初中英語語法知識點必備

初中英語語法知識點必備引子語法詞法句法詞類1名詞(n.):表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。如:pen,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.2、代詞(pron.):主要用來代替名詞。如：who，she，you，it,he,.,their3、形容詞(adj..):表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：good，right，white，orange.4、數(shù)詞(num.):表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如：one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth.5、動詞(v.):表示動作或狀態(tài)。如:am，is，are，have，see.6、副詞(adv.):修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞，說明時間、地點、程度等。如：now，here，very，often，slowly.7、冠詞(art..):用在名詞前，幫助說明名詞。如:a，an，the.8、介詞(prep.):表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in，on，from，above，behind.9、連詞(conj.):用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and，but，before.10、感嘆詞(interj.J表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。口：oh，wow，hi，hello八大句子成分主語:句子說明的人或事物謂語:說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)和特征賓語:動作的對象或承受者——及物動詞或介詞的賓語動賓介賓直賓間賓定語:修飾、限制或說明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)和特征狀語:說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。

賓補：補充說明賓語的身份和狀態(tài)以補充其意義不足，同位語：位于名詞或代詞后面，解釋前者，兩者語法功能相同表語：連系動詞,其后面的成分叫作表語。五大基本句型主+謂主+謂+賓主+系+表主+謂+賓+賓主+謂+賓+補句子分類按用途分類陳述句〈疑問句一般疑問句特殊疑問句選擇疑問句反義疑問句（附加疑問句）祈使句命令，要求，請求，勸告感嘆句驚奇，憤怒，贊賞，喜悅按結(jié)構(gòu)分類簡單句'并列句按結(jié)構(gòu)分類簡單句'并列句并列量詞把兩個以上的簡單句連接起來，各句之間意義同等重要，沒有從屬關(guān)系復(fù)合句主句完整，可以獨立存在；從句不完整，只是一個句子成分，不可獨立存在。一、名詞

1.名詞變復(fù)數(shù)①classfclassesboxfboxeswatchfwatchesbrushfbrushes②storyfstoriesbabyfbabiescityfcitiescountryfcountries③wifefwivesknifefkniveswolffwolvesleaffleavesscarffscarfs/scarves④herofheroestomatoftomatoespotatofpotatoesmangofmangoes/mangos⑤childfchildrentoothfteethfootffeetmousefmice⑥sheepfsheepdeerfdeerfishffish(fishes種類)ChinesefChineseJapanesefJapanese⑦EnglishmanfEnglishmenFrenchmanfFrenchmenpolicemanfpolicemenGerman^Germans⑧mandoctorfmendoctorswomanteacherfwomenteachersgirlstudentfgirlstudentsboyfriendfboyfriendsshoeshopfshoeshops復(fù)數(shù)名詞peoplepolice謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)3.集體名詞family,class,group,team個體--單數(shù)；整體--復(fù)數(shù)人民幣沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,外國貨幣有復(fù)數(shù)。100yuan,5dollars(cents,pounds,pence,)twoteas/colas/coffees表示“幾杯”、“幾份”6.oneof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格分別擁有AsandB's共同擁有AandB's店鋪或某人的家thedoctor's(office)thebaker's(shop)myuncle's(home)③距離anhour'sdrivetenminutes'walk④雙重所有格afriendofMary'smother'sabookofmine

④雙重所有格afriendofMary'smother'sabookofmine⑤節(jié)日Women'sDayMother'sDayTeachers'DayAprilFools⑤節(jié)日Day數(shù)量短語H修飾可數(shù)名詞many,(a)few,several,agreatnumberof,agoodmany,manya(單數(shù)名詞),I修飾不可數(shù)名詞much(a)littleagreatdealofagreatamountof既可修飾可數(shù)又可修飾不可數(shù)some,any,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,aquantityof,quantitiesof二、冠詞ausualdayausefulbookaEuropeananunusualdayanhonestboyanhoura/an以輔音音標(biāo)開頭的單詞前用ausualdayausefulbookaEuropeananunusualdayanhonestboyanhour以元音音標(biāo)開頭的單詞前用an2.the+adj類指謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)樂器前用the，球類棋牌前不用任何冠詞。the+姓氏復(fù)數(shù)表示“一家人”或夫婦不用冠詞的情況專有名詞（人名，地名，國名，季節(jié)，月份，星期）含有普通名詞的專有名詞（街道，廣場，公園，車站，機場，大學(xué)，含有Day節(jié)日）③三餐④球類運動國家前不用冠詞，但全稱用the在一些短語中，用the表示具體概念，不用表示抽象概念atthetable在桌旁attable在吃飯inthehospital在醫(yī)院里inhospitaI住院bythesea在海邊bysea乘船intheprison在監(jiān)獄里inprison坐牢intheclass在班里inclass在上課gotothechurch去教堂intheclass在班里inclass在上課三、代詞1.人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞（附表格）復(fù)合不定代詞（-one-body-thing）①單數(shù)②修飾語后置everyone每一個（人/物）everyone二everybody每個人，人人整體）anyone任何人強調(diào)個體some,anyboth,allneither,eithernone,nooneevery,eachWho--詢問身份What--詢問職業(yè)What---沒有選擇范圍What---沒有選擇范圍Which---在具體范圍內(nèi)選擇It做虛主語、形式主語、形式賓語、強調(diào)句ll.；|it—寸指代同一個事物onell.；|it—寸指代同一個事物one—■■泛指同名異物that--特-指同名異物Ihaven'tgotapen.Canyoupleaselendmeone?二theone（復(fù)數(shù)用those,二theones）四、數(shù)詞1.確定數(shù)量twothousandseveralthousandtwothousandofthestudents（學(xué)生中的2000人）2.模糊數(shù)量hundredsofthousandsofmanythousandsofdozensofscoresof3.序數(shù)詞fifthtwelftheighthninthnineteenthninetieth4.分數(shù)詞基(>1)ahalf(1/2)aquarter(1/4)onefifththree-fifths序⑸幾個半twoandahalfhours(=twohoursandahalf)6.復(fù)合形容詞只做定語不做表語atwo-monthholidayan8-year-oldgirl時刻past(30分鐘內(nèi))to(超過30分鐘)編號Lesson1(thefirstLesson),Room302年齡inone'sfiftiesattheageof20世紀年代inthe1980s=inthe1980's五、介詞.at時間點；短暫時間；節(jié)日時間'in較長時間泄紀，年月季，泛指早午晚on特定、具體日子(星期，具體日期，含Day節(jié)日，有限定語修飾的時間)in范圍內(nèi)地理on相鄰方位to相隔€through內(nèi)部穿過throughthetunnel穿過across表面橫穿acrossthestreetpast從旁邊經(jīng)過pastmeover上方越過overthethePacificOcean’with用工具或身體部位in用語言、材料等表達方式用by用交通工具等方式手段on用通訊工具(TV,radio,telephone,Internet)through通過某種方式(besides除外還有except/but除外沒有exceptfor①用于句首代替except②美中不足③被排除的與主體不同類exceptthat后接從句常用介詞（熟記短語，固定搭配）at①時間）②地點）在...③目標(biāo)、方向④引起情緒的原因⑤以??價格、速度、數(shù)量about①關(guān)于②大約二aroundsomeagainst①反對，不支持②對抗playagainst③撞擊④在?.映襯下by①（時間）到.?為止②地點）在旁邊經(jīng)過③方法手段）用，靠，通過④數(shù)量增減幅度）相差⑤被，由for①目的）為了②原因）由于③對象）對于④贊成，擁護，支持⑤代替，代表from①起點）自，從②來源）從??來，來自…③原因）由于④離開，除去，免掉，逃避，阻止in①時間）在.?期間②地點）在…在.?里面③方式）用④在.?方面⑤穿戴on①時間）在具體日子②方位）在?上③在??旁，靠近④有關(guān)，關(guān)于⑤通過??方式通訊）to①方向，目的）到…②時間）到??止③對于④對待別人態(tài)度with①陪伴）和??一起②對待別人③方式）用④伴隨⑤具有，帶有六、形容詞副詞12.the12.the+比較級ofthetwo"（二者中）比較…的那一個"1.分詞形容詞：-ing（物）/-ed（人）2.表語形容詞：ill,well,afraid,awake,asleep,alone,alive,alike,aware3.形容詞作賓補keeptheroomclean4.形容詞排序：“縣官行令宴國才”5.形容詞變副詞（派生副詞）:①直接加②元e去e加③輔y1.分詞形容詞：-ing（物）/-ed（人）2.表語形容詞：ill,well,afraid,awake,asleep,alone,alive,alike,aware3.形容詞作賓補keeptheroomclean4.形容詞排序：“縣官行令宴國才”5.形容詞變副詞（派生副詞）:①直接加②元e去e加③輔y[]變y為i加④-le結(jié)尾改e為y6.形副同形enough,fast,early,late,high,deep,hard,wide,near,short,7.頻度副詞never,seldom,hardly,rarely,sometimes(=onceinawhile,fromtimetotime,occasionally,attimes,atwhiles)8.程度副詞enoughtoThehouseisbigenoughforustolivein.too...totheboxistooheavytocarry.sobigacity=suchabigcitysomany/much/few/littlequiteaquietevening9.opentheclosedwindowclosetheopenwindow10.比較級和最高級的變化規(guī)則more/mostslowlyquickly（開放性副詞）easily（多音節(jié)）tired（分詞形容詞）11.同級比較as+原級+as（肯定）notas(so)+原級+as(否定)難點：Shehasassweetavoiceahermother.MissGreenisn'tso/asstrictateacheraMrWhite.劣勢比較：less...than...13.13.雙重比較：比較級and比較級越來越...”14.變化比較：The+比較級.??,the+比較級.??"越…越…”拉丁比較比較級表達最高級Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.Heistallerthananyoneelseinhisclass.Heistallerthantheotherboysinhisclass.Heistallerthantheothersinhisclass.Heistallerthananyoftheotherboysinhisclass."否定詞+謂語+比較級”"否定詞+so…as…”相當(dāng)于最高級。如：I'veneverseenanicerbirdthanthisone.Ihaveneverheardabettervoice.Ihaveneverseensobeautifulagirlasshe.倍數(shù)的表達Thisroomisthreetimesaslargeathatone.Thisroomistwicelargerthathatone.比較級修飾語①alittle,abit,rather;②alot/agreatdeal,much,③still,yet,even,(by)far,no,any19.注意：①比較的對象是同類的為避免重復(fù)，用名詞所有格,代詞所有格或that/those③形容詞最高級前用the,當(dāng)有限定詞修飾時不用the；副詞最高級前the可省略。最高級修飾語序數(shù)詞much,（by）far,nearly,almost,quite注：quite—般不修飾比較級，但Ifeelquitebetter.七、情態(tài)動詞能力can,could,beableto（用于各種時態(tài)）強制Youmust....主觀）Youhaveto...（客觀）應(yīng)該should,oughtto建議Will/Wouldyouplease...?可能性must（—定），can't（不可能）may（可能）,maynot（可能不）許可---MayI/CanI/Couldputmybikehere?---Yes,youmay.（Yes,youcan.）/---No,youcan't.（No,youmustn't.）必要性---MustI/NeedIfinishtheworktoday?---Yes,youmust./---No,youneed'nt.（No,youdon'thaveto.）禁止mustn't八、非謂語動詞動名詞enjoy,finish,practise,dislike,keep,miss,mind,suggest,imagine,consider,avoid,allow,advise,risk,admit,denylookforwardto,payattentionto,beusedto,stickto堅持），leadto（導(dǎo)致），makeacontributionto,devote...to...keepondoing,giveupdoing

feellikedoingcan'thelpdoingbeworthdoingbebusy(in)doingspend/waste...(in)doinghavetrouble/difficulty/problems/fun(in)doingsth.need/want/require+doing=sth.needtobedone動詞不定式賓語afford,agree,ask,decide,expect,fail,hope,intend,manage,offer,refuse,plan,promise,pretend,want,wouldlike,wish賓補advise,allow,ask,encourage,tell,order,warn,promise,want,使役動詞let/make/havesb.do(被動+to,let除外)havesth.donegetsb.todo感官動詞see/watch/notice/hearsb.do(不是進行中；動作的全部)see/watch/notice/hearsb.doing(進行中；動作的部分)疑問詞+不定式too...to...enoughto...onlyto既可接動名詞又可接不定式liketodorememberstopmeantodoforgetdoingrememberdoingstopdoingtrydoingmeandoingliketodorememberstopmeantodoforgetdoingrememberdoingstopdoingtrydoingmeandoinglikedoingpreferdoingtodoing'prefertodoratherthando寧可…也不…wouldratherdothando九、系動詞狀態(tài)系動詞be感官系動詞looksoundsmelltastefeel持續(xù)系動詞keepstayremainstandlierest變化系動詞become好壞情況均可Hebecameateacher5yearsago.turn變色(turngreen,turnpale)Heturnedteacher5yearsago.getIgrow"逐漸變得…”，強調(diào)成長發(fā)展中其變化過程。go變壞；變色(gowrong,gobad,gomad)fall由動態(tài)到靜態(tài)(fallasleep,fallill)come向好的變化發(fā)展(cometrue,comeright)run(dry,short,wild)表象系動詞look視覺印象seem內(nèi)心的判斷，有一定依據(jù)Itseemsthat...seem(tobe)appear給別人的表面印象，實質(zhì)上也許并非如此終止系動詞proveturnout證實，證明是，結(jié)果是18.18.辨異詞arrivein/at,getto,reachspend,cost,pay,take,worthdress,wear,putonwin,beat,loseborrow,lendsteal,robreceive,accept,takebring,take,carry,fetch,getinvent,discover,find,findoutlike,dislike,alike,likelylive,lively,alive,livingtalk,tell,say,speakinfrontof,inthefrontofcontinuously,continuallybefamousfor,befamousasbestrictwith,bestrictinalone,lonelyIoftenwalkaloneinthelonelymountain.Althoug'hmIalong,Idon'tfeellonely.17.older,elder,elderlyTheelderlymanismyelderbrother.HeistwoyearsolderthanI.lie躺laylainlyinglie謊liedliedlyinglay放；下蛋l(fā)aidlaidlayingThewomanlyingonthegrassliedthatherhenlaidtwoeggseveryday.19.乘交通工具take+a/the+交通工具by+交通工具介詞+a/the+交通工具rideabike=bybikewalkto=goto...onfoot20.十、時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時①經(jīng)常性動作②客觀真理③主將從現(xiàn)2.一般將來時in+時間段線-線3.過去進行時①過去時間點正在進行②過去時間段持續(xù)進行③時間狀語從句點-線線-線一般過去時5.現(xiàn)在完成時時間狀語inthepastfewyears,duringthelastfewmonths,sofar,uptonow,since.havebeento,havegoneto,havebeenin,havebeenaway瞬間動詞不可與段時間連用f轉(zhuǎn)f延續(xù)性動詞狀態(tài)(be+adj?/adv./prep./n.)buyfhaveborrowfkeepdiefbedeadleavefbeawayfromarrivefbeinbeginfbeongetmarriedfbemarriedcatchacoldfhaveacoldjoinfbein/bethemember十一、被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)的各種形式：be+p.p.（歸根結(jié)底是be的8大形態(tài)）雙賓語的被動語態(tài)使役動詞和感官動詞在被動語態(tài)中加to（let除外）短語動詞的被動語態(tài)介詞或副詞不要漏掉主動表被動某些系動詞某些不及物動詞后接副詞，表達事物的屬性特征。“發(fā)生”happen,takeplace,occur,breakout“需要”need,want,require+doing=needtobedone無被動的情況①不及物動詞appear,disappear,grow生長）②belongto十二、特殊句式（一）反義疑問句Thereis,isn'tthere?Let's,shallwe?Letus...,willyou?Don't,willyou?Please...,willyou?Everyone'shavingagoodtime,aren'tthey/isn'the?賓語從句反意問句隨主句。注意：主句為I'msure/afraid???，Ithink/believe/suppose的賓語從句，反義部分隨從句。注意否定前移的現(xiàn)象。（難點）助記1.Idon'tthinkwecanfinishalltheworkbeforeFriday,?Youlikeplayingbasketball,andhelikesrunning,?---Yourfatherhasn'tgivenupsmoking,hashe?---,hesmokesnow.A.Yes;nomoreB.No;nomoreC.Yes;anymoreD.No;anymore（二）感嘆句What+n.Whataninterestingstory!（=Howinterestingastoryitis!）How+adj./adv./句子Howtallthetreeis!Howfastheruns!HowImissyou!（三）Therebe①就近原則②Therebe將來時Therewillbe.../Thereis（are）goingtobe...肯否回答用第一助動詞。Yes,therewill./No,therewon't.（四）倒裝句完全倒裝：謂語動詞的數(shù)與主語一致Herecomesabus!Herecomelotsofpeople!部分倒裝：否定：Neither/Nor+三詞+主語（五）情況適用于別人---否定：Neither/Nor+三詞+主語（六）同意對方，“確實如此”---省略而不倒裝So+主語+三詞---Hehasn'tbeentoNewYork.---NeitherhaveI.---Whataday!Itisquitehottoday.---Soitis.---Ihaven'tbeentothesciencemuseumforalongtime.Whataboutyou?---Meneither.Couldyougowithmethisweekend?十三、從句（一）賓語從句引導(dǎo)詞---（that）/whether/if/特殊疑問詞（whether:句首；介詞后；不定式前；whetherornot）語序---陳述語序時態(tài)---主現(xiàn)從不限，主過從應(yīng)變（倒移）（二）狀語從句時間狀語when,while,as,assoonas,before,after,untilwhen①瞬間動詞和延續(xù)性動詞都可②就在這時，突然間while①只能接doing②表分工③對比，"然而"as①正當(dāng)...時候②隨著...③一邊...，一邊...when,assoonas,引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，未發(fā)生的動作，主將從現(xiàn)until???unti1???主句延續(xù)性動詞（到until時間點動作終止，之前動作做了）not...until???主句是瞬間動詞（到until時間點動作開始，之前動作未做）原因狀語because,since,as,for結(jié)果狀語so,so...that...目的狀語sothat,inorderthat,讓步狀語though,although（三）定語從句關(guān)系代詞還原到從句中的位置1.關(guān)系代詞的判斷:①指代②成分2.只能用that的情況：代，高，序，雙，特3.只能用who的情況:those,one,ones指代人anyone,someone,4.介詞前置的情況:指人---prep.+whom指物---prep.+which5.關(guān)系副詞的判斷whenwherewhyhow（四）名詞性詞句whatIsaw,whatIsaid,whatIheard,whatIdid,whatIthought相當(dāng)于名詞，可以在句中作主語，賓語，表語，同位語。十四、主謂一致Theteacherandthewriter不同的概念復(fù)數(shù)Theteacherandwriter一身兼兩職單數(shù)3.整體概念單數(shù)fishandchipstheknifeandfork不定式、動名詞、從句做主語用單數(shù)表示時間、距離、金錢等用單數(shù)6.復(fù)合不定代詞做主語用單數(shù)7.Manya+單數(shù)名詞謂語單數(shù)The+形容詞表一類人，用復(fù)數(shù)主語后有with...aswellas...except...等短語，謂語的數(shù)與主語保持一致集體名詞family,class,group,team視為整體用單數(shù)，強調(diào)個體用復(fù)數(shù)anumberof用復(fù)數(shù)12.thenumberof用單數(shù)oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞謂語用單數(shù)就近原則：therebeeither...or...neither...nor...notonly...butalso...平行結(jié)構(gòu)連接并列主語population做主語用單數(shù)前面有分數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)助記---Thispairofshoesreallysmallforme.---Whynottryanotherpair?EveryoneexceptTomandJohnseenthefilm.Halfofthestudentsmadethesamemistakes.---Whatthepopulationofthecity?---Over20,000.Andathirdofthepopulationworkersofthefactory.A.Howmuch;isB.Howmany;areC.What;areD.What;isTheyeachabook.EachofthemfromChina.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactorynotdecided.Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirltherighttoeducation.neitheryounorheenjoyfastfood?情景交際一、感謝---Thankyou.Manythanks.Thanksalot.---You'rewelcome./(It's)mypleasure./Don'tmentionit./That'sallright./Notatall./Noproblem.難點：…Thankyouforhelpingme.…(Its)mypleasure.(我的榮幸。)做過的事情。…Couldyouhelpme?…Withpleasure.(樂意效勞。)未做的事情。二、道歉---Sorry.---Nevermind./Itdoesn'tmat