints?Byusingprinter,sink.Byinjuringtheinnerskin.Bydamagingtheouterskin.Bychangingthecolor.參考答案:B答案解析:此題測(cè)試特定的細(xì)節(jié),詢問犯罪分子改變他們的指紋的方法。文章中的相關(guān)的句子是Itisonlywhentheinnerskinisinjuredthatthearrangementwillbedestroyed.Somecriminalsmakeuseofthisfacttoremovetheirownforger-printsbutthisisadangerousandraresteptotake.,意思是“只要當(dāng)內(nèi)皮受到傷害時(shí),紋路才會(huì)受到破壞。一些犯罪分子正是利用這一事實(shí)來改變他們的指紋,當(dāng)然這樣做是危險(xiǎn)的"。這與選項(xiàng)B(Byinjuringtheinnerskin.)完全吻合。第20題:Whyhavefingerprintsoftenbeenusedasamethodofsolvingcriminalcase?Becauseitiscomplicatedbutreliable.Becauseitissimplebutnotexpensive.Becauseitisexpensivebuteasytodo.Becauseitcanbringalotofmoney.參考答案:B答案解析:此題屬細(xì)節(jié)題目,要求解釋用指紋來處理刑事案件的原因,原文中已經(jīng)表述得非常清楚:Becauseofthesimplicityandeconomyofthissystem,forger-printshaveoftenbeenusedasamethodofsolvingcriminalcase.,意思是:由于這種識(shí)別系統(tǒng)既簡(jiǎn)單又經(jīng)濟(jì),經(jīng)常被用來處理刑事案件。因此,根據(jù)題目:指紋為什么被用來作為處理刑事案件的一種方法,答案應(yīng)選B(Becauseitissimplebutnotexpensive.)。多項(xiàng)選擇Theoriginofcontinentalnucleihaslongbeenapuzzle.Theoriesadvancedsofarhavegenerallyfailedtoexplainthefirststepincontinentgrowth,orhavebeensubjecttoseriousobjections.Itisthepurposeofthisarticletoexaminethepossibleroleoftheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsintheproductionofcontinentalnuclei.Unfortunately,thegeologicalevolutionoftheEarth,ssurfacehashadanobliteratingeffectontheoriginalcompositionandstructureofthecontinentstosuchanextentthatfurtherterrestrialinvestigationshavesmallchanceofarrivingatanunambiguousanswertothequestionofcontinentalorigin.Paradoxically,cluestotheoriginandearlyhistoryofthesurfacefeaturesoftheEarthmaybefoundontheMoonandplanets,ratherthanontheEarth,becausesomeofthesebodiesappeartohavehadamuchlessactivegeologicalhistory.Asaresult,relativelyprimitivesurfacefeaturesarepreservedforstudyandanalysis.InthecaseofboththeMoonandMars,itisgenerallyconcludedfromtheappearanceoftheirheavilycrateredsurfacesthattheyhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbylargemeteoroidsduringtheirgeologicalhistory.Likewise,itwouldappearareasonablehypothesisthattheEarthhasalsobeensubjectedtometeoroidbombardmentinthepast,andthatverylargebodiesstrucktheEarthearlyinitsgeologicalhistory.ThelargestcraterontheMoonlistedbyBaldwinhasadiameterof285km.However,ifweacceptthehypothesisofformationofsomeofthemarebasinsbyimpact,themaximumlunarimpactcraterdiameterisprobablyaslargeas650km.Basedonalunaranalogy,onemightexpectseveralimpactcratersofatleast500kmdiametertohavebeenformedonEarth.ByapplyingBaldwin,sequation,thedepthofsuchacratershouldbeabout20km.Baldwinadmitsthathisequationgivesexcessivedepthsforlargecraterssothattheactualdepthshouldbesomewhatsmaller.Basedonthemeasureddepthofsmallerlunarcraters,adepthof10kmisprobablyaconservativeestimateforthediameterofa500kmimpactcrater.Baldwin,sequationgivesthedepthofthezoneofbrecciationforsuchacraterasabout75km.TheplasticityoftheEarth,smantleatthedepthmakesitimpossibletospeakof“brecciation“intheusualsense.However,localstressesmaybetemporarilysustainedatthatdepth,asshownbytheexistenceofdeep-focusearthquakes.Thus,short-termeffectsmightbeexpectedtoadepthofmorethan50kminthemantle.Evenwithoutknowingthepreciseeffects,thereislittledoubtthattheformationofa500-kmcraterwouldbeamajorgeologicalevent.Numerousauthorshaveconsideredthegeologicalimplicationsofsuchanevent.Donnetal.have,forexample,calledontheimpactofcontinent-sizebodiesofsialiccompositiontoformtheoriginalcontinents.Twomajordifficultiesinherentinthisconceptarethelackofanyknownsialicmeteorites,andthehighprobabilitythattheenergyofimpactwouldresultinawidedisseminationofsialicmaterial,ratherthanitsconcentrationatthepointofimpact.Gilvarry,ontheotherhand,calledonmeteoroidimpacttoexplaintheproductionofoceanbasins.Themajordifficultieswiththismodelarethatthemorphologyofmostoftheoceanbasinsisnotconsistentwithimpact,andthattheoriginandgrowthofcontinentsisnotadequatelyexplained.WeagreewithDonnetal.thattheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsmayhavecausedcontinentformation,butwouldratherthinkintermsofthelocalizedadditionofenergytothesystem,ratherthanintermsoftheadditionofactualsialicmaterial.詞匯注釋meteorolite 隕星,隕石asteroid (火星和木星軌道間)小行星obliterate 除去,消減 痕跡crater 火山口,隕石坑mare '海,(也指月亮、火星上的)陰暗區(qū)impact 撞擊impactcrater 隕石坑,撞擊火山口brecciate 合成角礫巖thezoneofbrecciation角礫巖地帶

mantle地幔stress應(yīng)力localstress局部(本身)應(yīng)力sialicprobabilitymantle地幔stress應(yīng)力localstress局部(本身)應(yīng)力sialicprobabilitydisseminatemorphologyastral硅鋁的概率,可能性傳播,分散,浸染組織,結(jié)構(gòu),形態(tài)(學(xué))星(星狀體)的[聽力原文]大陸核的起源很久以來一直是一個(gè)迷。進(jìn)展到現(xiàn)在的理論通常都不能解釋大陸成長(zhǎng)的第一步情況,或者都遭到了嚴(yán)厲的反對(duì)。這篇文章的目的就是要研究大隕石或小行星的撞擊在大陸核生成中可能起的作用。遺憾的是,地球表面的地質(zhì)變化對(duì)大陸的原始結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)成起了抹煞的作用。這種消除作用達(dá)到了這種程度,使進(jìn)一步的大陸研究工作很難對(duì)大陸起源問題取得明確的答案。而荒謬的是,地球表面特征的起源及其早期歷史的線索雖不能在地球上找到,卻可能在月球或其他行星上找到。因?yàn)樗鼈冎械挠行┬乔蛩坪踅?jīng)歷了遠(yuǎn)不如地球活躍的地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期。結(jié)果是,相對(duì)原始的表面特征被保留了下來,正好便于我們研究和分析。拿月球和火星來說,一般都從它們表面嚴(yán)重的隕石坑得出結(jié)論:它們?cè)谄涞刭|(zhì)進(jìn)化過程中遭受過巨大隕星的撞擊。同樣,一個(gè)合理的假說出現(xiàn)了,地球也曾遭受過巨大隕星的撞擊,而這樣巨大的天體撞擊發(fā)生在地球的地質(zhì)歷史早期。鮑爾溫所列出的月球上最大的隕石坑直徑為285公里??墒牵绻覀兘邮芰四承┯捎谧矒舳纬珊E璧亟Y(jié)構(gòu)的假設(shè),那么月球上最大隕石坑的直徑可能會(huì)有650公里?;趯?duì)月球的類比,人們可能期望地球已經(jīng)形成了幾個(gè)直徑至少在500公里的隕石坑。應(yīng)用鮑爾溫方程式,這樣的隕石坑深度應(yīng)該有20公里左右。但鮑爾溫承認(rèn),他的方程式夸大了大隕石坑的深度,所以實(shí)際的深度可能略微小一些。根據(jù)小一些的月球隕石坑的深度測(cè)量,從保守的估計(jì)來看,10公里的深度可能屬于一個(gè)直徑為500公里的隕石坑。如果這樣的一個(gè)隕石坑位于角礫巖地帶,鮑爾溫方程式給出的深度大約就是75公里。雖然地球深度地幔的塑性使其不可能在一般意義上被稱為“角礫巖”,但在這一深度,局部的壓力會(huì)暫時(shí)保留,就像震源深的地震所顯示的那樣。因此,短期的效果可能出現(xiàn)在地慢深達(dá)50公里以上的地方。即使不知道精確的效果,毫無疑問,一個(gè)500公里大的隕石坑的形成也會(huì)是一個(gè)主要的地質(zhì)事件。無數(shù)的作者曾經(jīng)考慮過這一事件在地質(zhì)上的潛在意義。比如,Donnetal提出,大陸區(qū)域那般大的、硅鋁結(jié)構(gòu)的天體撞擊形成了最初的大陸塊??墒?,這一概念本身所固有的兩大難點(diǎn)是,缺乏任何已知的硅鋁隕石和出現(xiàn)下列現(xiàn)象的高概率:撞擊的能量會(huì)導(dǎo)致硅鋁材料廣泛分散,而不是集中在撞擊點(diǎn)上。另一方面,基瓦立提出了用隕星的撞擊來解釋海洋盆地的構(gòu)成。這個(gè)模型的主要困難在于,大多數(shù)海洋盆地的結(jié)構(gòu)和撞擊情況不符,而且該模型也沒有充分解釋大陸的起源和成長(zhǎng)。我們贊成Donnetal的解說,即大隕石或小行星的撞擊可能導(dǎo)致大陸的形成,但不是根據(jù)實(shí)際的硅鋁物質(zhì)的增加來考慮,而是根據(jù)系統(tǒng)能量的局部增加來考慮。第21題:Amarebasinis.aformulafordeterminingtherelationshipbetweenthedepthandwidthofcraters.avalleythatisfilledinwhenaspatialbodyhasimpactwiththemoonortheearth.C.aplanetoid(smallplanet)createdwhenameteorite,uponstrikingthemoon,breaksoffapartofthemoon.adarkspotonthemoon,oncesupposedtobeasea,nowaplain.參考答案:D答案解析:D是月球上的一個(gè)黑點(diǎn),一度認(rèn)為是海,現(xiàn)在知道是平原。marebasin海盆地。詞義本身說明[D]對(duì)。另一方面,第二段開始提及“鮑爾溫所列出的月球上最大的隕石坑直徑為285公里??墒牵绻覀兘邮芰四承┯捎谧矒舳纬珊E璧亟Y(jié)構(gòu)的假設(shè),那么月球上最大隕石坑的直徑可能有650公里大。”這里都說marebasin指的是月球上隕石坑。這就排除了[A]、[B]、[C]這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。[A]是測(cè)定隕石坑深度和寬度的公式。[B]當(dāng)某一天體和月球或地球撞擊時(shí)填入的深谷。[C]當(dāng)隕星撞擊月亮?xí)r,撞掉部分月亮而形成小星體。第22題:Thewriterdoesnotbelievethat.anasteroidislargerthanameteorite.materialfromspace,uponhittingtheearth,waseventuallydistributed.theearth,atonetime,hadcraters.oceanswereformerlycraters.參考答案:D答案解析:D海洋是原來的隕石坑。倒數(shù)第二段“另一方面,Gilvarry用隕星撞擊來解釋海洋盆地的形成。這一模式的最大困難在于大多數(shù)海洋盆地結(jié)構(gòu)和撞擊情況不符。”[A]小行星大于隕星。[B]來自太空的材料,在撞擊地球時(shí),均勻分布。[C]地球一度有過隕石坑。這三項(xiàng)明顯不對(duì),談不上相信不相信。第23題:Thearticleisprimarilyconcernedwith.theoriginofcontinents.therelationshipbetweenastralphenomenaandthemoondifferencesofopinionamongauthoritativegeologists.therelationshipbetweenasteroidsandmeteorites.參考答案:A答案解析:A大陸起源。這在文章一開始就點(diǎn)明“大陸核起源長(zhǎng)期以來一直是個(gè)謎。進(jìn)展到現(xiàn)在的理論一般都不能說明大陸生長(zhǎng)的第一步情況,或者遭到嚴(yán)厲的反對(duì)。這篇文章的目的就是要研究大隕星或小行星的撞擊在地球核生成中可能起的作用?!绷硪婋y點(diǎn)譯注1。[B]星際現(xiàn)象和月球的關(guān)系。[C]權(quán)威地質(zhì)學(xué)家意見分岐。[D]小行星和隕星之間的關(guān)系。第24題:Sialicmaterialrefersto.thebrokenrockresultingfromtheimpactofameteoriteagainsttheearth.materialthatexistsonplanetsotherthantheearth.acompositeofrocktypicalofcontinentalareasoftheearth.materialthatisman-madetosimulatematerialsthatexistedfarbackingeologicalhistory.參考答案:C答案解析:C地球大陸地區(qū)特有的巖石構(gòu)成。第三段三句:“舉例說,DormetaL提出大陸區(qū)域那般大的、硅鋁結(jié)構(gòu)的天體撞擊形成最初的大陸塊的設(shè)想。”其他見難點(diǎn)譯注3。[A]由于隕星撞擊地球形成破碎的巖石。[B]存在于地球之外其他星球的材料。[C]人造材料模擬存在于遙遠(yuǎn)地質(zhì)史上的材料。三項(xiàng)文內(nèi)都沒有提到。Isitpossibletopersuademankindtolivewithoutwar?Warisanancientinstitutionwhichhasexistedforatleastsixthousandyears.Itwasalwaysbadandusuallyfoolish,butinthepastthehumanracemanagedtolivewithit.Moderningenuityhaschangedthis.EitherManwillabolishwar,orwarwillabolishMan.Forthepresent,itisnuclearweaponsthatcausethemostseriousdanger,butbacteriologicalorchemicalweaponsmay,beforelong,offeranevengreaterthreat.Ifwesucceedinabolishingnuclearweapons,ourworkwillnotbedone.Itwillneverbedoneuntilwehavesucceededinabolishingwar.①[Todothis,weneedtopersuademankindtolookuponinternationalquestionsinanewway,notascontestsofforce,inwhichthevictorygoestothesidewhichismostskillfulinkillingpeople,butbyarbitrationinaccordancewithagreedprinciplesoflaw.]Itisnoteasytochangeveryoldmentalhabits,butthisiswhatmustbeattempted.Therearethosewhosaythattheadoptionofthisorthatideologywouldpreventwar.Ibelievethistobeabigerror.Allideologiesarebasedupondogmaticstatementswhichare,atbest,doubtful,andatworst,totallyfalse.Theiradherentsbelieveinthemsofanaticallythattheyarewillingtogotowarinsupportofthem.Themovementofworldopinionduringthepastfewyearshasbeenverylargelysuchaswecanwelcome.Ithasbecomeacommonplacethatnuclearwarmustbeavoided.Ofcourseverydifficultproblemsremainintheworld,butthespiritinwhichtheyarebeingapproachedisabetteronethanitwassomeyearsago.②[Ithasbeguntobethought,evenbythepowerfulmenwhodecidewhetherweshallliveordie,thatnegotiationsshouldreachagreementsevenifbothsidesdonotfindtheseagreementswhollysatisfactory.]Ithasbeguntobeunderstoodthattheimportantconflictnowadaysisnotbetweendifferentcountries,butbetweenManandtheatombomb.注釋bacteriological[adj.]使用細(xì)菌的dogmatic[adj.]教條的,固執(zhí)己見的,武斷的第25題:Thispassageimpliesthatwarisnow.worsethaninthepastasbadasinthepastnotsodangerousasinthepastD.asnecessaryasinthepast參考答案:A答案解析:A作者認(rèn)為,現(xiàn)在有核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),將來或許有細(xì)菌和生化武器,這些都會(huì)給人類帶來更大的災(zāi)難。第26題:Inthesentence“Todothis,weneedtopersuademankind.","this"refersto.abolishwarimproveweaponssolveinternationalproblemsD.liveapeacefullife參考答案:A答案解析:A結(jié)合上下文可知,this指消滅戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。第27題:Fromparagraph2welearnthatthewriterofthepassage.isanadherentofsomemodernideologiesdoesnotthinkthattheadoptionofanyideologycouldpreventwarC.believesthattheadoptionofsomeideologiescouldpreventwarD.doesnotdoubtthetruthofanyideologies參考答案:B答案解析:B作者認(rèn)為,采取某種主義或思想會(huì)阻止戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的想法,是錯(cuò)誤的,因?yàn)樗械乃枷攵冀⒃诠虉?zhí)武斷的說法之上,它們的追隨者為了捍衛(wèi)自己的思想,情愿發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。第28題:Accordingtothewriter,.waristheonlywaytosolveinternationaldisputeswarwillbelessdangerousbecauseoftheimprovementofweaponsitisimpossibleforpeopletolivewithoutwarwarmustbeabolishedifmanwantstosurvive參考答案:D答案解析:D作者認(rèn)為,要么人類消滅戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),要么戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)消滅人類,所以說,如果人類要生存下去,就得消滅戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。第29題:Thelastparagraphsuggestsernationalagreementscanbereachedmoreeasilynowmanbeginstorealizethedangerofnuclearwarnuclearwarwilldefinitelynottakeplaceworldopinionwelcomesnuclearwar參考答案:B答案解析:B現(xiàn)在人們普遍認(rèn)識(shí)到應(yīng)該避免核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion,itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses,anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion,theomnibuses,horserailways,commutertrains,andelectrictrolleypulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotothreetimesmoredistantfromcitycentersthantheywereinthepremodernera.In1850,forexample,thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrict;bytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhowouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork,shopping,andentertainment.Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920,forexample,some250000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago,mostofthemlocatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod,another550000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea.Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting,realestatedevelopersadded800000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears-lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.Ofcourse,manywereneveroccupied;therewasalwaysahugesurplusofsubdivided,butvacant,landaroundChicagoandothercities.Theseexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportation:urbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes,particularlylandnearoroutsidecityborderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated,didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.注釋catalyze[v.]催化radius[n.]半徑,范圍第30題:Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?Typesofmasstransportation.Instabilityofurbanlife.C.howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse.D.Theeffectsofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.參考答案:D答案解析:D文章主要討論了公共交通對(duì)城市擴(kuò)展的促進(jìn)。第31題:Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingaseffectsofmasstransportationoncitiesexcept.growthincityareasseparationofcommercialandresidentialdistrictschangesinlifeintheinnercityincreasingstandardsofliving參考答案:D答案解析:D文中提到的有關(guān)公共交通對(duì)城市的影響有:城市范圍的擴(kuò)大,商業(yè)區(qū)與居住區(qū)的分離,城內(nèi)生活的變化,并沒說公共交通提高了生活水平。第32題:WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth.Toshowthatmasstransitchangedmanycities.Toexemplifycitieswithandwithoutmasstransportation.Tocontrasttheirratesofgrowth.參考答案:B答案解析:B文章提到波士頓和芝加哥兩城市,是為了舉例說明公共交通改變了許多城市。第33題:Accordingtothepassage,whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?Itwasexpensive.Ithappenedtooslowly.Itwasunplanned.Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.參考答案:C答案解析:C見第二段第二句,由于缺乏計(jì)劃性,許多房屋被閑置。第34題:TheauthormentionsChicagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacity.thatislargethatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopmentwherelanddevelopmentexceededpopulationgrowthwithanexcellentmasstransportationsystems參考答案:c答案解析:c在第二段中,作者提到芝加哥,是為了舉例說明房地產(chǎn)的發(fā)展超過了人口的發(fā)展。Fromabusinessperspective,workingundergovernmentcontractscanbeaverylucrativeproposition.Ingeneral,astreamoforderskeepcomingin,revenueincreasesandthecompanygrowsintheaggregate.Theobviousdownfallstoworkinginthismannerisbothhigherqualityexpectedaswellastheextensiveresearchanddocumentationrequiredforgovernmentcontracts.Ifapartfailstoperformcorrectlyitcancauseminorglitchesaswellasproblemsthatcancarryseriousrepercussions,suchasintheNationalSemiconductorcase.Whenboththeculpablecomponentandcompanyarefounded,thequestionarisesofhowextensivetheserepercussionsshouldbe.Isthecompanyasanentityliableordoyoulookintoindividualemployeeswithinthatcompany?Fromanethicalperspectiveonewouldhavetolookatthemitigatingfactorsofboththeemployeesandtheirsuperiorsalongwiththeroleofothersinthefailureofthesecomponents.Nextyouwouldhavetoanalyzethefinalrulingfromacorporateperspectiveandthenwemustexaminethemacroissueofcorporateresponsibilityinordertoattempttofindaresolutionforcaseslikethese.ThefirstmitigatingfactorinvolvedintheNationalSemiconductorcaseistheuncertainty,onthepartoftheemployees,onthedutiesthattheywereassigned.Itisplausiblethatduringthetestingprocedure,anemployeecouldnotdistinguishwhichpartstheyweretotestundergovernmentstandardsandcommercialstandards.Insomecasestheymighthaveevenbeenmisinformedonthefinalconsumersoftheproductsthattheytested.Infact,ignoranceonthepartoftheemployeeswouldfullyexcusethemfromanymoralresponsibilityforanydamagethatmayresultfromtheirwork.Whetheritisdecidedthatanemployeeisfullyexcused,orisgivensomemoralresponsibility,wouldhavetobelookedatonanindividualbasis.Thesecondmitigatingfactoristheduressorthreatsthatanemployeem

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