英漢互譯簡明教程TranslationTechniques課件

英漢互譯簡明教程英漢互譯簡明教程1TranslationTechniques

Generallyspeaking,thebasictranslationtechniquesthatmeritourattentionandaretobeappliedinEnglish-ChineseorChinese-Englishtranslationsinclude:1.Diction(遣詞用字）2.Repetition（重譯法）3.Amplification（增譯法）4.Omission（減譯法）5.Conversion（轉(zhuǎn)換法）6.Inversion（詞序調(diào)整法）7.Negation（正說反譯，反說正譯法）8.ChangeofVoices（語態(tài)變換法）9.Division（分譯法）10.Combination（合譯法）TranslationTechniques24.1DictionTeachingContents:

WordMeaningConceptualMeaningStylisticMeaningLinguisticMeaningPragmaticMeaningChoiceofWordMeaningsChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoTheirPartsofSpeechChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoDifferentCollocation.ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetweentheAbstractandtheConcrete.ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.ChoiceofContextualMeaningsSpecialTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaword.Deduction（推演法）Transplant（移植法）Extension（引申法）Substitution（替換法）Explanation（釋義法）Combination（合并法）Pictographic（圖形法）Transliteration（音譯法）Zero-Translation（零翻譯法）Transliteration+Explanation（音義結(jié)合法）4.1DictionTeachingContents:3DefinitionofamplificationDictionisoneofthebasictranslationtechniquestoexpressmeaningbyusingtheproperchoiceofwordsandphrases.Itmustbebasedontheaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Speakingofwordmeanings,thereareconceptualmeaning,stylisticmeaning,linguisticmeaningandpragmaticmeaning.Definitionofamplification4WordMeaningsConceptualMeaning:isthebasicmeaningandthemaininformationcarriedbylinguisticsigns.e.g.Nosmoking（禁止吸煙）StylisticMeaning:iscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstanceoflanguageuse.WordMeanings5LinguisticMeaning:isbuiltontherelationshipsofthesignswitheachotherinthesamesystem.

e.g.千山鳥飛絕，F(xiàn)romhilltohillnobirdinfight.萬徑人蹤滅。Frompathtopathnomaninsight.PragmaticMeaning:isthestudyofthe“relationofsignstointerpreters”.e.g.大家見面，招呼聲“吃了嗎？”透著和氣。Theygreetwitheachotherwitha“Hi”justtoshowtheirgoodneighbourlyfeelings.年夜飯familyreunionmealontheeveoftheSpringFestival.LinguisticMeaning:isbuilt6Therearedifferentviewsonclassificationoflevelsofformalityofwords,andMartinJoosclassifiesthisintofivecategoriesinhispaper“FiveClocks”asfollows:Frozen（拘謹）Formal（正式）Consultative（商議）Casual（隨意）Intimate（親密）Forexample:

LinguisticTermsSampleWordsFrozenQuaffFormalImbibeConsultativeDrinkCasualSwigIntimateGuzzleTherearedifferentviewsonc7Inpractice,wordsareactuallyclassifiedintothreecategoriesas:colloquial（口語）2)common（常用語）3)formal(書面語）.Take“wife”forinstance:Colloquial:woman,oldwoman,betterhalfCommon:wifeFormal:consort,spouse,helpmate.Inpractice,wordsareactuall8ChoiceofWordMeaningInthepracticeoftranslation,whatperplexesusmostfrequentlyishowtofindanequivalentinthelanguagetobetranslatedinto.Greatcareiscalledforinthetranslationof“familiar”EnglishintoChinese,astheirmeaningvarywiththechangeincollocationorcontext.Bydiction,generallyspeaking,thefollowingaresomecommonly-usedwaysavailabletofindanequivalentintheTL.ChoiceofWordMeaning9ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoTheirPartsofSpeech.Awordmayhavevariousmeaningswithdifferentpartsofspeech.

Forexample:

他們省吃儉用，為的是替國家多積累資金。Theysavefoodandexpensestoaccumulatemorefundsforthecountry.(savefood:“把食物放起來”)改譯：Theylivefrugallytoaccumulatemorefundsforthestate.Note:不要進行字對字的死譯。要考慮中英文的真正含義。ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccord10ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoDifferentCollocation.Thesamewordwiththesamepartofspeechmayhavedifferentmeaningsduetodifferentcollocations.Forexample:DelicateDelicateskin嬌嫩的皮膚Delicateporcelain精致的瓷器Delicateupbringing嬌生慣養(yǎng)Delicateliving奢侈的生活Delicatehealth虛弱的身體Delicatestomach容易吃壞的胃Delicatevase易碎的花瓶Delicatediplomaticquestion微妙的外交問題Delicatedifference講不大清楚的差別Delicatesurgicaloperation難做的外科手術(shù)ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccord11ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetweentheAbstractandtheConcrete.Sometimesitisnecessarytoputthewordwithconcreteimageintoonewithabstractmeaningandviceversa.e.g.Ifyoudaretoplaythefoxwithme,I’llshootyouatonce

你要是敢和我?；^，我馬上斃了你。

上海反映了中國的發(fā)展與現(xiàn)狀。

ShanghaimirrorsthedevelopmentandcharactersofChina.ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetwe12ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.Affectivemeaningreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.e.g.Theenemy’sschemewentbankrupt.敵人的陰謀破產(chǎn)了。Thisisourschemefortheterm’swork.這是我們這學期的工作計劃。Heisverymuchinterestedinpolitics.他對政治很有興趣。Maryalwaysgetswhatshewantsbyplayingofficepolitics.瑪麗總是靠耍手腕來達到她的目的。ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.13ChoiceofContextualMeanings.Thesamewordhasdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse.Therefore,atranslatorshouldtrytofinditcontextualmeaninginTL.Forexample:Hiseyeswerewarmandfierceandbrightandhismoustachewasthinandcoarse.Version1:他的眼睛熱情，兇猛又明亮，胡子又稀又粗。Version2:他的眼睛熱情，銳利，炯炯有神，胡子稀疏粗硬ChoiceofContextualMeanings14SpecialTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaWord.1.Deduction（推演法）DeductionistodeducetheoriginalmeaninginthelightoftheexplanationofanEnglishdictionary.e.g.challenge-toquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof(sth.orsb.)對…..表示懷疑，質(zhì)疑；對……提出異議

2.Transplant（移植法）ThisisliteraltranslationofthepartsofagivenEnglishword.e.g.微型電腦minicomputer背包客backpacker超女supergirl3.Extension（引申法）Thiscanbeeitherfromspecifictogeneralorfromconcretetoabstract,andviceversa.e.g.braindrain腦排干-人才外流-人才流失SpecialTechniquesEmployedin154.Substitution（替換法）Itistoreplacethewordsoftheoriginalexpressionwithsynonymsoridiomsinthetargetlanguageaccordingtodifferentsituations.e.g.Itneverrainsbutitpours.不鳴則已，一鳴驚人。5.Explanation（釋義法）Thistechniqueiscommonlyusedwhenthereisnocorrespondingexpressioninthetargetlanguageandalltheabove-mentionedtechniquesfailtomakesense.e.g.swansong絕唱，辭世之作，歸天之作6.Combination（合并法）Thismeanstointegratemorethanonewordintooneexpression.e.g.lordandmaster主人；multicolored五顏六色4.Substitution（替換法）167.Pictographic（圖形法）Bythistechniquewordsaretranslatedaccordingtotheirshapes.e.g.環(huán)形圈O-ring；交叉支撐X-brace8.Transliteration（音譯法）e.g.Pentium奔騰；黑客hacker9.Zero-translation（零翻譯法）e.g.KTV包房；BP機；CD唱盤；NBA；IQ10.Transliteration+Explanation（音義結(jié)合法）e.g.tank坦克;來復槍rifleballet芭蕾；sardine沙丁魚

7.Pictographic（圖形法）174.2RepetitionTeachingContents:RepetitioninE-CTranslationRepetitionforClarificationRepetitionforEmphasisRepetitionforMakingtheTranslationMoreVividorFullofAestheticValueRepetitionbyIntegratingChineseFour-characterPhrasesandReduplicatedWordsRepetitioninC-ETranslationRepetitionasaStylisticDeviceforEmphasisandConveyingtheSameForceContainedintheOriginal.VariationorOmissionSubstitution4.2RepetitionTeachingContent18RepetitionGenerallywhatisrepeatedinChinesemayinmanycasesbesubstituted,variedoromittedinEnglish.4.2.1RepetitioninE-CTranslationRepetitionis,tosomeextent,aspecialcaseofamplification.A.RepetitionforClarificationa.RepetitionofNouns.RepetitionoftheNounasObjectWhichHasMorethanOneModifiers.e.g.Letusreviseoursafetyandsanitaryregulations.我們來修訂安全規(guī)則和衛(wèi)生規(guī)則吧。Wehavetoanalyzeandsolveproblems.我們要分析問題，解決問題。RepetitionoftheNounaftertheLinkVerb.Repetition19e.g.Hebecameanoilbaron-allbyhimself.他成為一個石油大王——一個白手起家的石油大王。Ignoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasadmiration.無知是羨慕的根源，也是恐懼的根源。RepetitionoftheOmittedNounBeforethePrepositionalPhrases.e.g.Theuseofatomicweaponsisaclearviolationofinternationallaw,inparticularoftheGenevaConvention.使用原子武器顯然違反國際法，特別是違反《日內(nèi)瓦公約》Hebrokeallconnectionswithhispast,andwiththeoldsocietyineveryway.他和他的過去斷絕了一切聯(lián)系，和舊社會的各個方面也斷絕了一切聯(lián)系。RepetitionoftheNounasAntecedents.e.g.Allofthesearrangementwereapreludetotheball,thehostess’ultimateprize.所有的這些安排都只是這次舞會的序曲，舞會才是女主人的最終目的。Hemadethesoundofsympathywhichcomessoreadilyfromthosewhohaveanindependentincome.他發(fā)出了同情之聲，這種同情是那些有獨立收入的人最容易脫口而出的。e.g.Hebecameanoilbaron-al20b.RepetitionofVerbs.Whenaverbisfollowedbymorethanoneobjectorpredicative,it’scommontorepeatthisverbinChinese.e.g.Weshallovercomeallthedifficultiessolongaswe

studyhardandinagoodway.只要我們學習努力，而且學習得法，我們就能克服學習中的困難。Atmosphericpressuredecreaseswithincreaseinaltitudeandsodoesthedensityoftheatmosphere.大氣壓力隨高度增加而降低，大氣密度也隨著高度增加而降低。Whenaverbisfollowedbyseveralobjects,beforewhichthere’sthesameprepositionorthereistheomissionofthesamepreposition.Insuchacase,it’snecessarytorepeattheverbinsteadofrepeatingthesamepreposition.e.g.Wetalkedofourselves,ofourprospects,ofthejourney.oftheweather,ofeachother—ofeverythingbutourhostandhostess.我們談到自己，談到前途，談到教程，談到天氣，談到彼此的情況——談到一切，只是不談我們的男女主人。Hesuppliedhisworksnotonlywithbiographies,butwithportraitsoftheirsupposedauthors.他不僅在他的作品上提供作者傳記，而且還提供假想作者的畫像。

b.RepetitionofVerbs.21c.RepetitionoftheNounsinChineseforthePronounsinEnglish.Englishpronounsarewidelyusedtoavoidtherepetitionofnouns.InChinese,however,preferstorepeatnounsinsteadofusingpronounsinmanycases.e.g.Eachcountryhasitsowncustoms.各國有各國的風俗。Somehaveenteredcollegeandothershavegonetothecountryside。上大學的，上大學了，下鄉(xiāng)的，下鄉(xiāng)了。（有的上大學了，有的下鄉(xiāng)了。Happyfamiliesalsohadtheirowntroubles.幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦惱。d.Anothercase:thereisnorepetitioninEnglish,inordertoachieveclarification,repetitionofcontentsinsteadofformsisoftenadoptedinChinese.e.g.Tohim,thebirdssang,thesquirrelchatteredandtheflowersbloomed.鳥兒向他歌唱，松鼠對他嘰咕，花兒也為他開放。c.RepetitionoftheNounsin22B.Repetitionforemphasis.RepetitionoftheOriginalRepeatedWordsorAntithesisorParallelStructuresforRetainingtheSameEmphasisinChinese.e.g.Nealshaditallwrittenoutneatly納爾斯把它寫得清清楚楚。RepetitionoftheOriginalRepeatedWordsbyEmployingSynonymsforRetainingtheSameEmphasisinChinese.e.g.“Oh,pleasure,pleasure!Whatelseshouldbringoneanywhere?”“哦，尋歡作樂呀！一個人出門，還為了別的嗎？”（余光中譯）“Itwasthebestoftimes,anditwastheworstoftimes.Itwastheageofwisdom,anditwastheageoffoolishness.Itwastheepochofbelief,anditwastheepochofincredulity.Itwastheseasonoflight,anditwastheseasonofdarkness.Itwasthespringofhope,anditwasthewinterofdespair.Wehadeverythingbeforeus,andwehadnothingbeforeus.WewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,andwewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.”這是最好的時光,這也是最壞的時光;這是智慧的年代,這也是愚蠢的年代;這是信仰的時代，這也是懷疑的時代；這是光明的時節(jié)，這也是黑暗的時節(jié)；這是希望的春天；這也是絕望的冬天；我們面前萬物皆有，我們面前也一無所有；我們都在直登天堂，我們也都在直下地獄。B.Repetitionforemphasis.23C.RepetitionforMakingtheTranslationMoreVividorFullofAestheticValue.RepetitionbyChineseFour-characterPhrases.e.g.Hischildren,too,wereasraggedandwildasiftheybelongedtonobody.他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破爛爛，粗野不堪，就象沒有父母似的。ThestreetsofNewYorkwerebrilliantwithmovingmen.紐約的大街上，人來人往，五光十色。RepetitionbyChineseReduplicatedWordse.g.Ihadbeencompletelyhonestinmyreplies,withholdingnothing.我的回答完全是坦坦蕩蕩，（直言無隱），不藏不掖。Motherjawedandcried,butpapadidn’tsaymuch.媽媽嘮叨著，哭著，但是爸爸沒有說什么。RepetitionofSynonymousCharactersorWords.e.g.greatcontributions豐功偉績gratitude感恩戴德ingratitude忘恩負義prosperity繁榮昌盛arrogance驕傲自大careless粗心大意inchaos烏煙瘴氣streetgossip街談巷議rumor流言蜚語C.RepetitionforMakingtheT24RepetitionbyIntegratingChineseFour-characterPhrasesandReduplicatedWordse.g.Onlyaveryslightandveryscatteringripplesofhalf-heartedhandclappinggreetedhim.歡迎他的只有幾下輕輕的，零零落落的，半心半意的掌聲。Theradiosqueaksmidnight.Thecafesmustbeclosing,thelastguestsgoinghome.Loversstandbeforehousedoorsunabletotakeleaveofeachother.收音機傳來“嘟—嘟—嘟”的午夜報時訊號?？Х瑞^正在打烊，最后一批顧客在離店回家，出了店門的情侶們?nèi)匀磺淝湮椅?，難分難舍。4.2.2RepetitioninC-ETranslationRepetitionasaStylisticDeviceforEmphasisandConveyingtheSameForceContainedintheOriginale.g.“事實就是事實?！薄癋actisfact.”尋尋覓覓,冷冷清請,凄凄慘慘戚戚;乍暖還寒時侯,最難將息。Iseekbutseekinvain,Isearchandsearchagain;Ifeelsosad,sodrear,Solonely,withoutcheer.(許淵沖譯）RepetitionbyIntegratingChin25VariationorOmissione.g.科學是老老實實的學問，來不得半點虛假，需要付出艱巨的勞動。Sciencemeanshonest,solidknowledge,notallowinganiotaoffalsehood,anditinvolvesHerculeaneffortsandgruelingtoil.對待同志要滿腔熱忱，不能冷冷清清，漠不關(guān)心。Weshouldbewarmtowardsourcomrades,notinicecoldandindifferent.Substitutione.g.有條件要上，沒有條件，創(chuàng)造條件也要上！Whenconditionsexist,goahead;whentheydon’t,createthemandgoahead!他們?yōu)閲易龅氖卤任覀兯龅亩嗟枚?。TheyhavedonemuchmorefortheStatethanwehave.VariationorOmission264.3AmplificationTeachingContents:AmplificationinE-CTranslationAmplificationbySupplyingWordsOmittedintheOriginalAmplificationbySupplyingNecessaryConnectivesAmplificationbySupplyingWordsIndicatingPluralsAmplificationbySupplyingWordsofGeneralizationAmplificationbySupplyingWordsIndicatingTenseAmplificationforPurposesofRhetoricorCoherenceAmplificationforlogicAmplificationbySupplyingSomeNecessaryWordstoConveytheToneoftheOriginalAmplificationinC-ETranslationAmplificationbySupplyingPronounsorNounsAmplificationbyAddingNecessaryArticlesAmplificationbyAddingNecessaryConnectivesAmplificationbyAddingNecessaryPropositionsAmplificationbyAddingNecessaryBackgroundWordsorExplanatoryWordsAmplificationbySupplyingSomeNecessaryWordstoConveytheToneoftheOriginal4.3AmplificationTeachingCont27AmplificationDefinitionofamplificationByamplificationwemeansupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationworktomaketheversioncorrectandclear,tomakeitappearmorelikethelanguagetranslatedinto.AmplificationinE-CTranslationAmplificationbySupplyingWordsOmittedintheOriginale.g.Henolongerdreamedofstorms,norofgreatoccurrences,norcontestsofstrength.他不再夢見風濤，不再遇見驚人的遭遇，也不再夢見搏斗和角力。Avoidusingthiscomputerinextremecold,heat,dust,orhumidity.不要在過冷，過熱，灰塵過重，濕度過大的情況下使用電腦。AmplificationbySupplyingNecessaryConnectives.e.g.Heated，waterwillchangeintovapor.水如受熱，就會汽化。Thebitterweatherhaddriveneveryoneindoors.由于天氣寒冷刺骨，人人都已躲進了室內(nèi)。Thesightofthegirlalwaysremindsmeofherparents.我一見到這個女孩，就想起她的父母。AmplificationbySupplyingWordsIndicatingPluralse.g.Fruitaregrowninourprovince.我省種植各種水果。Thelionisthekingofanimals.獅子是百獸之王。

Amplification28AmplificationbySupplyingWordsofGeneralization（概括性增詞）e.g.YouandI.你我兩人。TheAmericansandJapaneseconductedacompletelysecretexchangeofmessage.美日雙方在完全保密的情況下互相交換了信件。AmplificationbySupplyingWordsIndicatingTense.e.g.Ihadknowntwogreatsocialsystem.那時以前，我就經(jīng)歷過兩大社會制度。HeisstayingindoorsbutistemptedtoleaveTokyo.他現(xiàn)在待在家里，但是很想離開東京。AmplificationforPurposesofRhetoricorCoherence.AmplificationbySupplyingNounstoMakeanAbstractConceptClear.Addnounsafternouns.e.g.Weshouldbynomeansneglecttheevaporationofwater.我們絕不能忽視水的蒸發(fā)作用。Therehadbeentoomuchviolenceinthatregion.那個地區(qū)發(fā)生了許多暴力事件。Addnounsafterverbs.e.g.Firstyouborrow,thenyoubeg.頭一遭借錢，下一遭就討飯。Heateanddrink,forhewasexhausted.他吃點東西，喝點酒，因為他疲勞不堪了。AmplificationbySupplyingWor29Addnounsbeforeadjectives.e.g.Thistypewriterisindeedcheapandfine.這部打字機真是價廉物美。AmplificationbySupplyingWordstoAchieveExpressiveness.e.g.Ashesatdownandbegantalking,wordspouredout.他一坐下來就講開了，滔滔不絕地講個沒完。Andwhenhefell,semi-conscious,andtheprowlerssawthattheirpreyhadvanished,theyeasedtheirfrustrationbykickinghimunconscious.他倒在地上，迷迷糊糊，但那兩個歹徒一發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的獵物不見了，便把他踢得死去活來，不省人事，似乎這樣做，他的失落感才減輕了些。Amplificationforlogice.g.Hisdiligence,earnestness,carefulnessandbrilliancemakehimpraisedbyall.他勤勉，踏實，細心，才華過人，凡此種種都使他受到眾人的夸獎。Mywork,myfamily,myfriendsweremorethanenoughtofillmytime.我干工作，我做家務，我有朋友往來，這些都占用了我的全部時間。AmplificationbySupplyingSomeNecessaryWordstoConveytheToneoftheOriginal.e.g.Don’ttakeitseriously.I’mjustmakingfunofyou.不要認真嘛，我不過開開玩笑罷了。Itisstrangethatheshouldbeabsenttoday.今天他居然缺席，真怪！Addnounsbeforeadjectives.30AmplificationinC-Etranslation.AmplificationbySupplyingPronounsorNouns.e.g.要提倡大局。Weshouldadvocatethespiritoftakingthewholesituationintoconsideration.年滿18歲的公民都有選舉和被選舉權(quán)。Allcitizenswhohavereachedtheageof18havetherighttovoteandtostandforelection.勉勵自學成才。Encouragepeopletobecomeeducated(proficient)byteachingthemselves(或：bystudyingontheirown).AmplificationbyAddingNecessaryArticlese.g.虎求百獸而食之，得狐。（《戰(zhàn)國策楚策一》）Atigercaughtafoxwhilelookingforanybeastthatmightcometohiswayandfallpreytohim.AmplifyingbyAddingNecessaryConnectivese.g.虛心使人進步，驕傲使人落后。Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒。Solongasgreenhillsremain,therewillneverbeashortageoffirewood.只許州官放火，不許百姓點燈。Themagistratesarefreetoburndownhouses,whilethecommonpeopleareforbiddeneventolightlamps.

AmplificationinC-Etranslati31英漢互譯簡明教程英漢互譯簡明教程32TranslationTechniques

Generallyspeaking,thebasictranslationtechniquesthatmeritourattentionandaretobeappliedinEnglish-ChineseorChinese-Englishtranslationsinclude:1.Diction(遣詞用字）2.Repetition（重譯法）3.Amplification（增譯法）4.Omission（減譯法）5.Conversion（轉(zhuǎn)換法）6.Inversion（詞序調(diào)整法）7.Negation（正說反譯，反說正譯法）8.ChangeofVoices（語態(tài)變換法）9.Division（分譯法）10.Combination（合譯法）TranslationTechniques334.1DictionTeachingContents:

WordMeaningConceptualMeaningStylisticMeaningLinguisticMeaningPragmaticMeaningChoiceofWordMeaningsChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoTheirPartsofSpeechChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoDifferentCollocation.ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetweentheAbstractandtheConcrete.ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.ChoiceofContextualMeaningsSpecialTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaword.Deduction（推演法）Transplant（移植法）Extension（引申法）Substitution（替換法）Explanation（釋義法）Combination（合并法）Pictographic（圖形法）Transliteration（音譯法）Zero-Translation（零翻譯法）Transliteration+Explanation（音義結(jié)合法）4.1DictionTeachingContents:34DefinitionofamplificationDictionisoneofthebasictranslationtechniquestoexpressmeaningbyusingtheproperchoiceofwordsandphrases.Itmustbebasedontheaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Speakingofwordmeanings,thereareconceptualmeaning,stylisticmeaning,linguisticmeaningandpragmaticmeaning.Definitionofamplification35WordMeaningsConceptualMeaning:isthebasicmeaningandthemaininformationcarriedbylinguisticsigns.e.g.Nosmoking（禁止吸煙）StylisticMeaning:iscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstanceoflanguageuse.WordMeanings36LinguisticMeaning:isbuiltontherelationshipsofthesignswitheachotherinthesamesystem.

e.g.千山鳥飛絕，F(xiàn)romhilltohillnobirdinfight.萬徑人蹤滅。Frompathtopathnomaninsight.PragmaticMeaning:isthestudyofthe“relationofsignstointerpreters”.e.g.大家見面，招呼聲“吃了嗎？”透著和氣。Theygreetwitheachotherwitha“Hi”justtoshowtheirgoodneighbourlyfeelings.年夜飯familyreunionmealontheeveoftheSpringFestival.LinguisticMeaning:isbuilt37Therearedifferentviewsonclassificationoflevelsofformalityofwords,andMartinJoosclassifiesthisintofivecategoriesinhispaper“FiveClocks”asfollows:Frozen（拘謹）Formal（正式）Consultative（商議）Casual（隨意）Intimate（親密）Forexample:

LinguisticTermsSampleWordsFrozenQuaffFormalImbibeConsultativeDrinkCasualSwigIntimateGuzzleTherearedifferentviewsonc38Inpractice,wordsareactuallyclassifiedintothreecategoriesas:colloquial（口語）2)common（常用語）3)formal(書面語）.Take“wife”forinstance:Colloquial:woman,oldwoman,betterhalfCommon:wifeFormal:consort,spouse,helpmate.Inpractice,wordsareactuall39ChoiceofWordMeaningInthepracticeoftranslation,whatperplexesusmostfrequentlyishowtofindanequivalentinthelanguagetobetranslatedinto.Greatcareiscalledforinthetranslationof“familiar”EnglishintoChinese,astheirmeaningvarywiththechangeincollocationorcontext.Bydiction,generallyspeaking,thefollowingaresomecommonly-usedwaysavailabletofindanequivalentintheTL.ChoiceofWordMeaning40ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoTheirPartsofSpeech.Awordmayhavevariousmeaningswithdifferentpartsofspeech.

Forexample:

他們省吃儉用，為的是替國家多積累資金。Theysavefoodandexpensestoaccumulatemorefundsforthecountry.(savefood:“把食物放起來”)改譯：Theylivefrugallytoaccumulatemorefundsforthestate.Note:不要進行字對字的死譯。要考慮中英文的真正含義。ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccord41ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoDifferentCollocation.Thesamewordwiththesamepartofspeechmayhavedifferentmeaningsduetodifferentcollocations.Forexample:DelicateDelicateskin嬌嫩的皮膚Delicateporcelain精致的瓷器Delicateupbringing嬌生慣養(yǎng)Delicateliving奢侈的生活Delicatehealth虛弱的身體Delicatestomach容易吃壞的胃Delicatevase易碎的花瓶Delicatediplomaticquestion微妙的外交問題Delicatedifference講不大清楚的差別Delicatesurgicaloperation難做的外科手術(shù)ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccord42ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetweentheAbstractandtheConcrete.Sometimesitisnecessarytoputthewordwithconcreteimageintoonewithabstractmeaningandviceversa.e.g.Ifyoudaretoplaythefoxwithme,I’llshootyouatonce

你要是敢和我?；^，我馬上斃了你。

上海反映了中國的發(fā)展與現(xiàn)狀。

ShanghaimirrorsthedevelopmentandcharactersofChina.ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetwe43ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.Affectivemeaningreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.e.g.Theenemy’sschemewentbankrupt.敵人的陰謀破產(chǎn)了。Thisisourschemefortheterm’swork.這是我們這學期的工作計劃。Heisverymuchinterestedinpolitics.他對政治很有興趣。Maryalwaysgetswhatshewantsbyplayingofficepolitics.瑪麗總是靠耍手腕來達到她的目的。ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.44ChoiceofContextualMeanings.Thesamewordhasdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse.Therefore,atranslatorshouldtrytofinditcontextualmeaninginTL.Forexample:Hiseyeswerewarmandfierceandbrightandhismoustachewasthinandcoarse.Version1:他的眼睛熱情，兇猛又明亮，胡子又稀又粗。Version2:他的眼睛熱情，銳利，炯炯有神，胡子稀疏粗硬ChoiceofContextualMeanings45SpecialTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaWord.1.Deduction（推演法）DeductionistodeducetheoriginalmeaninginthelightoftheexplanationofanEnglishdictionary.e.g.challenge-toquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof(sth.orsb.)對…..表示懷疑，質(zhì)疑；對……提出異議

2.Transplant（移植法）ThisisliteraltranslationofthepartsofagivenEnglishword.e.g.微型電腦minicomputer背包客backpacker超女supergirl3.Extension（引申法）Thiscanbeeitherfromspecifictogeneralorfromconcretetoabstract,andviceversa.e.g.braindrain腦排干-人才外流-人才流失SpecialTechniquesEmployedin464.Substitution（替換法）Itistoreplacethewordsoftheoriginalexpressionwithsynonymsoridiomsinthetargetlanguageaccordingtodifferentsituations.e.g.Itneverrainsbutitpours.不鳴則已，一鳴驚人。5.Explanation（釋義法）Thistechniqueiscommonlyusedwhenthereisnocorrespondingexpressioninthetargetlanguageandalltheabove-mentionedtechniquesfailtomakesense.e.g.swansong絕唱，辭世之作，歸天之作6.Combination（合并法）Thismeanstointegratemorethanonewordintooneexpression.e.g.lordandmaster主人；multicolored五顏六色4.Substitution（替換法）477.Pictographic（圖形法）Bythistechniquewordsaretranslatedaccordingtotheirshapes.e.g.環(huán)形圈O-ring；交叉支撐X-brace8.Transliteration（音譯法）e.g.Pentium奔騰；黑客hacker9.Zero-translation（零翻譯法）e.g.KTV包房；BP機；CD唱盤；NBA；IQ10.Transliteration+Explanation（音義結(jié)合法）e.g.tank坦克;來復槍rifleballet芭蕾；sardine沙丁魚

7.Pictographic（圖形法）484.2RepetitionTeachingContents:RepetitioninE-CTranslationRepetitionforClarificationRepetitionforEmphasisRepetitionforMakingtheTranslationMoreVividorFullofAestheticValueRepetitionbyIntegratingChineseFour-characterPhrasesandReduplicatedWordsRepetitioninC-ETranslationRepetitionasaStylisticDeviceforEmphasisandConveyingtheSameForceContainedintheOriginal.VariationorOmissionSubstitution4.2RepetitionTeachingContent49RepetitionGenerallywhatisrepeatedinChinesemayinmanycasesbesubstituted,variedoromittedinEnglish.4.2.1