一講主題句結(jié)尾句常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤及用法課件

寫(xiě)作能力的提高是一個(gè)日積月累、循序漸進(jìn)的過(guò)程，難以通過(guò)捷徑“速成”?？荚囈饬x上的寫(xiě)作則受到考試時(shí)間、大規(guī)模判卷等客觀因素的制約，這種種制約又通過(guò)試卷的命題形式直接對(duì)作文字?jǐn)?shù)以及通過(guò)提綱、提示和圖表對(duì)寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容及短文展開(kāi)方向等作出限制。這些限制便使本無(wú)“訣竅”可循的寫(xiě)作有了“套路”、“模式”、“捷徑”和“章法”。寫(xiě)作能力的提高是一個(gè)日積月累、循序漸進(jìn)的過(guò)程，難以通過(guò)捷徑“四六級(jí)考試中的短文寫(xiě)作每一段均可包括主題句+擴(kuò)展句+終結(jié)句，每段都可由這三句展開(kāi)，其中擴(kuò)展句可并列使用，這就是三句式段落展開(kāi)法。

同時(shí)，四六級(jí)考試中的短文寫(xiě)作又都包括主題段+擴(kuò)展段+終結(jié)段，每篇短文寫(xiě)作都可依這樣的模式展開(kāi)，這就是三段式短文展開(kāi)法。四六級(jí)考試中的短文寫(xiě)作每一段均可包括主題句+擴(kuò)展句+終結(jié)句，

歷年真題剖析

高分最基本要素：

內(nèi)容；結(jié)構(gòu)；用詞

歷年真題剖析

高分最基本要素：

內(nèi)容；結(jié)構(gòu)；用詞1.主題句基本概念主題句是論說(shuō)文或說(shuō)明文中闡明段落中心思想或主要內(nèi)容的核心句子，對(duì)全段的論述起著宏觀指導(dǎo)和限制作用,是構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)段落的重要手段。主題句就象公路上各路段的路標(biāo)一樣，引導(dǎo)駕駛員依循指定的路線行駛，以避免迷失方向。例如：1.主題句基本概念主題句是論說(shuō)文或說(shuō)明文中闡明段落中心思想Ifapersonexpectstodothingssuccessfully,heshouldhaveconfidence.Itisconfidencethatenablesapersontofacetheobstaclesordrawbackthatstandinhisway.Infact,onecanhardlyaccomplishanythingifhehasdoubtabouthisabilityinwhathedoes.Whenone’sconfidenceisshaken,hetendstobecomediscouragedanddepressedandchancesarethathemayfailtodowhathecould.Incontrast,apersonwhoneverlosesheartwillsucceedinwhatseemsimpossible.Ifapersonexpectstodothin并非所有句子都能充當(dāng)主題句。例如ThisiswhatIwanttosay.EveryoneknowsthatMay1stisLaborDay.Handsup,orI’llkillyou!并非所有句子都能充當(dāng)主題句。例如ThisiswhatI這些句子要么缺少能進(jìn)一步討論的話題，或者沒(méi)有圍繞話題待展開(kāi)的內(nèi)容，因此不具備主題句的功能。檢驗(yàn)主題句有一個(gè)較為簡(jiǎn)便的方法，既針對(duì)句子用Why?(待解釋)和How?(待描述)設(shè)問(wèn)，如果能夠解答，則可基本認(rèn)定為主題句。如果難以解答，或答案很荒謬，則可排除主題句的可能性。例如：這些句子要么缺少能進(jìn)一步討論的話題，或者沒(méi)有圍繞話題待展開(kāi)的Pronouncingalanguageisaskill.(可解答)Readingextensivelyhelpstoenrichourknowledge.(可解答)Heismyfather.(不可解答)ShetoldmethatIcouldn’tmakeprogressifIworkhard.(不可解答)Pronouncingalanguageisas主題句多見(jiàn)于段首。這樣，既可以突出要點(diǎn)，使讀者從一開(kāi)始就可以明了段落的主題和中心思想；也利于作者有效地組織段落，控制段落內(nèi)容，提醒作者緊扣主題。有時(shí)主題句也可能位于段落的中間。這種位置利于先舉事例，然后于段落中間部分用主題句綜合概括，接著進(jìn)一步舉例和引深說(shuō)明。段尾主題句主要是對(duì)前文進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括?；蛘邽榱送怀鼍唧w內(nèi)容，引起讀者的思考和興趣，也可將主題句置于段尾。3.主題句在段落中的位置主題句多見(jiàn)于段首。這樣，既可以突出要點(diǎn)，使讀者從一開(kāi)始就可以（1）直接表達(dá)式這種方式多用簡(jiǎn)單句，毫不拖泥帶水，直奔主題。主題句的呈現(xiàn)（1）直接表達(dá)式這種方式多用簡(jiǎn)單句，毫不拖泥帶水，直奔主題。OnMakingFriends1.Friendsareimportanttous.2.Butrealfriendshipisnoteasytocomeby.3.Afriendinneedisafiendindeed.OnMakingFriends1.FriendsarThe“ProjectHope”1.NowProjectHopeisunderwayinChina.2.TheProjectisofgreatimportancetoChina’seducation.3.Povertyisnotsoterrible,butpooreducationisfatal.The“ProjectHope”1.NowProje（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)式為了體現(xiàn)某個(gè)意思的重要性，人們?cè)跁?shū)面語(yǔ)中可用一些特定的句式來(lái)突出重點(diǎn)或凸現(xiàn)主題。這些句子就稱(chēng)為強(qiáng)調(diào)句。如倒裝，it前置強(qiáng)調(diào)，反問(wèn)，重復(fù)某詞語(yǔ)等。構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)主題句的句式以it引導(dǎo)的句子居多。因?yàn)檫@類(lèi)句式較易掌握，也頗為實(shí)用。例如：（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)式為了體現(xiàn)某個(gè)意思的重要性，人們?cè)跁?shū)面語(yǔ)中可用一些OnMakingFriends1.Itiscertainthatamanwithoutfriendswillsufferagreatdealfromsolitude.2.Itisnotdifficulttomakefriends,butitisnoteasytoobtainrealfriendship.3.Hopefully,frommyfriendIwilllearnalotandtomyfriendsIcanofferwhatIshould.OnMakingFriends1.ItiscertThe“ProjectHope”1.Tohelppoorkidstogobacktoschool,ChinahassponsoredaspecialprojectknownasProjectHopeforyears.2.ItwillbeveryhardforChinatoachieveitsplannedeconomicgrowthandmakegreatprogressinsciencewithoutawell-educatedpopulation.3.ItisontheyounggenerationthatChinaplaceshergreathope.The“ProjectHope”1.Tohelp（3）條件句式為避免句式過(guò)于單調(diào)，還可以用表?xiàng)l件的主題句引出段落出題。這種句式便于先引出話題，再進(jìn)一步亮明觀點(diǎn)。（3）條件句式為避免句式過(guò)于單調(diào)，還可以用表?xiàng)l件的主題句引出Ifapersonwantstoliveahappylife,heshouldhavesomefriends.Ifallthekidscanbewell-educated,Chinawillundoubtedlybecomestrongerinnearfuture.Iftheewerenoelectricity,theworldwouldbeaquitedifferentone.Ifapersonwantstoliveaha了解了主題句的概念和作用，為寫(xiě)好主題句作文打下了基礎(chǔ)。但怎樣才能由主題句有效展開(kāi)段落，是不少學(xué)習(xí)者頗為頭疼的問(wèn)題。雖然知道主題句是段落中最具概括性的句子，后面的句子應(yīng)該是起支撐作用的、描敘或討論細(xì)節(jié)的拓展句，但究竟如何拓展法，還是朦朦朧朧，不得要領(lǐng)。4.主題句的拓展方式了解了主題句的概念和作用，為寫(xiě)好主題句作文打下了基礎(chǔ)。但怎樣1)解答法根據(jù)給出的主題句或自己寫(xiě)出的主題句，先用why?或How?設(shè)問(wèn)，然后把段落主題句作為一個(gè)總的問(wèn)題以解釋、討論或描述的方式來(lái)給予解答。這樣，寫(xiě)段落就變?yōu)榛卮饐?wèn)題。1)解答法根據(jù)給出的主題句或自己寫(xiě)出的主題句，先用why?2)逐句問(wèn)答法：確立主題句之后，將主題句作為一個(gè)總問(wèn)題，接下來(lái)，以前句問(wèn)，后句答的連鎖問(wèn)答方式展開(kāi)段落。這樣，不但把錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的思維表達(dá)化解為前后相接的簡(jiǎn)便的問(wèn)與答的模式，以便于有效地展開(kāi)論述，而且能有效地保持句子間的連貫性和邏輯性。2)逐句問(wèn)答法：確立主題句之后，將主題句作為一個(gè)總問(wèn)題，接3)分項(xiàng)闡述法根據(jù)主題句提出的論點(diǎn)或話題從幾個(gè)不同的角度圍繞段落主題展開(kāi)討論，由此及彼，分門(mén)別類(lèi)，不愁沒(méi)有內(nèi)容和缺乏說(shuō)服力。例如：3)分項(xiàng)闡述法根據(jù)主題句提出的論點(diǎn)或話題從幾個(gè)不同的角度圍4)兩點(diǎn)法人們都習(xí)慣用一分為二的方法分析和看待事物。用這種方法來(lái)展開(kāi)段落，既便于操作，也具有較強(qiáng)的邏輯性和說(shuō)服力。例如：4)兩點(diǎn)法人們都習(xí)慣用一分為二的方法分析和看待事物。用這種IhavelearnedEnglishforalmosttenyears,butitisdifficultformetohaveagoodcommandofthelanguage.Foronething,IjustlearnEnglishbymemorizingmanyrules.Rulesareimportant.Butrulesdon’talwaystellushowtouseEnglishproperlyingivensituation.Foranother,Ifailtounderstandthatthestudyofalanguageistocommunicateratherthancompeteforgoodgrades.Admittedly,Ihaveacomparativelylargevocabulary,butIoftenfeelatalossforwordswhenItrytospeakorwrite.Infact,tolearnalanguageisnotsodifficult,buttoapplywhatonehaslearnedaboutalanguageisfarfromeasy.IhavelearnedEnglishforalm5）反證法從反面來(lái)論證由主題句提出的觀點(diǎn)，用反面的事實(shí)來(lái)證明某一觀點(diǎn)的正確性，使自己的論述更有說(shuō)服力，也利于段落的展開(kāi)。5）反證法從反面來(lái)論證由主題句提出的觀點(diǎn)，用反面的事實(shí)來(lái)證明Electricityplaysaveryimportantparttoourmodernsociety.Aworldwithoutelectricitywillbeaterribleone.Factorieshavetobeclosedbecauseofpowerfailure.Busytrafficlineswillbeinastateofchaosandsufferfromgreatloss.Moreover,moderncommunicationsystemswillfallapartandpeoplewillfindithardtogetinformationontime.Also,itwillbeimpossibleforustoenjoytheconvenienceandentertainmentinourdailylife.Suchaworldwilllooklikeahell.ElectricityplaysaveryimporNaturallyeveryoneexpectstobeperfect.Butunfortunatelythereisnoonewhonevermakesmistakes,andnooneistobeblamedunlessherefusestolearnfromthem.Manyyoungpeoplebecomediscouragedwhentheyrecognizeinthemselvesqualitiesthattheydonotlike—badtemper,selfishness,lazinessandotherunpleasantthings.Justrememberthatweallhavesomeofthesefaultsandhavetofighttoovercomethem.Soonemustlearnnottobetoounhappywhenhemakesamistake.NaturallyeveryoneexpectstoTheImportanceofconfidence1．凡事都要有信心2．缺乏信心的原因3．樹(shù)立信心是可能的TheImportanceofconfidence1．1.Noonewillsucceedindoingthingwithoutconfidence.a.encourageustofaceanydifficultyb.thestudyofEnglish(example)c.jobinterview1.Noonewillsucceedindoin2.Theremaybeseveralreasonsforonetobecomeunsureofhimselfa.lackexperiencesb.doubtaboutone’sownabilityc.overestimatedifficulty2.Theremaybeseveralreason3.Confidencecanbebuiltupifonetakesacorrectattitudetowarddifficulties.a.ifwetry,wecanb.neverloseheartwhenwehappentofail3.Confidencecanbebuiltup文章一開(kāi)始就道破主題，這是最簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用的方式。常用于記敘文、說(shuō)明文和議論文。英語(yǔ)作文開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的寫(xiě)作方式：1)點(diǎn)明主題文章一開(kāi)始就道破主題，這是最簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用的方式。常用于記敘文、說(shuō)Gradesarereallyimportantformoststudents.Schoolsandthesocietyasawholetendtovalueastudentbygrades.Studentswithhighergradesarepreferableforadmissiontogoodschoolsorcolleges.Also,successfulapplicationforsatisfactoryjobsdependsagreatdealongoodgrades.Gradesarereallyimportantfo開(kāi)頭段用提問(wèn)的方式引出主題，激起讀者的閱讀興趣，也為下面段落的展開(kāi)提供了條件。但這種開(kāi)頭應(yīng)避免“Doyouthinkso,mydearfriend?”“Doyouagreewithme?”“What’syouropinion?”等毫無(wú)意義的提問(wèn)，以免引起讀者的不快或反感。2)提出問(wèn)題開(kāi)頭段用提問(wèn)的方式引出主題，激起讀者的閱讀興趣，也為下面段落作文開(kāi)頭先概括性地?cái)⑹瞿骋滑F(xiàn)象或事物，再由一般到具體引出主題。這樣，可使作文的開(kāi)頭更顯自然。例如：3）一般到具體Everyyeartherearechangesinclimateindifferentpartsoftheworld.Someofthesechangesareduetonaturalcauses.However,someclimatechangesarecausedbyairpollutionandthesechangesmayincrease.作文開(kāi)頭先概括性地?cái)⑹瞿骋滑F(xiàn)象或事物，再由一般到具體引出主題開(kāi)頭段直接說(shuō)明寫(xiě)作目的或表明對(duì)某事物的看法，使讀者能一目了然。例如：WhenIdecidedtoentertheuniversity,likemostfreshmenIhadonlythevaguestnotionofwhatsubjectIintendedtomajorin.Butnowaftertwoquartersofaimlesslychosencoursework,andafteragooddealofself-analysis,IhavedecidedthatthereareatleastfourgoodreasonswhyIshouldmajorinbusinessadministration.4）說(shuō)明目的開(kāi)頭段直接說(shuō)明寫(xiě)作目的或表明對(duì)某事物的看法，使讀者能一目了然在作文開(kāi)頭段根據(jù)自己的認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)某事物給出一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的定義，并適當(dāng)說(shuō)明。Humansaresocialanimals.Theydependongroupsforsurvival.Anindividualhumanbeinglostinawildnessiscapableofdoingmanythings.Butheorshewillprobablybethinkingconstantlyabouthowmuchbetteritwouldbeiftherewereotherpeoplearoundtotalktoandtohelp.5)以簡(jiǎn)單定義開(kāi)頭在作文開(kāi)頭段根據(jù)自己的認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)某事物給出一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的定義，并適當(dāng)恰當(dāng)?shù)囊靡恢V語(yǔ)或某一句名言開(kāi)頭，引出討論的主題，可使讀者印象較深。Thereisthesayingthattimeismoney.Itistruethatmoneyisaspreciousasmoney.Butitisalsotruethatnoonecanaffordtowastehistimenomatterhowrichheis,becausewhentimeisgone,itwillnevercomeback.6）用引語(yǔ)或諺語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭恰當(dāng)?shù)囊靡恢V語(yǔ)或某一句名言開(kāi)頭，引出討論的主題，可使讀者印Mannersareveryimportantineverycountry,butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentformcountrytocountry.Whatisgoodmannersinonecountrymaynotbeappropriatebehaviorinanother.Sothesafeadviceforaforeigner,nomatterwhatcountryheisvisiting,istofollowtheoldproverb:“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.”Mannersareveryimportantin好的開(kāi)頭等于成功的一半。但結(jié)尾也十分重要。草率結(jié)尾，無(wú)法給人留下完整的印象，更可能使自己的努力前功盡棄。故應(yīng)力求做到有始有終。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)尾有以下四種方式：好的開(kāi)頭等于成功的一半。但結(jié)尾也十分重要。草率結(jié)尾，無(wú)法給人在結(jié)尾段對(duì)全文討論的問(wèn)提或要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)，并進(jìn)一步明確和深化主題，使讀者留下較深刻的印象。例如：Awell-handedtelephonecallwillgivethecalleragoodimpressionofthecompanyheorsheisdealingwith.Forthisreason,anofficesecretarywhocanhandletelephonecallscheerfully,tactfully,andefficientlyisavaluableassettoanyorganization.

1)歸納總結(jié)在結(jié)尾段對(duì)全文討論的問(wèn)提或要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)，并進(jìn)一步明確和深Childrenwhowalkintheirsleepusuallyoutgrowthehabit.Inmanyadults,too,theconditionismoreorlesstemporary.Althoughsleepwalkingitselfisnothingtobecomealarmedabout,theproblemsthatcausethesleepwalkingmaybeveryserious.Childrenwhowalkintheirsl針對(duì)文中論述的問(wèn)題提出作者的建議，以引起讀者的注意和思考。例如：Therefore,itisnecessaryforustoexploitmoreenergyresourcestomeettheever-increasingdemandofmodernsociety.Forexample,garbagecanbeusedtogenerateelectricity.Also,theextensiveapplicationofsolarenergyshouldbeencouraged.Eventheheatofhumanbodieswillbecomeanewresourcesofenergy.

2)提出建議針對(duì)文中論述的問(wèn)題提出作者的建議，以引起讀者的注意和思考。例Infact,paymentforajobshouldvarywithanydifferencesinthewaythatthejobisperformed.Whereitissimpletomeasuretheworkdone,asintheworkdonewiththehands,monetaryencouragementschemesareoftenchosen;forindirectworkers,wheremeasurementisdifficult,methodsofadditionalpaymentsmustbeemployed.Infact,paymentforajobsho在結(jié)尾段對(duì)未來(lái)作出展望，啟發(fā)和激勵(lì)讀者。Asforthefuture,itseemscertainthatEnglishinoneformoranotherwillbespokenbyfarmorepeoplethanitistoday.Itwilldoubtlesscontinuetochangeanddevelopasalivinglanguagealwaysdoes.

3)展望未來(lái)在結(jié)尾段對(duì)未來(lái)作出展望，啟發(fā)和激勵(lì)讀者。AsforthIngeneral,alloftheworkdoneinthetwentiethcenturyintheseareashasimprovedlifeformanypeople.Manyscientistsinthesefieldsnowfeelthattheirmainconcerniskeepingpeoplehealthy.Theyarelessconcernedwithcuringdiseasethatpeoplealreadyhave.Muchworkstillremainstobedone.Allofthesuccessfulworkdescribedhereprovidesgreathopeforthefuture.Ingeneral,alloftheworkdo以提問(wèn)的方式結(jié)尾，促使讀者對(duì)全文內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步思考和產(chǎn)生更大的興趣。例如：Itseemsthatalmosteveryoneissuperstitiousinonewayofanother.Weallwanttobeabletotellthefuture,controltheworldaroundus,orhavesomeluck.Inthelastpartofthetwentiethcentury,nowthatscienceisthewayoftheworld,westillholdmanyofourancientsuperstitions.Dotheywork?Aretheyfact?Ofcoursenot.Orarewesure?

4)問(wèn)句結(jié)尾以提問(wèn)的方式結(jié)尾，促使讀者對(duì)全文內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步思考和產(chǎn)生更大的興文章的各個(gè)段落既自成體系，又必須相互協(xié)調(diào)和照應(yīng)，以利于全文主題思想的表達(dá)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，因?yàn)椴煌奈恢?，段落的功能也有所不同。段落之間的關(guān)系文章的各個(gè)段落既自成體系，又必須相互協(xié)調(diào)和照應(yīng)，以利于全文主(1)作文存在的障礙和問(wèn)題(1)作文存在的障礙和問(wèn)題However,somebooksareharmful.Booksthattellpeopletodobadthingswillcertainlydogreatharmtous.Especiallyyellowbookswillruintheyoungpeople.Thesebooksarenogood.Sowemustchoosebookstoread.a.翻譯式作文。

例:However,somebooksareharmfuTheFirstDayICametoCollegeIalwaysrememberthedayIcometocollege.ItwasasunnydayandIwasveryexcited.Ihavearrivedatthecollegeintheafternoon.Everythinghadseemedfreshtome.Thecampuswasbeautiful.ThecollegewaslocatedatthefootofaMountainandwassurroundwithtrees.Totheeastofitwecanseeablueriver.Therearesomanyteachingbuildings.ItwasherethatIwouldstudyforfouryears.IthoughtthatImuststudyhardinordertoliveuptotheexpectationsofmyparentsandfriends.Itistruethattherearemanychallenges,butIwillprovemyselfaworthycollegestudent.b.時(shí)態(tài)混雜。

例:TheFirstDayICametoCollegComputerNowadayscomputersarewidelyusedinoursociety.Wecanseecomputerseverywhere.Manypeopleusecomputersinschoolsandcolleges.Wealsousecomputersinoffices,libraries,banksandathome.c.沒(méi)啥可寫(xiě)。

例:ComputerNowadayscomputersareFakecommoditiesarebadtous.Theynotonlyarebadtoourlife,butalsotoourhealth.Inastore,evenasupermarket,allkindoffakecommoditiesalwayscanbefound.Itisveryharmfultocustomerssocietyandeventoacountry.FakeCommoditiesFakecommoditiesarebadtousDoyouliketravelling?Probablyyouwillsay“Yes,Ilikeitverymuch!”That’sright.TravelingIthinktravellingisreallygoodtoeveryoneofus.Doyouagreewithme,mydearfriend?d.套用中文模式。

例:Doyouliketravelling?Probab...AsIwasalittletiredfromthejourneytothecollege,Iwenttobedearly.Atmidnight,Isuddenlywokeup.Ifoundthattherewasnogateinthecollege.TheFirstDayICametoCollegee.主題模糊。

例:...TheFirstDayICametoCol(2)作文與詞語(yǔ)I’mastudentofHunanUniversity.I’mstudyinginTumuDepartment.Ilikemymajorverymuch.要能正確和恰當(dāng)?shù)赜迷~語(yǔ)表達(dá)意思，首先必須意識(shí)到英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)并非是一一對(duì)應(yīng)的。應(yīng)適當(dāng)了解正式文體與非正式文體的差異，尤其是詞語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。例如，漢語(yǔ)的“覺(jué)得”可用英語(yǔ)的feel、find、think等詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)，但具體怎么用，還須依句意而定：(2)作文與詞語(yǔ)I’mastudentofHuna1.你覺(jué)得這個(gè)計(jì)劃怎么樣？ Whatdoyouthinkoftheplan?2.他覺(jué)得有人在注視著他們。Howdoyouliketheplan?Hebecameawarethatsomeonewaswatchinghim.3.我覺(jué)得他不會(huì)同意。

Ihaveasensethathewon’tagree.4.你覺(jué)得這樣做合算嗎？

Doyoufinditpays?1.你覺(jué)得這個(gè)計(jì)劃怎么樣？ Whatdoyouthi沒(méi)能can’t—failto/unableto/notbeinapositionto/很多alotof—various/plentiful/numerous/countless/abundant/quiteafew必須must—besupposedto/beobligedto/havenoalternative希望hope—feellike/wouldlike/expect/bedyingto/can’twaitto沒(méi)能can’t—failto/unableto努力workhard—hardworking/diligent/industrious/dedicated得到get—obtain/acquire/achieve/gain/win/earn有趣interesting—fascinating/attractive/entertaining/pleasant/enjoyable增進(jìn)increase—expand/addto/enhance/enlarge/broaden/develop/improve努力workhard—hardworking/di這些單詞在作文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高，有必要格外小心，老出錯(cuò)，就會(huì)給讀者或評(píng)卷人以不好的印象。求表達(dá)正確:behaviorinformationtrafficequipmenthomeworkdamageknowledgeprogresstroubleexperienceworkmoneyadvice這些單詞在作文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高，有必要格外小心，老出錯(cuò)，就會(huì)給排比結(jié)構(gòu)把語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)相同，意思同等重，語(yǔ)氣一致的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或句子平行排列，可加重語(yǔ)氣，增強(qiáng)節(jié)奏感。也是展開(kāi)段落的一種有效方式。例如：句式結(jié)構(gòu)單一排比結(jié)構(gòu)把語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)相同，意思同等重，語(yǔ)氣一致的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或句子再看看排比句在一般作文段落中是如何運(yùn)用的：Televisionpresentsavividworldinfrontofus.TVprogramsnotonlyinformusofcurrenteventsbothathomeandabroad,butalsobringuswithmarvelouswondersintheworld.BywatchingTV,wecanalsoenjoyexcitingsportsgames,lovelywildanimalsandcolorfulforeigncustoms.Itistruethattelevisionhelpstoexpandourknowledgeandbeautifyourlifeinavividway.再看看排比句在一般作文段落中是如何運(yùn)用的：TelevisioSportsandgamesaregoodforourhealth.Undoubtedly,regularparticipationingamesandsportswillenableonetobuildastrongbody,tohaveagoodappetiteandtodelaytheprocessofaging.Whatismore,bythetrainingofsportsandgamesthatapersonwillbequickerindoingthingsandstrongerinfightingagainstdisease.Sportsandgamesaregoodfor1.Nothing

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=How+Adj+a+N+V!leavemuchtobedesired（令人不滿意）haveagreatinfluenceon~~~dogoodto，doharmto,poseagreatthreattodoone’sutmostto,sparenoeffort一講主題句結(jié)尾句常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤及用法課件有些同學(xué)在寫(xiě)作文時(shí),常感到句與句之間的意思連接不順，但卻找不到原因。其實(shí)，這往往是受漢語(yǔ)思維影響的緣故。漢語(yǔ)文句的邏輯關(guān)系和上下意思的銜接，往往可通過(guò)句子的意義來(lái)體現(xiàn)，如“小張病了，沒(méi)來(lái)上課?！薄疤撔氖谷诉M(jìn)步，驕傲使人落后?！庇⒄Z(yǔ)則須加上必要的連結(jié)詞；作文常用連接詞：有些同學(xué)在寫(xiě)作文時(shí),常感到句與句之間的意思連接不順，但卻找“Mr.Zhangwasabsentfromclassbecause

hewasill.”“Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereas

conceitmakeonelagbehind.”英語(yǔ)句子為體現(xiàn)文句和內(nèi)容的連貫，常借助于各種連接手段。其中最常用的就是過(guò)渡詞(transitions)或連接詞(connectors)?！癕r.Zhangwasabsentfromcla能否較好地使用過(guò)渡詞來(lái)體現(xiàn)作文各層次間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，是評(píng)判一篇作文優(yōu)劣的重要依據(jù)之一。故要練好作文，必須掌握常用過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)的功能和作用。根據(jù)其本身的意思和作用，常用過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)可以分為以下幾類(lèi)：能否較好地使用過(guò)渡詞來(lái)體現(xiàn)作文各層次間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，是評(píng)判一篇first,second,third(themostimportant),第一，第二，第三firstly,secondly,thirdly(finally), 首先，第二，第三1.列舉first,second,third(themostforexample(forinstance), 例如，Take,forexample, ... 以…為例，suchas(namely), 比如，2.舉例說(shuō)明forexample(forinstance), 例如especially(obviously/surely/undoubtedly), 尤其是(的確/毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)),infact,(asamatteroffact),

事實(shí)上，其實(shí)，3.強(qiáng)調(diào)especially(obviously/surely/usimilarly,likewise,同樣，也4.比較similarly,likewise,however(but) 然而(但是)onthecontrary(bycontrast) 相反ontheotherhand 另一方面5.對(duì)照however(but) 然而(但是)onthec6.并列thatis即，也就是說(shuō)inotherwords

換言之6.并列thatis即，也就是說(shuō)ininaddition(besides) 另外moreover 此外furthermore(whatismore) 還有7.增加inaddition(besides) 另外mtherefore(so) 因此，asaresult(consequently) 結(jié)果，becauseofthis/that；onaccountof為此，由于，thus/hence 因此，這樣，8.原因/結(jié)果therefore(so) 因此，asaresulInconclusion(Tosumup), 總之，綜上所述，Inbrief, 簡(jiǎn)言之，Inmyopinion(Tomymind),asfarasIamconcerned;whenitcomestome;asfor;frommypointofview/frommystandpoint/perspective 我認(rèn)為，9.結(jié)尾(總結(jié))Inconclusion(Tosumup), 總之，Itisgenerallyacknowledgedthattherearesomesimilaritiesbetweencityandcountryside.Yettherestillexistsomedifferences.CityandCountryLifeItisgenerallyacknowledgedtGenerallyspeaking,ascenterofcultureandcommerce,cityofferspeopleagoodchanceofreceivingeducation.Itisincitythatpeoplehavemorejobopportunities.Incities,moderntransportationmakesitconvenientforpeopletogooutdoors.Moreover,cityinhabitantscanentertainthemselvesbecauseofvariousplacesforrecreation.However,pollutionandhousingproblemarethreatstomanycities.Generallyspeaking,ascentera.Itisgenerallyagreed/acknowledged/believed/knownthat...b.Noonecandenythefactthat...c.Withthedevelopment/popularity/increaseof...開(kāi)頭

3.作文常見(jiàn)句型a.Itisgenerallyagreed/acd.Atpresent,moreandmorepeoplebecometorealize/understandthat...e.Peopleusedtobelievedthat...but...f.Accordingtoarecentstudy/survey/investigation/poll,...d.Atpresent,moreandmoreph....Thereasonsareasfollows:i.Theremaybeseveralreasons.g.Thereisanoldsaying/aproverb/that...h....Thereasonsareasfolla.Itistruethat...Butitisalsotruethat...b.Thereisnodoubtthat...c.Thereareindicationsthat...d.However,wecan’tdenythefactthat...e.Thereiseveryreasonforustosay/believethat...中間a.Itistruethat...Butita.Inconclusion,b.Despitetheadvantages/meritsof...Wemustbeawareofthefactthat...c.Inmyopinion...AsfarasI’mconcerned...Asforme...d.Itishoped/suggested/advisablethat...e.Hopefully...結(jié)尾a.Inconclusion,b.Despitet常用結(jié)構(gòu)詞:generally,undoubtedly,admittedly,obviously,interestingly,surprisingly,surely,actually,hopefully, probably,especially, infact,常用結(jié)構(gòu)詞:generally,undoubtedly二、四級(jí)考試其它作文題型看圖作文與中文提示等作文不同,文字信息不多,大部分為圖表、表格、曲線等。要求考生在觀察和理解的基礎(chǔ)上用文字客觀具體地反映圖表所含信息和內(nèi)容。由于圖表、曲線是用數(shù)據(jù)反映和說(shuō)明某事物的情況和變化或事物間的相關(guān)性，故作文是通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的比較和分析來(lái)說(shuō)明圖表和數(shù)字的內(nèi)涵，并據(jù)此闡明自己對(duì)某事物的認(rèn)識(shí)和看法。

1.看圖作文二、四級(jí)考試其它作文題型看圖作文與中文提示等作文不同,文字看圖作文與其它類(lèi)型作文的寫(xiě)作不完全相同，其寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)是：1)首先要看懂圖表，結(jié)合題目認(rèn)真分析圖表所指事物的相關(guān)性、復(fù)雜性、和代表性。2)通過(guò)圖表中數(shù)據(jù)和線條起伏變化的趨勢(shì)，抓住主要問(wèn)題。根據(jù)其所揭示的信息，簡(jiǎn)明扼要地概括出圖形或數(shù)據(jù)所表示的事物和現(xiàn)象。看圖作文與其它類(lèi)型作文的寫(xiě)作不完全相同，其寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)是：1)4)摘取圖中關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)，作為文章內(nèi)容的事實(shí)和依據(jù)。但不能簡(jiǎn)單羅列。5)作文的結(jié)構(gòu)可為三段或四段.第一段為總起(略述圖表所反映的現(xiàn)象,如人口問(wèn)題,環(huán)境問(wèn)題等).第二段適當(dāng)引用關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)圖表反映的主題進(jìn)行分析和討論.結(jié)尾段則做出結(jié)論或提出建議.3)摘取關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)或信息，有必要的話，先寫(xiě)出各段主題句。4)摘取圖中關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)，作為文章內(nèi)容的事實(shí)和依據(jù)。但不能簡(jiǎn)單看圖作文常用句型:1)

Thisisachart/table/diagram/graphabout...2)

Fromthechartwecanseethat...3)

Asisshowninthechart...4)

Accordingtothegraph/chart,wecanconcludethat...5)

Whatisimportant/significantisthat...看圖作文常用句型:1)Thisisachart/1)

英文書(shū)信的5C原則:a.Consideration(體貼)例:YourletterofJune26,1999arrivedthismorning.Thankyouverymuchforyourreplytomyinquiry.

2.英文書(shū)信1)英文書(shū)信的5C原則:a.Considerationb.Conciseness(簡(jiǎn)潔)c.Clarity(清晰)例:I’mwritingtoapplyforadmissiontothegraduateschoolofyouruniversityintheSpringof1998.b.Conciseness(簡(jiǎn)潔)c.Claritye.Correctness(正確)例:ItwasreportedinChinaDailythatthe4thworldConferenceonwomenwillbeheldinBeijinginSeptember,1995.d.Courtesy(禮貌)例:Pleaseletmeknowifyouneedsomeotherinformation.e.Correctness(正確)例:Itwasr2)求學(xué)、求職函：此類(lèi)信函的目的是為了讓對(duì)方了解本人的能力、學(xué)歷、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、成績(jī)、愿望等。應(yīng)盡可能表示自己的長(zhǎng)處，以便給對(duì)方一個(gè)良好的印象，進(jìn)一步獲得面試、面談的機(jī)會(huì)。其內(nèi)容包括以下幾個(gè)方面：2)求學(xué)、求職函：此類(lèi)信函的目的是為了讓對(duì)方了解本人的能力(1)首先說(shuō)明寫(xiě)信緣由。從何處得知招聘或招生消息？(2)然后寫(xiě)個(gè)人情況。如年齡、性別、受教育程度、受訓(xùn)情況、工作或?qū)W習(xí)經(jīng)歷、特殊技能、愿望。(3)有價(jià)值的證明材料、備詢(xún)?nèi)藛T。(1)首先說(shuō)明寫(xiě)信緣由。從何處得知招聘或招生消息？(2)常用句型：a.Iseefromtheadvertisementinyesterday’sChinaDailythatyourcompanyintendsto...b.I’minterestedin...Ishouldliketoapplyforthepostofwhichyouadvertisedin...c.Ishouldverymuchliketobeconsideredforthepostof...whichwasadvertisedin...常用句型：a.Iseefromtheadvertid.I’mlookingforajobas...,andwouldbegratefulifyouwouldconsidermeforsuchapostinyourfactory.e.I’manEngineerofElectronicsat...Iwouldliketocometoyourcountry/companyto...f.I’mwritingtoaskwhetheryoucouldsendmesomeinformationaboutyourcollegeandtheapplicationformfor...d.I’mlookingforajobas..g.I’mwritingtoyouinthehopethatImayobtainanopportunitytodograduatestudyinXdepartmentofyouruniversityh.I’mwritingtorequestadmissionintothedepartmentofPhysicsatyourcollegefor...g.I’mwritingtoyouinthehi.I’maseniorofChemistryintheDepartmentOfHumanUniversity.Asanundergraduate,Imajorin...Iwouldliketocontinuemystudyin...ofyourcollege....Couldyoupleasesendmesomeinformationaboutyour...andanapplicationform.i.I’maseniorofChemistryiShouldOneExpectaRewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?

Wheniscomestotalkaboutwhetheroneshouldexpectarewardornotwhendoingagooddeed,differentpeopleresponddifferently.Somepeopleclaimthatrewardisnecessaryafterdoingagooddeed,whilesomeothersholdtheviewthatweshouldneverexpectrewardsafterdoinggooddeeds,justlikewhatLeiFengdid.Hence,thereisnounanimousagreementtowardsthistopic.Ifitwerelefttometodecide/determine/choose,Iwouldnothesitateamomenttosupportthelatter.Andthefollowingpointscanwellaccountformyunderstanding.ShouldOneExpectaRewardWhe

Firstofall,thereisnodenyingthefactthatdoingsomethinghelpfulisawin-winbehavior.LeiFengnotmerelygotameaningfullife,butalsoisrememberedandappreciatedbyallChinesepeople.What’smore,itgoesbeyondanyquestionthatdoinggooddeedscanbringourloveheart/sympathy/charity/initiativesintofullplay.Believeitornot,ifyoucontributelovetothesociety,outworldwillbecomeaperfectone.Lastbutnotleast,itisapparentthatonlybygivingfavorstootherscanwegetothers’help.Firstofall,thereis

Onthebasisoftheabovediscussion/exploration,thereiseveryreasontohavetheconfidencethathelpingothersanddoinggooddeedsplayaveryimportantroleinbuildingaharmonioussociety.Ifwehopetopursueandrealizeourvariousgoalsoflife,itwillbeindispensableforustoestablishtheideaof“mutualhelp”.OnthebasisoftTheImportanceofReadingClassics

Oneofthehottesttopicsbeingdiscussednowadaysisaboutclassics.Thereisnodenyingthetruththatclassicsisthecreamoftheaccumulationofhumanityliterature.Andreadingclassicsplaysanessential/vitalroleinenrichingone’slifeexperience,broadeningone’shorizons,understandingthetruthoflove,courage,honesty,andloyalty.Hence,classicworksisindispensabletoeachofus.TheImportanceofReadingClas

However,thehabitofreadingclassicsisneglectedandabandoned.Abundantreasonscanwellaccountforthisphenomenon.Ontheonehand,itgoesbeyondanyquestionthatconvenientaccesstomodernmediadistractyourattention.Ontheotherhand,anundeniablefactisthatfasttempoofurbanlifeforcespeopletoworkhardinordertosurviveinthiscompetitivesociety.However,thehabitof

Asacollegestudent,Ipersonallyholdtheconvictionthatreadingclassicsisespeciallynecessary/significanttothefour-yearstudycampuslife.Readingclassicscannotonlybringourinitiativesintofullplay,butmakeourstudyandworkmoreeffectivelyandefficiently.Ifwehopetobuildourcampusintoaharmoniousone,itisindispensableforustoregainthehabitofreadingclassics.Asacollegestudent,1.詞匯多樣性改變：change,modify,alter,shift,fashion,transform,convert變化：change,vary,fluctuate,oscillate保護(hù)：protect,conserve,safeguard保存：save,preserve,conserve,keep,store影響：effect,influence,impact流行：popular,prevalent,prevailing,current,universal認(rèn)為：think,believe,hold,argue,maintain,deem,reckon,figure1.詞匯多樣性1.詞匯多樣性意識(shí)到：realize,beawareof/that,understand,sth.Dawnsonsb.想到：thinkof,c