考研考博-英語-中央音樂學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中央音樂學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

A(n)（

）testisaroughmeasureofachild’scapacityforlearning,particularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredatschool.

問題1選項

A.proficiency

B.intelligence

C.psychology

D.speed

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：智力測試是對兒童學(xué)習(xí)能力的大致評估，尤其是對學(xué)校所要求的科目的學(xué)習(xí)能力。proficiency“熟練度”；intelligence“智力”；psychology“心理學(xué)”；speed“速度”。根據(jù)句意，選項B符合題意。

2.單選題

Insomecasesthemothermayalsobelimitedintermsof______abilityandemotionalcapacity.

問題1選項

A.intelligent

B.intellectual

C.intelligible

D.intangible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項intelligent“智能的，聰明的”，B項intellectual“智力的”，C項intelligible“可理解的，明了的”，D項intangible“無形的，觸摸不到的”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞emotionalcapacity（情感能力）推測，空格部分是與之對應(yīng)的“智力”，B項符合。句意：在某些情況下，母親的智力和情感能力也可能受到限制。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

3.單選題

Whenherealizedthepolicehadspottedhim,theman（）theexitasquicklyaspossible.

問題1選項

A.madefor

B.madeout

C.madeupto

D.madeway

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞組辨析。makefor走向，有快速移動的意思；makeout理解，辨認(rèn)出；makeupto接近，奉承；makeway讓路，前進(jìn)。根據(jù)句意可知，這里指快速朝出口走去。選項A符合句意。

4.單選題

Youshoulddimyourlightsinordernottodazzlethe（

）traffic.

問題1選項

A.meeting

B.facing

C.advancing

D.oncoming

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項meeting“會面，會合”；B選項facing“面朝的，對面的”；C選項advancing“前進(jìn)的，年長的”；D選項oncoming“接近的，迎面而來的”。句意：為了不使迎面而來的車輛眼花繚亂，你應(yīng)該把燈調(diào)暗。選項D符合語境。

5.單選題

Manycountrieshavemadeitillegaltotalkintoahand-heldmobilephonewhiledriving.Butthelatestresearchprovidesfurtherconfirmationthatthedangerlieslessinwhatamotorist’shandsdowhenhetakesacalltheninwhattheconversationdoestohisbrain.Evenusinga“hands-free”devicecanimpairadriver’sattentiontoanalarmingextent.

MelinaKunaroftheUniversityofWarwickandToddHorowitzoftheHarvardMedicalSchoolranaseriesofexperimentsinwhichtwogroupsofvolunteershadtopayattentionandrespondtoaseriesofmovingtasksonacomputerscreenthatwerereckonedequivalentindifficultytodriving.Onegroupwasleftundistractedwhiletheotherhadtoengageinaconversationabouttheirhobbiesusingaspeakerphone.AsDr.KunarandDr.HorowitzreportinPsychonomicBulletin&Review,thosewhoweremakingtheequivalentofahands-freecallhadanaveragereactiontime212millisecondsslowerthanthosewhowerenot.That,theycalculate,wouldadd5.7meterstothebrakingdistanceofacartravelingat100kph.Theyfoundthatthegroupusingthehands-freekitmade83percentmoreerrorsintheirtasksthanthosewhowerenottalking.

Theyalsoexploredtheeffectofsimplylisteningtosomething—suchasaradioprogram.ForthistheyplayedarecordingofthefirstchapterofBramStoker’s“Dracula”.Eventhoughthetestsubjectsweretoldtopayattentionbecausetheywouldbeaskedquestionsaboutthestoryafterwards,ithadlittleeffectontheirreactiontime.Dr.Kunarreckonsthathavingtothinkaboutresponsesduringaphoneconversationcompetesforthebrain’sresourcesinawaythatlisteningtoamonologuedoesnot.TheresearchledbyFrankDrewsoftheUniversityofUtahsuggeststhesamethingistrueoftheidlechatterofapassenger.

Punishingpeopleforusinghand-heldgadgetswhiledrivingisdifficultenough,eventhoughtheycanbeseenfromoutsidethecar.Stoppingpeoplemakinghands-freecallswouldprobablybeimpossible—especiallybecausemoreandmorevehiclesarenowbeingfittedwiththenecessaryequipmentasstandard.Persuadingpeopletoswitchtheirphonesoffaltogetherwhentheygetbehindthewheelmightbetheonlyanswer.Whoknows,theymightevencometoenjoynothavingtotakecalls.Andthey’llbemorelikelytoarriveinonepiece.

1.Whichbodypartismostaffectedbytalkingintoacellphonewhendriving?

2.InKunarandHorowitz’sexperiment,thesubjectswhoperformtaskswhiletalking____.

3.AccordingtoFrankDrews,listeningtoapassengertalking____.

4.Thelawforbiddingtheuseofhand-heldphoneswhendriving____.

5.Thebesthopeofstoppingpeopleusinghands-freephoneslieswith____.

6.Thepurposeofthepassageisto____.

問題1選項

A.Hands.

B.Feet.

C.Eyes.

D.Thebrain.

問題2選項

A.reactedmorequicklyandmadefewermistakes

B.reactedmorequicklyandmademoremistakes

C.reactedmoreslowlyandmadefewermistakes

D.reactedmoreslowlyandmademoremistakes

問題3選項

A.affectsdriversmorethanaphoneconversation

B.affectsdriversmorethanlisteningtoastory

C.haslesseffectonthedriversthanaphoneconversation

D.haslesseffectonthedriversthanlisteningtoastory

問題4選項

A.isnecessaryandfeasible

B.hasbeenfrequentlybroken

C.willarouseheateddebate

D.hasbeenwidelyobserved

問題5選項

A.thelawmakers

B.carmanufacturers

C.driversthemselves

D.newtechnology6.Thepurposeofthepassageisto____.

問題6選項

A.informpeopleofthedangerofusingphoneswhiledriving

B.callonlawmakerstomakenewlawsontheuseofcellphones

C.offersuggestionsfordriverswhousecellphonewhiledriving

D.weighthebenefitsandharmsofusingphoneswhiledriving

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:A

【解析】1.【選項釋義】

Whichbodypartismostaffectedbytalkingintoacellphonewhendriving?身體的哪個部位受開車時對著手機(jī)說話的影響最大？

A.Hands.A.手

B.Feet.B.腳

C.Eyes.C.眼睛

D.Thebrain.D.大腦

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞talkingintoacellphonewhendriving定位到原文第一段第二句，這句話講到“最新的研究（thelatestresearch）進(jìn)一步證實，危險不在于司機(jī)打電話時手的動作，而在于談話對大腦（hisbrain）的影響”，由此可知開車時打電話對大腦的影響最大，D選項“大腦”正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“手”，原文雖然提到了手的影響，但是對大腦的影響更大，該選項屬于本末倒置；

B選項“腳”，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項“眼睛”，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有。

2.【選項釋義】

InKunarandHorowitz’sexperiment,thesubjectswhoperformtaskswhiletalking____.在Kunar和Horowitz的實驗中，做任務(wù)時說話的實驗對象____。

A.reactedmorequicklyandmadefewermistakesA.反應(yīng)更快，犯的錯誤更少

B.reactedmorequicklyandmademoremistakesB.反應(yīng)更快，犯的錯誤更多

C.reactedmoreslowlyandmadefewermistakesC.反應(yīng)更慢，犯的錯誤更少

D.reactedmoreslowlyandmademoremistakesD.反應(yīng)更慢，犯的錯誤更多

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞KunarandHorowitz’sexperiment定位到原文第2段。本段介紹兩人的實驗，第3句說到“那些撥打相當(dāng)于免手電話的人的平均反應(yīng)時間比沒有接聽電話的人慢212毫秒（212millisecondsslowerthanthosewhowerenot）”，由此可知，做任務(wù)時說話的人反應(yīng)更慢；本段最后一句說到“他們發(fā)現(xiàn)使用免提工具的小組比不說話的小組多出83%的錯誤（made83percentmoreerrors）”，由此可知，做任務(wù)時說話的人犯的錯誤更多，綜上所述，D選項“反應(yīng)更慢，犯的錯誤更多”表述正確。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C選項均與原文不符，屬于曲解原文。

3.【選項釋義】

AccordingtoFrankDrews,listeningtoapassengertalking____.根據(jù)FrankDrews的觀點，聽乘客講話____。

A.affectsdriversmorethanaphoneconversationA.比電話交談對司機(jī)的影響更大

B.affectsdriversmorethanlisteningtoastoryB.比聽故事對司機(jī)的影響更大

C.haslesseffectonthedriversthanaphoneconversationC.比電話交談對司機(jī)的影響更小

D.haslesseffectonthedriversthanlisteningtoastoryD.比聽故事對司機(jī)的影響更小

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞FrankDrews定位到原文第3段最后一句，這句話說“FrankDrews的研究表明，乘客的閑聊也是如此（thesame）?！睋?jù)此，往前定位文中介紹的前一個實驗的實驗結(jié)論。前一句說到“Kunar博士認(rèn)為，電話交談時，思考對方的反應(yīng)會競爭大腦資源（competesforthebrain’sresources），而聽一段獨白則不會（listeningtoamonologuedoesnot）”，由此可知，該實驗的結(jié)論是，聽一段獨白對大腦的影響比電話交談小。而FrankDrews認(rèn)為乘客的閑聊也是如此，即乘客的閑聊對司機(jī)的影響也比電話交談小，C選項“比電話交談對司機(jī)的影響更小”表述正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“比電話交談對司機(jī)的影響更大”，與原文意思相反，屬于反向干擾；

B選項“比聽故事對司機(jī)的影響更大”，原文并未有“聽故事”和“與乘客閑聊”兩者之間的比較，該選項屬于無中生有；

D選項“比聽故事對司機(jī)的影響更小”，原文并未有“聽故事”和“與乘客閑聊”兩者之間的比較，該選項屬于無中生有。

4.【選項釋義】

Thelawforbiddingtheuseofhand-heldphoneswhendriving____.法律禁止在開車時使用手持電話____。

A.isnecessaryandfeasibleA.是必要和可行的

B.hasbeenfrequentlybrokenB.經(jīng)常被違反

C.willarouseheateddebateC.將引起激烈的爭論

D.hasbeenwidelyobservedD.已經(jīng)被廣泛遵守

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞forbiddingtheuseofhand-heldphoneswhendriving定位到原文最后一段。本段第一句說到“懲罰那些在開車時使用手持設(shè)備的人已經(jīng)夠困難的了（difficultenough），即使他們可以從車外看到?！庇纱丝芍词咕炜吹介_車的司機(jī)用手持設(shè)備打電話，懲罰他們也很困難，說明這種現(xiàn)象很常見。本文第一句說到“許多國家已經(jīng)規(guī)定開車時對著手持手機(jī)打電話是違法的（illegal）?！本C上，B選項“禁止在開車時使用手持電話的法律經(jīng)常被違反”表述正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“是必要和可行的”，原文說懲罰那些違反該法律的人很困難，說明這個法律實行很困難，并不可行，選項表述錯誤，屬于曲解原文；

C選項“將引起激烈的爭論”，原文并沒有相關(guān)表述，該選項屬于無中生有；

D選項“已經(jīng)被廣泛遵守”，與原文表述相反，屬于反向干擾。

5.【選項釋義】

Thebesthopeofstoppingpeopleusinghands-freephoneslieswith____.阻止人們使用免提電話的最大希望在于____。

A.thelawmakersA.法律制定者

B.carmanufacturersB.汽車工廠

C.driversthemselvesC.司機(jī)自己

D.newtechnologyD.新的技術(shù)

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞stoppingpeopleusinghands-freephones定位到原文最后一段。本段倒數(shù)第2句說到“唯一的解決辦法（theonlyanswer）可能是說服人們在開車時關(guān)掉手機(jī)（Persuadingpeopletoswitchtheirphonesoff）?！庇纱丝芍柚谷藗兪褂妹馓犭娫挼淖畲笙Ｍ谟谡f服司機(jī)自己關(guān)掉手機(jī)，C選項“司機(jī)自己”表述正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“法律制定者”，關(guān)于禁止使用手持電話的法律都很難實行，靠法律制定者制定法律阻止使用免提電話也不可行。

B選項“汽車工廠”，原文最后一段第2句說到“現(xiàn)在越來越多的車輛配備了使用免提電話必要的設(shè)備（fittedwiththenecessaryequipment）”，因此，汽車工廠是支持使用免提設(shè)備的。

D選項“新的技術(shù)”，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有。

6.【選項釋義】

Thepurposeofthepassageisto____.本文的目的是為了____。

A.informpeopleofthedangerofusingphoneswhiledrivingA.告知人們開車時使用手機(jī)的危險

B.callonlawmakerstomakenewlawsontheuseofcellphonesB.呼吁立法者制定關(guān)于使用手機(jī)的新法律

C.offersuggestionsfordriverswhousecellphonewhiledrivingC.為開車時使用手機(jī)的司機(jī)提供建議

D.weighthebenefitsandharmsofusingphoneswhiledrivingD.權(quán)衡開車時使用手機(jī)的好處和壞處

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】本文一共4段，第一段提出觀點“打電話影響司機(jī)的大腦，開車時打電話，即使是免提電話也很危險”；第2-3段分別介紹兩個實驗證明打電話對司機(jī)大腦的影響；第4段說讓司機(jī)開車時不打電話只能靠司機(jī)自己。本文主體1-3段都在說開車時打電話很危險，因此，本文的目的是A選項“告知人們開車時使用手機(jī)的危險”。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“呼吁立法者制定關(guān)于使用手機(jī)的新法律”，最后一段提到用法律解決這個問題很困難，幾乎不可能，所以作者的目的不會是呼吁立法者制定相關(guān)法律，屬于曲解原文；

C選項“為開車時使用手機(jī)的司機(jī)提供建議”，本文并未涉及提建議的內(nèi)容，該選項不是本文的目的，屬于無中生有；

D選項“權(quán)衡開車時使用手機(jī)的好處和壞處”，本文只提到了壞處，沒有提到好處，所以本文的目的不是權(quán)衡利弊，該選項屬于曲解原文。

6.單選題

Asthesilentfilm（）sound,sodidthesoundfilm（）color.

問題1選項

A.cryoutfor;cryoutfor

B.criedoutfor;criedoutfor

C.hadcriedoutfor;cryoutfor

D.hadcriedoutfor;criedoutfor

【答案】C

【解析】考查語法知識。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，后半句為部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，助動詞did提到了主語前面，所以第二空應(yīng)填動詞原形，由此可排除選項B和選項D。前半句描述的事情發(fā)生在后半句之前，因此時態(tài)應(yīng)使用過去完成時表示，所以選項C正確。句意“正如無聲電影迫切需要聲音一樣，有聲電影也迫切需要色彩。”

7.填空題

Peoplewithdepressionmayhavelowself-esteem,asenseofhopelessnessaboutthefuture,andalackofinterestinpeopleandactivitiesoncefound________.(pleasure)

【答案】pleasurable

【解析】【考查點】形容詞。

【解題思路】oncefound________是修飾peopleandactivities的后置定語，指的是曾經(jīng)讓抑郁癥患者感到愉快的人和活動，橫線所在內(nèi)容修飾peopleandactivities，應(yīng)為形容詞，pleasurable的意思為“愉快的”，符合語境。

【句意】抑郁癥患者可能自尊心較低，對未來感到絕望，對曾經(jīng)令其愉快的人和活動缺乏興趣。

8.單選題

Hisideasareinvariablycondemnedas（

）byhiscolleagues.

問題1選項

A.imaginative

B.ingenious

C.impractical

D.denied

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。imaginative“富于想象力的，有創(chuàng)造力的”；ingenious“有獨創(chuàng)性的，機(jī)靈的”；impractical“不切實際的”；denied“否定”。由“condemned譴責(zé)”可知此空應(yīng)填貶義詞，故C項符合題意。句意：他的想法總是被同事們指責(zé)為不切實際。

9.單選題

Itisapparentthatwinningthescholarshipis（）ofone’sintelligenceinthefieldofphysics.

問題1選項

A.parallelism

B.alliteration

C.testimony

D.rhythm

【答案】C

【解析】名詞辨析。parallelism平行，對應(yīng)；alliteration頭韻；testimony證詞，證明；rhythm節(jié)奏，韻律。句意:獲得獎學(xué)金應(yīng)該是一個人智力的。故C項符合句意。

10.單選題

Withthepossibleexceptionofequalrights,perhapsthemostheatedargumentacrosstheUnitedStatestodayisthedeathpenalty.Manyarguethatitisaneffectivedeterrenttomurder,whileothersthinkthereisnoenoughproofthatthedeathpenaltyreducesthenumberofmurders.

Theargumentadvancedbythoseopposedtothedeathpenaltyisthatitiscruelandinhumanpunishment,thatitisthemarkofabadsocietyandfinallythatitisofquestionableeffectivenessasadeterrenttocrimeanyway.

Inouropinion,thedeathpenaltyisanecessaryaction.Throughoutrecordedhistorytherehavealwaysbeenthosepeculiarpersonsineverysocietywhomadeterriblecrimessuchasmurder.Butsomearemoredangerousthanothers.

Forexample,itisonethingtotakethelifeofanotherintimeofblindanger,butquiteanothertocoldlyplanandcarryoutthemurderofoneormorepeopleinthestyleofabutcher.Thus,murder,likeallothercrimes,isamatterofrelativedegree.Whileitcouldbearguedwithsomereasonthatthecriminalinthefirstinstanceshouldbemerelykeptfromsociety,suchshouldnotbethefateofthelattertypemurderer.

Thevalueofthedeathpenaltyasadeterrenttocrimemaybeopentodiscussion.Butthemajorityofpeoplebelievethatthedeathpenaltyprotectsthem.Theirbeliefisprovedbythefactthatthedeathpenaltypreventsmurder.Forexample,from1954to1963,whenthedeathpenaltywascarriedoutfromtimetotimeinCalifornia,themurderrateremainedbetweenthreeandfourmurdersforeach100,000population.Since1964thedeathpenaltyhasbeendoneonlyonce,andthemurderratehasrisento10.4murdersforeach100,000population.Thesharpclimbinthestate’smurderrate,whichbeganwhenkillingsstopped,doesnothappenbychance.Itcertainlyshowsthatthedeathpenaltydoesdetermanymurderers.Ifthelawaboutdeathpenaltyisvetoed,somepeoplewillbemurdered—somewhoselivesmayhavebeensavedifthedeathpenaltywereineffect.Thisisreallyalifeordeathmatter.Thelivesofthousandsofpeoplemustbeprotected.

1.Theprincipalpurposeofthispassageisto（

）.

2.Theauthor’sresponsetothosewhourgethedeathpenaltyforallislikelytobe（

）.

3.AccordingtoParagraph4,itcanbeinferredthat（

）.

4.Thepassageattemptstoestablisharelationshipbetween（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowards“deathpenalty”is（

）.

問題1選項

A.speakforthemajority

B.initiateaveto

C.criticizethegovernment

D.argueforthevalueofthedeathpenalty

問題2選項

A.negative

B.friendly

C.supportive

D.hostile

問題3選項

A.thedeathpenaltyisthemostcontroversialissueintheUnitedStatestoday

B.thesecondtypeofmurderersshouldbesentencedtodeath

C.thevetoofthebillreestablishingthedeathpenaltyisoflittleimportance

D.thevalueofthedeathpenaltyasadeterrenttocrimeisnottobedebated

問題4選項

A.themurderrateandtheimpositionofthedeathpenalty

B.theeffectsofexecutionandtheeffectsofisolation

C.theimportanceofequalrightsandthatofthedeathpenalty

D.executionsandmurders

問題5選項

A.opposing

B.supporting

C.neutral

D.sarcastic

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一句，“…perhapsthemostheatedargumentacrosstheUnitedStatestodayisthedeathpenalty.”，可知死刑是討論最激烈的話題，所以文章的主題為死刑。又根據(jù)下文，“Manyarguethatitisaneffectivedeterrenttomurder,whileothersthinkthereisnoenoughproofthatthedeathpenaltyreducesthenumberofmurders.”，可知許多人肯定死刑的價值，認(rèn)為死刑是對謀殺罪的有效震懾，而另一些人則認(rèn)為死刑沒有多大的價值，因為沒有足夠的證據(jù)證明死刑的實施減少了謀殺的數(shù)量。又根據(jù)文章第三段，“Inouropinion,thedeathpenaltyisanecessaryaction.”，可知作者認(rèn)為死刑是一項必要的舉措。綜上可知，整篇文章的主要目的在于為死刑的價值作辯護(hù)。選項D符合題意。

2.觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章第四段，“itisonethingtotakethelifeofanotherintimeofblindanger,butquiteanothertocoldlyplanandcarryoutthemurderofoneormorepeopleinthestyleofabutcher.….Whileitcouldbearguedwithsomereasonthatthecriminalinthefirstinstanceshouldbemerelykeptfromsociety,suchshouldnotbethefateofthelattertypemurderer.”，可知一種是在盲目憤怒的時候奪走別人的生命，一種是以屠夫的方式冷酷地策劃和實施對一個或多個人的謀殺。前者可以僅僅通過社會隔離的方式受懲罰，而后者則不然?？芍髡哒J(rèn)為要根據(jù)謀殺程度來選擇死刑。所以作者對那些主張對所有人判處死刑的人的反應(yīng)很可能是否定的。選項A符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第四段，“Whileitcouldbearguedwithsomereasonthatthecriminalinthefirstinstanceshouldbemerelykeptfromsociety,suchshouldnotbethefateofthelattertypemurderer.”，第一種謀殺罪犯（盲目憤怒的時候奪走別人的生命）應(yīng)該僅僅被社會隔離，而第二種冷酷地策劃和實施對一個或多個人的謀殺的罪犯不應(yīng)該僅僅被隔離，而是應(yīng)該被處以死刑?？膳袛喑龅诙悮⑷朔笐?yīng)該被處以死刑。選項B符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Thesharpclimbinthestate’smurderrate,whichbeganwhenkillingsstopped,doesnothappenbychance.Itcertainlyshowsthatthedeathpenaltydoesdetermanymurderers.”，可知本段用加利福尼亞的例子得出結(jié)論。本州謀殺率的上升并非偶然，是死刑停止實施的結(jié)果，可以清楚地表明，死刑確實制止了許多謀殺的念頭?？膳袛喑鲎髡呦胍懻摰氖撬佬痰膶嵤┖椭\殺率的關(guān)系。選項A符合題意。

5.觀點態(tài)度?？v觀全文，作者首先在第三段表明自己的觀點“死刑是一項必要的舉措”，然后在下文通過論述和實例證明，死刑的實施確實有助于抑制謀殺率。可判斷出作者對于實施死刑的態(tài)度是支持的。選項B符合題意。

11.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.

Mostpeoplebenefitfrominternationaltrade,forthesamegeneralreasonsthatmostpeoplebenefitfromthedivisionoflaborwithinnationsandwithinlocalities.Byparticipatinginabroadercommunitywithinwhichindividualsandgroupssellwhattheycanproducewiththegreatest(comparative)efficiency,peoplecansecureafargreaterquantityandvarietyofgoodsthaneachindividualcouldpossiblyobtainifhehadtoproduceeveryonehimself.Thereare,ofcourse,manyinstanceswhenblockingorlimitingtradecanbringadvantagestoparticulargroupsattheexpenseofthebroadersociety.Butthemorethesegroupssucceedinenforcingsuchrestrictions,thelowerthestandardoflivingandtheslowerthepaceofeconomicgrowthforthecommunityasawhole.

Aswithcommunities,sotoowithnations.Specificinterestscangainfromimportrestrictionsandeconomictheoryevenrecognizescasesinwhichatradebarriermightleaveanentirenationbetteroffalbeitattheexpenseofothernations.Inmostcircumstances,however,opentrade--bymaximizingeconomicefficiency—enhancesthewelfareandthestandardoflivingofthenationandofthewiderworld.

【答案】大多數(shù)人從國際貿(mào)易中獲益，這跟大多數(shù)人從國家內(nèi)部和地方內(nèi)部的分工中獲益的原因大致相同。通過參與一個更廣泛的社區(qū)，這個社區(qū)中個人與團(tuán)體以最高的（相對）效率出售他們所能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，人們獲得的商品數(shù)量與種類遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過自己能生產(chǎn)的。當(dāng)然，在很多情況下，組織或者限制貿(mào)易能夠給某些特定群體帶來好處，代價是整個社會的利益。但是，這些團(tuán)體越是成功地執(zhí)行這些限制，整個社區(qū)的生活水平就越低，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的速度就越慢。

社區(qū)如此，國家也是如此。特定的利益能夠從進(jìn)口限制中獲得，經(jīng)濟(jì)理論甚至承認(rèn)，在某些情況下，貿(mào)易壁壘可能常會使國家經(jīng)濟(jì)變得更好，盡管是以別國利益為代價。然而，在大多情況下，開放貿(mào)易——通過最大化經(jīng)濟(jì)效率——提高國家和更廣泛世界的福利和生活水平。

12.單選題

Whenglobalwarmingfinallycame,itstuckwithavengeance.Insomeregions,temperaturesroseseveraldegreesinlessthanacentury.Sealevelsshotupnearly400feet,floodingcoastalsettlementsandforcingpeopletomigrateinland.DesertsspreadthroughouttheworldasvegetationshifteddrasticallyinNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Afterdrivingmanyoftheanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease.Theadaptationwasfarming:theglobal-warmingcrisisthatgaverisetoithappenedmorethan10,000yearsago.

AsenvironmentalistsconveneinRiodeJaneirothisweektopondertheglobalclimateofthefuture,earthscientistsareinthemidstofarevolutioninunderstandinghowclimatehaschangedinthepastandhowthosechangeshavetransformedhumanexistence.Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochangetheplanet’senvironmentfromhottocold,wettodryandbackagainoveratimeperiodstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyears.

Mostimportantly,scientistsarebeginningtorealizethattheclimaticchangeshavehadamajorimpactontheevolutionofthehumanspecies.Newresearchnowsuggeststhatclimateshiftshaveplayedakeyroleinnearlyeverysignificantturningpointinhumanevolution:fromthedawnofprimates（靈長目動物）some65millionyearsagotohumanancestorsrisinguptowalkontwolegs,fromthehugeexpansionofthehumanbraintotheriseofagriculture.Indeed,thehumanhistoryhasnotbeenmerelytouchedbyglobalclimatechange,somescientistsargue,ithasinsomeinstancesbeendrivenbyit.

ThenewresearchhasprofoundimplicationsfortheenvironmentalsummitinRio.Amongotherthings,thefindingsdemonstratethatdramaticclimatechangeisnothingnewforplanetEarth.Thebenign（宜人的）globalenvironmentthathasexistedoverthepast10,000years—duringwhichagriculture,writing,citiesandmostotherfeaturesofcivilizationappeared—isamerebrightspotinamuchlargerpatternofwidelyvaryingclimateovertheages.Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity.

1.Farmingemergedasasurvivalstrategybecausemanhadbeenobliged（）.

2.Earthscientistshavecometounderstandthatclimate（）.

3.Scientistsbelievethathumanevolution（）.

4.Evidenceofpastclimaticchangesindicatesthat（）.

5.Themessagetheauthorwishestoconveyinthepassageisthat（）.

問題1選項

A.togiveuphisformerwayoflife

B.toleavethecoastalareas

C.tofollowtheever-shiftingvegetation

D.toabandonhisoriginalsettlement

問題2選項

A.isgoingthroughafundamentalchange

B.hasbeengettingwarmerfor10,000years

C.willeventuallychangefromhottocold

D.hasgonethroughperiodicalchanges

問題3選項

A.hasseldombeenaccompaniedbyclimaticchanges

B.hasexertedlittleinfluenceonclimaticchanges

C.haslargelybeenaffectedbyclimaticchanges

D.hadhadamajorimpactonclimaticchanges

問題4選項

A.humanactivitieshaveacceleratedchangesofEarth’senvironment

B.Earth’senvironmentwillremainmilddespitehumaninterference

C.Earth’sclimateisboundtochangesignificantlyinthefuture

D.Earth’sclimateisunlikelytoundergosubstantialchangesinthefuture

問題5選項

A.humancivilizationremainsgloriousthoughitisaffectedbyclimaticchanges

B.mankindisvirtuallyhelplessinthefaceofthedramaticchangesofclimate

C.manhastolimithisactivitiestoslowdowntheglobalwarmingprocess

D.humancivilizationwillcontinuetodevelopinspiteofthechangesofnature

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第—段指出:Afterdrivingmanyoftheanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease(在迫使自己周邊的很多動物幾乎絕滅后，人類被迫放棄舊的生活方式而選擇導(dǎo)致大范圍饑荒和疾病的全新生存策略),因此選A:放棄自己向前的生活方式。

2.判斷推理題。第二段指出:Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochangetheplanet’senvironmentfromhottocold,wettodryandbackagainoveratimeperiodstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyears(研究者己開始去拼湊一副有啟示性的圖片，展示了強(qiáng)大的地質(zhì)和天文力量，這些力量共同改變了地球的環(huán)境，從熱到冷，從濕到干，再到幾億年前的某個時期)。由此可知D“已經(jīng)歷階段性的變化”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第三段指出:Indeed,thehumanhistoryhasnotbeenmerelytouchedbyglobalclimatechange,somescientistsargue,ithasinsomeinstancesbeendrivenbyit(一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，人類的歷史確實不僅受全球氣候變化的影響，且在某些情況下還受到它的推動),由此可知C項“很大程度上受氣候變化的影響”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。最后一段指出:Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity(事實上，過去氣候變化的形式顯示，甚至在沒有人類活動影響的情況下，地球的氣候在未來幾乎肯定地會經(jīng)歷急劇變化?！敝狢項“地球的氣候在將來必然會顯著地變化”正確。

5.判斷推理題。最后一段指出:Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity(事實上，過去氣候變化的形式顯示，甚至在沒有人類活動影響的情況下，地球的氣候在未來幾乎肯定地會經(jīng)歷急劇變化),由此可知作者想要傳遞的信息是:人類在而對氣候的巨大變化吋實際上是無助的。

13.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChineseandwriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

1.Itisexpectedthatmemberswillacceptthesanitarymeasuresofothersasequivalentiftheexportingcountrydemonstratestotheimportingcountrythatitsmeasuresachievetheimportingcountry'sappropriatelevelofhealthprotection.

2.Beinganonymousonthewebalsomakesitpossibleforpeopletodiscusssensitivesubjects,suchasmedicalconditionsandphysicalabuse,withouttheseactionsaffectingtheireverydaylivesinanegativeorpotentiallyharmfulway.

3.Liketiesofkinship,tiesoffriendshiparemeanttobeabsolutelybinding.ButAmericansviewfriendshipmoretentatively,subjecttochangesinintensityaspeoplemoveorchangetheirjobs.

4.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnest,wearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsare,andhowfarfrombeinganswered.

5.Managementofthecompanypridesitselfonitshistoryofexperimentingwithnewtechnologiesanditssuccessinregularlyintroducinginnovativeproducts.Managersoremployeeswhohaveagoodideaareencouragedto“runwithit".

【答案】1.如果出口國向進(jìn)口國證明其措施達(dá)到了進(jìn)口國健康保護(hù)的適當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，那么預(yù)計成員國將把其他成員國的衛(wèi)生措施當(dāng)成對應(yīng)物來接受。

2.在網(wǎng)上匿名也使人們有可能討論敏感話題，如醫(yī)療條件和身體虐待，而這些行為不會以消極或潛在有害的方式影響他們的日常生活。

3.就像親情的紐帶一樣，友誼的紐帶是絕對有約束力的。但美國人認(rèn)為隨著人們的搬遷或調(diào)換工作而有深淺變化的友誼更具有暫時性。

4.既然我們已經(jīng)開始認(rèn)真地探索，那么我們會看到這些問題是多么巨大且距離解答它們有多遠(yuǎn)。

5.公司管理部門以自己試用新技術(shù)的歷史和成功地定期推出新產(chǎn)品為傲。有好想法的管理者或雇員被鼓勵去“按照自己的好想法去做”。

14.問答題

Thepatientneededaspinaltap,andaseniorattendingphysicianaskedamedicalresidentwhetherapreparatorybloodtesthadbeenchecked.Themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearhimanswerintheaffirmative,becauseshewasquitecertainithadnotbeenchecked.

(1)Well,almostcertain.

Doctorsintrainingsometimesconfrontsituationsinwhichtheyworrythattheirsupervisingphysiciansaremakingmistakesorbendingthetruth.(2)Yeteventhoughsuchactscanjeopardizepatients,theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupishamperedbythehierarchiesinteachinghospitals.

Onthetopweretheseniorphysicianswhomaderoundsonthewardsonceortwicedaily.Nextweretheoverworkedresidents,whoessentiallylivedinthehospitalwhiletraining.(3)Lastwerethemedicalstudentswhoweremostassuredlyatthebottomoftheheap.

Thestudentwhoseresidentseeminglyliedtotheattendingphysicianaboutthebloodtestdidnotspeakup.Theresidentwasagooddoctor,shesaid,andsoshehadgivenhimthebenefitofthedoubt.And,sheadded,boththeresidentandtheattendingphysicianwouldbegradingher.

Whatshouldamedicalstudentdoinsuchasituation?Onepossibilityistotakethematterupwithamoreseniordoctor.Orthestudentmightgodirectlytothepatientorfamily,tellingthemthatthephysicianshaveagenuinedisagreementandthattheydeservetoknowaboutit.

Theseoptionsseemlogicalonpaper.AstheethicistJamesDwyerhaswritteninTheHastingsCenterReport,“Thepracticeofalwayskeepingquietisafailureofcaring.”(4)Butintherealworld,itmaybeextremelydifficulttogoupthechainofcommand.

Fortunately,medicaleducatorsareincreasinglyrecognizingthedilemmasthatdoctorsintrainingconfrontwhentheywitnessbehaviorthatmakesthemuncomfortable.(5)Studentsandresidentsarenowexpectedtoprovideroutinefeedback—positiveandnegative—abouttheirsupervisingphysiciansatthecloseoftheirrotation.

Ofcourse,physiciansandstudentsneedtobeeducatedabouthowtogivefeedbackinprofessionalandnon-confrontationalways.Medicaleducatorsareonlynowbeginningtoteachthisskill.Still,itwillbehardtochangetheunfortunateperceptionthatconstructivefeedback,evenforapatient’sbenefit,iswhistle-blowing.

【答案】答：

1.Almostcertainly,themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearsuchananswerfromhissupervisor.

2.Theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupisstoppedbythehospitalhierarchies,despiteappearanceofmistakesbysupervisingphysicians.

3.Atthebottomofhierarchywerethosemedicalstudentsassuredly.

4.Butinrealhospitalenvironment,itisratherdifficultformedicalstudentstogiveacommand.

5.Medicalstudentsandresidentsshouldmakeregularfeedbackabouttheirsupervisingphysicians,positivelyandnegativelyattheendoftheirrotation.

【解析】1.原文句意是：嗯，幾乎可以肯定。原文這一句是對上文的肯定，上文提到Themedi