考研考博-英語-外交學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-外交學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Themountainpeakis（）onthehorizon.

問題1選項

A.straddling

B.overlooking

C.towering

D.dominant

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。straddling“跨坐”；overlooking“俯瞰”；towering“高聳的，超越的”，側重于與周圍環(huán)境形成比較；dominant“占優(yōu)勢的，顯性的”，bedominanton“占主導”。句意：山頂聳立在地平線上。題目中山峰沒有和周圍環(huán)境形成比較，在地平線上最顯眼。選項D符合題意。

2.單選題

Justasthereareoccupationsthatrequirecollegeorevenhigherdegrees,______occupationsforwhichtechnicaltrainingisnecessary.

問題1選項

A.sotoothereare

B.soalsothereare

C.sotherearetoo

D.sotooarethere

【答案】D

【解析】考查句型和倒裝結構。本題考查的是“justas…so”句型和倒裝結構，“justas…so”的意思為“正好和……一樣”。so在本句中表達“也，同樣”的含義，連接并列句。too如果在句子中提前，則要求后面的主謂形成部分倒裝，所以A，C均不成立；so和also語義重復，因此B選項排除。因此D為正確答案。

3.單選題

Theanimaldissectionrequirementofbiologyclasseshasbeengettingundertheskinofstudentsforgenerations,andtherehavealwaysbeensomewhoaskedtobeexcusedfromtherequirement.Now,agrowingnumberoftechnologicalalternativesaremakingitpossibleforstudentstoswapthatscalpelforacomputermouse.Therearelawsinnearlyadozenstates—includingCalifornia,Florida,NewYork—protectingastudent’schoicetolearnaboutanimalanatomysansscalpel.Somestudentschoosingtooptoutfeelweshouldbekindertoourweb-footedfriends.Othersarejustqueasyatthethoughtofrubberyfrogbodiesandthesmellofformaldehyde.

“Dissectionisicky.There’sayuckfactor.”admitsBrianShmaersky,aboardmemberwiththeNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachers.“Andateacherhastoweighthebenefitswiththecostofstudentsbeingoffendedtothepointthatitinterfereswithlearning.”

Virtualblades.Soforcasesinwhicharealdissectionwouldbetooslimy,it’stimetotrysometoadtech.Whilethefirstcomputer-basedalternativestodissectionemergedinthe1980s,modemfrogdissectionsoftwarecanbefoundatdifferentwebsites.Thesesoftwareprogramsusecreativeclicking,high-poweredzoomfunctions,andvideoclipstoteachanatomy.Frogutssoftware,forexample,letsstudentstraceincisionlineswithacomputermouseandsnipthroughskinwithavirtualblade.Thereareevensoundeffectslikea“slish”forslicingfrogflesh,ora“shwoosh”forpinningdownskinflaps.

(Schoolscurrentlypayabout$300foraone-yearsoftwarelicense,thoughsomeorganizationswilllendprogramsoutfreeofcharge.)

Earlierthisyear,agraduatestudentfromSimonFraserUniversityinVancouverdesignedthefirst-everhaptic(theGreekwordfor“touch”)frogdissectionprogram,whichusesapenliketooltocreateasensationsimilartocuttingintorealflesh.Thehand-helddeviceconnectstoacomputer,andstudentsmovethedevicethroughtheairwhilewatchingtheresultsoftheiractionsonacomputerscreen.

WithDigitalFrog—apopularprogramthat’shadapproximately1,500frogdemodownloadssinceJanuaryandiscurrentlyinusein2,000schools—studentscanaddorsubtractthoseamphibiousorganswithameremouseclick.Theycanthenassesstheirlearningwithsporadicfroganatomyquizzes.

“Repetitionishelpful.Thefactthatastudentcanreviewsectionsofaprogramoverandoveragainisimportant,”saysMartinStephens,vicepresidentforanimalresearchissuesattheHumaneSocietyoftheUnitedStates.“Indissections,theanimal’sorgansareallshriveledanddiscolored.Youlookforthingsandcan’tfindthembecausebodypartshavechangeddrasticallysincetheanimalwaskilled.Butonacomputerscreen,layerscanbedigitallypeeledaway.”O(jiān)therexpertsthinkthedissectiontechnologyhasitslimits.GerryWheeler,executivedirectoroftheNationalScienceTeachersAssociation,saysthatartificialsimulationsdon’tgiveasenrichinganexperienceastherealthing.Stillothersworrytheprogramsaredeprivingkidsofexperientiallearning.

1.Theword“swap”(Line3,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans（）.

2.Somestudentsasktobeexcusedfromtherequirementofbiologyclassesbecauseofthefollowingreasonsexceptthat（）.

3.BrianShmaersky’sstatementimpliesthat（）.

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthetoadtechcanbesaidtobe（）.

問題1選項

A.exchange

B.throwaway

C.reject

D.refuse

問題2選項

A.dissectionconsistsofdisgustingproceduresandunpleasantsmells

B.areentitledtorejectdissectionrequirementgiventhelegalregulation

C.theyareoffendedwhenfulfillingtherequirementsofanimaldissection

D.theyinsistthatpeopleshouldtreatanimalsmoreasfriendsinsteadofsimplyobjects.

問題3選項

A.indeedsupportsthestudents’animalprotectionmovement

B.thinkstheanimaldissectionshouldbebanned

C.thinkstheanimaldissectionmaynotbegoodforstudentstolearnbiologyeffectively

D.alwaysevaluatestheteachingeffectbyweighingreluctantfactorsofcostandeffect

問題4選項

A.portive

B.doubtful

C.indifferent

D.provocative

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】1.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，很多同學不想做解剖，因為令人嘔吐，現(xiàn)在有一種科學技術可以代替這種解剖，可以用鼠標電腦模擬進行。選項A符合題意。

2.信息推斷題。文章第一段講到了學生不愿做解剖的原因，第一是因為氣味讓人感到惡心，然后認為動物是我們的朋友而不是物體，C選項是對這兩者的概括，B選項不是原因而是一個結果。選項B符合題意。

3.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句，可以知道教學要考慮學生的情感因素，教師要權衡利弊。選項C符合題意。

4.觀點態(tài)度題?？疾閷ξ恼挛囊獾睦斫庖约皩ψ髡邞B(tài)度的揣測。從整篇文章看，雖然利用電腦程序做解剖有些不足，但是作者對這一法還是持積極態(tài)度的。

4.單選題

The（）ofcomputertechnologyhasledtomajorchangesinoursocialandfamilylife.

問題1選項

A.fraudulence

B.arrival

C.dawn

D.advent

【答案】D

【解析】名詞詞義解析。fraudulence“欺詐性”；arrival“到達”；dawn“黎明，開端”；advent“到來，出現(xiàn)”。句意：計算機技術的到來對我們的社會和家庭生活帶來了主要的影響。選項D符合題意。

5.單選題

Many（）cametothePresident’sreception.

問題1選項

A.person

B.characters

C.people

D.notables

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。person“人”；character“性格，品質”；people“人，人類”；notable“名人，顯要人物”。句意：許多顯要人物前來參加總統(tǒng)的招待會。

6.單選題

IlookedatMumandthought（

）shewasasniceasshelookedmaybeallourliveswouldhavebeenbetter.

問題1選項

A.onlyif

B.ifonly

C.evenif

D.eventhough

【答案】B

【解析】考察固定搭配。onlyif只有；evenif=eventhough即使；ifonly“要是……就”；句意為：我注視著母親，心想：要是她像看上去那么和藹可親就好了，這樣我們的生活也許會變得更好。選項B符合句意。

7.單選題

Inlargepartasaconsequenceofthefeministmovement,historianshavefocusedagreatdealofattentioninrecentyearsondeterminingmoreaccuratelythestatusofwomeninvariousperiods.Althoughmuchhasbeenaccomplishedforthemodernperiodpremoderncultureshaveprovedmoredifficult:sourcesarerestrictedinnumber,fragmentary,difficulttointerpret,andoftencontradictory.ThusitisnotparticularlysurprisingthatsomeearlierscholarshipconcerningsuchcultureshassofargoneunchallengeD.AnexampleisJohannBaehofen’s1861treatiseonAmazons,women-ruledsocietiesofquestionableexistencecontemporarywithancientGreece.

Startingfromthepremisethatmythologyandlegendpreserveatleastanucleusofhistoricalfact,Bachofenarguedthatwomenweredominantinmanyancientsocieties.HisworkwasbasedonacomprehensivesurveyofreferencesintheancientsourcestoAmazonianandothersocietieswithmatrilinealcustoms—societiesinwhichdescentandpropertyrightsaretracedthroughthefemaleline.Somesupportforhistheorycanbefoundinevidencesuchasthatdrawnfrom

Herodotus,theGreek“historian”ofthefifthcenturyB.C.,whopeaksofanAmazoniansociety,theSauromatae,wherethewomenhuntedandfoughtinwars.Awomaninthissocietywasnotallowedtomarryuntilshehadkilledapersoninbattle.

Nonetheless,thisassumptionthatthefirstrecordersofancientmythshavepreservedfactsisproblematiC.IfonebeginsbyexaminingwhyancientsrefertoAmazons,itbecomesclearthatancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfact-realAmazoniansocieties-butrathertooffer"morallessons"onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen'sruleintheirownsociety.TheAmazonswereoftencharacterized,forexample,astheequivalentsofgiantsandcentaurs,enemiestobeslainbyGreekheroes.Theircustomswerepresentednotasthoseofrespectablesociety,butastheveryantithesesofordinary-Greekpractices.

Thus,IwouldarguethepurposeofaccountsoftheAmazonsfortheirmaleGreekrecorderswasdidactic,toteachbothmaleandfemaleGreeksthatallfemalegroups,formedbywithdrawalfromtraditionalsociety,aredestructiveanddangerous.MythsabouttheAmazonswerenotforthemale-dominatedstatusquo,inwhichgroupscomposedexclusivelyofeithersexwerenotpermittedtosegregatethemselvespermanentlyfromsocietyBachofenwasthusmisledinhisrelianceonmythsforinformationaboutthestatusofwomen.Thesourcesthatwillprobablytellcontemporaryhistoriansmostaboutwomenintheancientworldaresuchsocialdocumentsasgravestones,willsandmarriagecontracts.Studiesofsuchdocumentshavealreadybegunto,showhowmistakenwearewhenwetrytoderiveourpictureoftheancientworldexclusivelyfromliterarysources,especiallymyths.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

2.AllofthefollowingarestatedbytheauthorasproblemsconnectedwiththesourcesforknowledgeofpremodernculturesEXCEPT（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingispresentedinthepassageasevidencesupportingtheauthor'sviewoftheancientGreeks'descriptionsoftheAmazons?

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprobablereactionsofmanymalesinancientGreecetotheideaofasocietyruledbywomencouldbestbecharacterizedas（）.

5.TheauthorsuggeststhatthemainreasonforthepersistinginfluenceofBachofen'sworkisthat（）.

問題1選項

A.comparecompetingnewapproachestounderstandingtheroleofwomeninancientsocieties

B.investigatetheramificationsofBachofen'stheoryaboutdominanceofwomeninancientsocieties

C.explaintheburgeoninginterestamonghistoriansindeterminingtheactualstatusofwomeninvarioussocieties

D.criticizethevalueofancientmythsindeterminingthestatusofwomeninancientsocieties

問題2選項

A.partialcompleteness

B.restrictedaccessibility

C.difficultyofinterpretation

D.limitedquantity

問題3選項

A.TherequirementthatSauromataewomenkillinbattlebeforemarrying

B.Thefailureofhistorianstoverifythatwomenwereevergovernorsofancientsocieties

C.TheclassingofAmazonswithgiantsandcentaurs

D.Thewell-establishedunreliabilityofHerodotusasasourceofinformationaboutancientsocieties

問題4選項

A.confusedanddismayed

B.waryandhostile

C.cynicalanddisinterested

D.curiousbutfearful

問題5選項

A.feministshaveshownlittleinterestisancientsocieties

B.Bachofen'sknowledgeofAmazoniancultureisunparalleled

C.reliableinformationabouttheancientworldisdifficulttoacquire

D.ancientsocietiesshowthebestevidenceofwomeninpositionsofpower.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章提及古代文化研究婦女在各歷史時期的地位受到資料限制而且相互矛盾，之后談及神話和傳說對這一問題的分析，最后作者認為，對這類文獻資料的研究早已開始證明，當我們通過神話來獲取對古代世界的理解，是十分失誤的。因此，綜合考慮，這篇文章的主要目的是選項D。

2.細節(jié)事實題。通過題干關鍵詞定位到原文“Althoughmuchhasbeenaccomplishedforthemodernperiodpremodemcultureshaveprovedmoredifficult:sourcesarerestrictedinnumber,fragmentary,difficulttointerpret,andoftencontradictory.”，中文翻譯：雖然在現(xiàn)代時期己經(jīng)完成了很多，但前現(xiàn)代文化被證明是更困難的：來源受到限制，數(shù)量有限，不完整，難以解釋，而且常常是矛盾的。因此最佳答案為B選項，只有B沒有提及。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文“IfonebeginsbyexaminingwhyancientsrefertoAmazons,itbecomesclearthatancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfact-realAmazoniansocieties-butrathertooffer"morallessons"onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen'sruleintheirownsociety.”，中文翻譯：如果我們先研究一下為什么古人會提到亞馬遜人，下面的一點就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘對于這種社會的廟睡不是太多的被用來表達觀察的歷史事實一一真正的亞馬遜社會的_——而是為了對于婦女在其社會中的統(tǒng)治的預期后果提供一種“道德教導”。以及原文中“TheAmazonswereoftencharacterized,forexample,astheequivalentsofgiantsandcentaurs,enemiestobeslainbyGreekheroes.Theircustomswerepresentednotasthoseofrespectablesociety,butastheveryantithesesofordinary-Greekpractices.”，原文翻譯為：例如，亞馬遜人經(jīng)常被描述為巨人和馬人的等份物，被希臘英雄殺死的敵人。他們的習俗并不是作為受人尊敬的社會的習俗來呈現(xiàn)的，而是作為普通希臘習俗的真實對照。由此可以推斷出答案選擇C。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文“...toteachbothmaleandfemaleGreeksthatallfemalegroups,formedbywithdrawalfromtraditionalsociety,aredestructiveanddangerous.MythsabouttheAmazonswerenotforthemale-dominatedstatusquo,Linwhichgroupscomposedexclusivelyofeithersexwerenotpermittedtosegregatethemselvespermanentlyfromsociety.”.”。中文翻譯為：是教誨古希臘的男性和女性這樣一個道理，即那些脫離了傳統(tǒng)社會而形成的純女性群體是破壞性的和危險的。有關亞馬遜人的神話是用作論據(jù)來為男人統(tǒng)治的現(xiàn)狀做辯護的，在這種現(xiàn)狀下，純粹地由任一性別構成的群體是不允許與社會永久性地隔絕開來的。由此可知，B項符合題目描述。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到原文“Althoughmuchhasbeenaccomplishedforthemodernperiodpremoderncultureshaveprovedmoredifficult:sourcesarerestrictedinnumber,fragmentary,difficulttointerpret,andoftencontradictory.ThusitisnotparticularlysurprisingthatsomeearlierscholarshipconcerningsuchcultureshassofargoneunchallengeD.AnexampleisJohannBaehofen’s1861treatiseonAmazons,women-ruledsocietiesofquestionableexistencecontemporarywithancientGreece.”中文翻譯為：雖然對現(xiàn)當代的研究成就斐然，但是古代文化的研究要證明更為困難：資料來源數(shù)量有限，支離破碎，難以解釋且經(jīng)?；ハ嗝堋Ｒ虼耍藗儾⒉惶貏e驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，有關這些古代文化的早期學術研究迄今為止聽憑其流傳下來，而未遭到質疑。其中一個實例就是約翰?巴霍芬1861年論述亞馬遜人的論文，而所謂亞馬遜人，即那些由女性統(tǒng)治的社會，其難置可否的存在與古希臘同期。綜合可知。C選項是其主要原因。

8.翻譯題

Passage1

Severalpromisingdrugdevelopmentstrategiesareemerginginthefightagainsttuberculosis(TB),whichcontinuestoclaimnearlytwomillionlivesworldwideeachyear,largelyindevelopingcountries.AstheTBbacteriumevolvestoresistanti-TBdrugs,andpatientsfinditdifficulttosticktoexistingdrugregimesthesearchisonforbothnewdrugsandgooddiagnostics.Somepromisingdrugsareinearlyclinicaltrials,whichcouldreducethetimeneededtotreatTB—buttheoddsarestackedagainstthembecausefewerthantenpercentofantibioticsthatenterearlyclinicaltrialsevergainapproval.Butresearchesarefindingthatfieldsinvolvingthestudyofgenes,proteinsandmetabolismofferthepotentialtounlocknewinformationaboutthebacteriumanditsinteractionswithpeopleinunprecedenteddetail.

Passage2

AsfarasWeb2.0isconcerned,biggerisdefinitelybetter.Biggertext,thatis.Largetextiseasyontheeye,andcoupledwithsnappycopywritingmakesinformationeasytoabsorb.ThelayoutofWeb2.0sitesmightbedescribedasminimal.Withafocusonlegibilityandeaseofuse,gooduseismadeofwhitespace.Whitespaceallowsimportantinformationtostandapart,providesrestfortheeye,andimpartsasenseofcalmandorder.Generousleadingalsomakestextcopyeasierfortheeyetofollow.SomeWeb2.0layoutsaresominimalthattheyvergeonboring,butdesignedwell,anunclutteredpagecanbeincrediblytasteful.Friendly,informalcopywritingallowsamorepersonalrelationshipwithwebsitevisitors.

Passage3

Theprojectmanagementteammustbecarefulnottoconfusequalitywithgrade.Lowqualityisalwaysaproblem;lowgrademaynotbe.Determininganddeliveringtherequiredlevelsofbothqualityandgradearetheresponsibilitiesoftheprojectmanagerandtheprojectmanagementteam.Inaddition,qualityimprovementinitiativesundertakenbytheperformingorganizationcanimprovethequalityoftheprojectmanagementaswellasthequalityoftheprojectproduct.However,thereisanimportantdifferencethattheprojectmanagementteammustbeacutelyawareof—thetemporarynatureoftheprojectmeansthatinvestmentsinproductqualityimprovement,especiallydefectpreventionandappraisal,mustoftenbebornebytheperformingorganizationsincetheprojectmaynotlastlongenoughtoreaptherewards.

ChooseONLYONEtextfromthefollowingpassagesandtranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovided.IfmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored

【答案】Passage1

在反擊結核病的戰(zhàn)爭中,幾種有前景的藥物開發(fā)策略正在出現(xiàn)。結核病如今每年仍在奪去將近兩百萬人的生命,其中大多發(fā)生在發(fā)展中國家。隨著結核分枝桿菌進化成可以耐受抗結核藥物,而患者感到很難接受現(xiàn)有的藥物治療框架,科學家正在尋找新藥和好的診斷方法。一些有前景的藥物正在進行早期臨床試驗,這可能縮短結核病治療時間,但是他們面臨的情況不利,因為只有不到10%的進入早期臨床試驗階段的抗生素獲得了批準。但研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),研究基因、蛋白質和代謝的領域提供了破解關于這種細菌及其與人類相互作用的空前詳細的新信息的潛力。

Passage2

對于Web2.0來講,越大肯定是越好。大的文字就是,大的文字看起來不累,配合流暢的文字內(nèi)容使得信息容易被吸收。Web2.0網(wǎng)站的排版布局（難度）可說是微乎其微。利用好空白可以使重點突出,易讀,易用?？瞻啄茏屩匾畔⑼癸@,讓眼睛得以休息,并給予一種安定和秩序的感覺。寬松的行間距也讓視線易于跟隨文本流動。一些Web2.0網(wǎng)站的布局簡單到令人感到無聊的地步,但若設計上出色的話,一個四平八穩(wěn)的頁面也能成為絕頂?shù)拿牢洞蟛?。友好、活潑的行文方式會使作者與訪問者建立更多良好的關系。

Passage3

項目管理隊伍必須注意不能將質量與等級混淆。質量低常成為一個問題,但等級低則不是。確定和傳達所需的質量及等級水平是項目經(jīng)理和項目管理隊伍的責任。另外,執(zhí)行組織主動采取質量改進不僅能提高項目管理的質量,也可提高項目產(chǎn)品質量。但是,項目管理隊伍必須清楚知道一個重要的區(qū)別一項目的臨時性意味著對產(chǎn)品質量改進的投資,特別是缺陷的預防和評估,必須由執(zhí)行組織承擔,因為項目可能不會持續(xù)到獲得回報的時候。

9.單選題

Therainwassoheavythatthemanwaswettotheskin;hiswholebodywas（

）andtrembling.

問題1選項

A.stiff

B.straight

C.steady

D.hard

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：雨太大，這個人身上已經(jīng)濕了；他整個身子僵硬并且在瑟瑟發(fā)抖。stiff“僵硬的”；straight“直率的；筆直的”；steady“穩(wěn)定的”；hard“堅硬的”。根據(jù)句意，選項A符合題意。

10.不定項選擇題

Theword“biodiversity”isatermheardwithincreasingfrequencyintheongoingdebateoverhowbesttoprotecttheworld’senvironment,andmorespecifically,howtopreserveitsrapidlydwindlingnumbersofplantandanimalspecies.Inverygeneralterms,“biodiversity”referstothenumberofplantandanimalspeciesthatcanbefoundinaparticularhabitatorecosystem.Thisisapparentlyaverysimpleconcept,butthesimplicityofitbeliesitssignificance.Abetterpopularunderstandingoftherealmeaningofbiodiversityandofitsimportancetothecircumstancesinwhichwepresentlyfindourselvesiscriticaltothesuccessofeffortstoprotecttheenvironment,andthereforeessentialtoourownsurvival.

Globalbiodiversity,whichisthetotalnumberofplantandanimalspeciesexistingontheplanetatanyonetime,canonlybeestimated;andonlyveryroughlyestimatedatthat.Undoubtedly,manyspeciesremaintobediscovered.Someofthese,suchasinsectsandmicroscopiclife,aresmallenoughtohaveescapedournotice,whileothersdwellinareaswehaveonlybeguntoexplore;thespeciesinhabitingthedeepestoceandepths,forexample.Itmustalsoberememberedthatweareinthemidstofamassextinctionevent.Speciesarenowdisappearingatarateestimatedtobebetween1,000and10,000timesfasterthantheaverageforthehistoryoflifeonearth.Takentogether,thesetwouncertainelementspreventtheglobalbiodiversityestimatefrombecomingmuchmorethananeducatedguess.Thecurrentbestestimateissomewhereintheneighborhoodof100to200millionspecies.

Thisnumber,whileitmaybeofsomeinteresttononscientists,isn’tofmuchrealvaluetoresearchers.Theyaregenerallymoreconcernedwithlocalbiodiversity.Despitetheapparentenormityofthenumberofspeciesthatinhabittheearthasawhole,localbiodiversity—thenumberofspeciesfoundinanyonehabitat—fluctuatesgreatlyaswecrosstheboundariesseparatingtheecosystemsthatmakeuptheEarth’sbiosphere.Itreachesitshighestlevelsonthecoralreefsandinthetropicalrainforestswheretheremaybethousandsofspeciesperacre.

Ofcourse,itisthisvalue—themeasureoflocalbiodiversity—thatismostusefulforanyoneconcernedwithassessingthehealthofanecosystemorprotectingitfromdestruction.Inmeasuringthebiodiversityofaparticularecosystem,biologistsareusuallyquiteimpartialwhenweighingtherelativesignificanceofeachspecies.Mostareassignedavalueofone,thetotalnumberofspeciesthenrepresentingthetargetvalue.However,therearetwoconditionsunderwhichonespeciesmaybeweightedmoreheavilythanothers.Thiswouldcertainlybethecaseforanyspeciesthatbyvirtueofitsgeneticuniquenesswouldconstituteaspeciallosstotheglobalgenepoolintheeventofitsextinction.Thetuataraisagoodexampleofjustsuchaspecies.Astheonlysurvivingmemberofafamilyofreptilesthat,exceptforit,diedout60millionyearsago,thetuataraqualifiesongroundsofgeneticuniquenesstobeweightedmoreheavilyincalculatingthebiodiversityofitshabitat.

Aspeciesmaybeaccordedbonuspointsinthebiodiversityequationforanotherreasonaswell;itmaybedeemedmoresignificantbyvirtueoftheroleitplaysintheecosystem.AnexampleofthiswouldbetheCaliforniaseaotter.[A]Thepreferredfoodofthisspeciesofmarinemammalistheseaurchin;amarineinvertebrate,whichfeedsonacertaintypeofseagrassknownaskelp.[B]Wereitnotfortheotter’scontributionincontrollingtheseaurchinpopulation,theunderseakelpforestwouldsurelybedecimatedbyadramaticincreaseinthepopulationofseaurchins.[C]Thiswouldremoveakeysupportingelement—thekelp—fromthehabitatofmanyfishandinvertebratespeciesthatdependonit.[D]This,inturn,wouldfundamentallyalteranentireunderseahabitatandundoubtedlyputariskanumberofdifferentspeciesthathaveadaptedtoitspeculiarcharacteristics.Therefore,thebehavioroftheotterinactivelymaintainingthelocaldiversityofspeciesdictatesthatitshouldbeassignedahigherbiodiversityvalue.

13.Whatwastheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassage?

14.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatwedon’thaveanaccuratemeasureofglobalbiodiversitybecause（）.

15.Thewordenormityinthepassageisclosestinthemeaningto（）.

16.Accordingtothepassage,thelargestnumberofspecieswouldbefound（）.

17.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTimportantinassessingbiodiversity?

18.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?

19.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Theeffectofthiswouldbeadramaticlossoflocalbiodiversity.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit(A,B,CorD)?

20.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheitalicizedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

問題1選項

A.Toexplainwhybiodiversityisessentialtooursurvival.

B.Toexplaintheconceptofbiodiversity.

C.Toshowwhylocalbiodiversityismoreimportantthanglobalbiodiversity.

D.Toclarifythedangersthatresultfromdecliningbiodiversity.

問題2選項

A.thenumberofspeciesisconstantlychanging

B.populationsofanimalsmovefromplacetoplace

C.wedon’tknowtheecologicalroleplayedbyallspecies

D.thedefinitionofbiodiversityisnotclearenough

問題3選項

A.important

B.quality

C.vastness

D.accuracy

問題4選項

A.onthecoralreefs

B.intheboundaryareasbetweenlocalecosystems

C.intheunderseakelpforests

D.infreshwaterlakesandstreams

問題5選項

A.Thespecialfunctionaparticularspeciesplaysinanecosystem.

B.Thenumberofspeciespresentinanecosystem.

C.Thegeneticuniquenessofthespecieswithinanecosystem.

D.Thesizeoftheareaanecosystemcovers.

問題6選項

A.Localbiodiversitymaychange,butglobalbiodiversitydoesnot.

B.Allspecieshavethesamesignificancewhenconsideringbiodiversity.

C.Theconceptofbiodiversityisoflittlevaluetoecologists.

D.Theearthisexperiencingareductioninglobalbiodiversity.

問題7選項

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

問題8選項

A.Asthelastofa60millionyearoldfamilyofreptilestodieout,thetuatarawassogeneticallyspecialthatitwouldhaveraisedthecalculatedbiodiversityvalueofthehabitatinwhichitlived.

B.Thetuataradeservesaheavierbiodiversityweightingbyvirtueofthefactthatallothergeneticallysimilaranimalsvanished60millionyearsagoandtherefore,itaddsanunusualamounttothelocalbiodiversityvalue.

C.Thetuatarasgeneticuniquenessmakesitmorelikelytodieoutliketheothermembersofitsfamilywhichdisappeared60millionyearsago,andthereforeitshouldbegivenahigherbiodiversityvalue.

D.Becauseofthehigherbiodiversityvaluecontributedbythetuataratoitshabitat,thetuataraqualifiesforspecialstatustopreventitfromvanishingliketheothermembersofitsfamilydid60millionyearsago.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

第6題:D

第7題:D

第8題:B

【解析】13.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章首先引出“生物多樣性”的定義，介紹了全球大概的物種數(shù)量，接著介紹了研究生物多樣性的意義，說明本文的主要目的是介紹生物多樣性的概念。因此B選項“解釋生物多樣性的概念”正確。A選項“解釋為什么生物多樣性對我們的生存至關重要”，原文只提到生物多樣性對我們的生存至關重要，沒有具體闡述，所以A錯誤。C選項“說明為什么當?shù)氐纳锒鄻有员热虻纳锒鄻有愿匾敝皇窃牡囊徊糠謨?nèi)容，不能概括全文主旨，所以C錯誤。D選項“闡明生物多樣性的減少所帶來的危險”，原文沒有講到生物多樣性減少的危害，所以D錯誤。

14.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段，第二段中說到Undoubtedly,manyspeciesremaintobediscovered…Itmustalsoberememberedthatweareinthemidstofamassextinctionevent…Takentogether,thesetwouncertainelementspreventtheglobalbiodiversityestimatefrombecomingmuchmorethananeducatedguess.（毫無疑問，還有許多物種有待發(fā)現(xiàn)……還必須記住，我們正處于大規(guī)模滅絕事件之中……綜合來看，這兩個不確定因素使全球生物多樣性的估計不能成為一個有根據(jù)的猜測。），說明物種的數(shù)量有增有減，在不斷的變化中，所以不能準確衡量生物的多樣性。因此A選項“物種的數(shù)量在不斷變化”正確。B選項“動物的種群從一個地方移到另一個地方”，C選項“我們不知道所有物種在生態(tài)方面的作用”在文中沒有提及，所以B，C錯誤。D選項“生物多樣性的定義還不夠明確”，原文明確給出了生物多樣性的定義，即在一個特定的棲息地或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的植物和動物物種的數(shù)量，所以D錯誤。

15.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】詞義推測題。由題干關鍵詞“enormity”可以定位到文章第三段第三句Despitetheapparentenormityofthenumberofspeciesthatinhabittheearthasawhole,localbiodiversity—thenumberofspeciesfoundinanyonehabitat—fluctuatesgreatlyaswecrosstheboundariesseparatingtheecosystemsthatmakeuptheEarth’sbiosphere.（盡管存在于整個地球上的物種數(shù)量明顯很龐大，但當我們跨越分隔地球生物圈的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的界限時，當?shù)氐纳锒鄻有浴谌魏我粋€棲息地中發(fā)現(xiàn)的物種數(shù)量都會極大地波動。），說明“enormity”在文中是指“數(shù)量龐大”的意思。因此C選項“大量”準確。A選項“重要”，B選項“質量”，D選項“準確”均不符合題意，所以A，B，D錯誤。

16.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段最后一句Itreachesitshighestlevelsonthecoralreefsandinthetropicalrainforestswheretheremaybethousandsofspeciesperacre.（它在珊瑚礁和熱帶雨林中達到最高水平，那里每英畝可能有數(shù)千種物種。），說明物種數(shù)量最多的地方在珊瑚礁和熱帶雨林。因此A選項“珊瑚礁”正確。B選項“在當?shù)厣鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)之間的邊界地區(qū)”，C選項“在海底的海藻林中”，D選項“在淡水湖泊和溪流中”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯誤。

17.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由A選項關鍵詞“specialfunction”可以定位到文章最后一段第一句itmaybedeemedmoresignificantbyvirtueoftheroleitplaysintheecosystem.（由于它在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮的作用，可能被認為更重要。），說明物種在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮的作用是評估生物多樣性的要素，A選項“一個特定的物種在一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮的特殊功能”表述正確，排除A。由B選項關鍵詞“numberofspecies”可以定位到文章第三段第三句localbiodiversity—thenumberofspeciesfoundinanyonehabitat—fluctuatesgreatlyaswecrosstheboundariesseparatingtheecosystemsthatmakeuptheEarth’sbiosphere.（當我們跨越分隔地球生物圈的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的界限時，當?shù)氐纳锒鄻有浴谌魏我粋€棲息地中發(fā)現(xiàn)的物種數(shù)量都會極大地波動。），說明物種的數(shù)量是評估生物多樣性的要素，B選項“一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中存在的物種數(shù)量”表述正確，排除B。由C選項關鍵詞“geneticuniqueness”可以定位到文章倒數(shù)第二段最后一句thetuataraqualifiesongroundsofgeneticuniquenesstobeweightedmoreheavilyincalculatingthebiodiversityofitshabitat.（在計算其棲息地的生物多樣性時，鱷蜥的基因獨特性更值得重視。），說明基因獨特性是評估生物多樣性的要素，C選項“一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的物種的基因獨特性”表述正確，排除C。D選項“一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)所覆蓋的區(qū)域的大小”在文中沒有提及，不屬于評估生物多樣性的要素，本題選D。

18.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第四、五句Itmustalsoberememberedthatweareinthemidstofamassextinctionevent.Speciesarenowdisappearingatarateestimatedtobebetwee