一講主題句結(jié)尾句常見錯(cuò)誤及用法課件

寫作能力的提高是一個(gè)日積月累、循序漸進(jìn)的過程，難以通過捷徑“速成”?？荚囈饬x上的寫作則受到考試時(shí)間、大規(guī)模判卷等客觀因素的制約，這種種制約又通過試卷的命題形式直接對作文字?jǐn)?shù)以及通過提綱、提示和圖表對寫作內(nèi)容及短文展開方向等作出限制。這些限制便使本無“訣竅”可循的寫作有了“套路”、“模式”、“捷徑”和“章法”。寫作能力的提高是一個(gè)日積月累、循序漸進(jìn)的過程，難以通過捷徑“四六級考試中的短文寫作每一段均可包括主題句+擴(kuò)展句+終結(jié)句，每段都可由這三句展開，其中擴(kuò)展句可并列使用，這就是三句式段落展開法。

同時(shí)，四六級考試中的短文寫作又都包括主題段+擴(kuò)展段+終結(jié)段，每篇短文寫作都可依這樣的模式展開，這就是三段式短文展開法。四六級考試中的短文寫作每一段均可包括主題句+擴(kuò)展句+終結(jié)句，

歷年真題剖析

高分最基本要素：

內(nèi)容；結(jié)構(gòu)；用詞

歷年真題剖析

高分最基本要素：

內(nèi)容；結(jié)構(gòu)；用詞1.主題句基本概念主題句是論說文或說明文中闡明段落中心思想或主要內(nèi)容的核心句子，對全段的論述起著宏觀指導(dǎo)和限制作用,是構(gòu)成英語段落的重要手段。主題句就象公路上各路段的路標(biāo)一樣，引導(dǎo)駕駛員依循指定的路線行駛，以避免迷失方向。例如：1.主題句基本概念主題句是論說文或說明文中闡明段落中心思想Ifapersonexpectstodothingssuccessfully,heshouldhaveconfidence.Itisconfidencethatenablesapersontofacetheobstaclesordrawbackthatstandinhisway.Infact,onecanhardlyaccomplishanythingifhehasdoubtabouthisabilityinwhathedoes.Whenone’sconfidenceisshaken,hetendstobecomediscouragedanddepressedandchancesarethathemayfailtodowhathecould.Incontrast,apersonwhoneverlosesheartwillsucceedinwhatseemsimpossible.Ifapersonexpectstodothin并非所有句子都能充當(dāng)主題句。例如ThisiswhatIwanttosay.EveryoneknowsthatMay1stisLaborDay.Handsup,orI’llkillyou!并非所有句子都能充當(dāng)主題句。例如ThisiswhatI這些句子要么缺少能進(jìn)一步討論的話題，或者沒有圍繞話題待展開的內(nèi)容，因此不具備主題句的功能。檢驗(yàn)主題句有一個(gè)較為簡便的方法，既針對句子用Why?(待解釋)和How?(待描述)設(shè)問，如果能夠解答，則可基本認(rèn)定為主題句。如果難以解答，或答案很荒謬，則可排除主題句的可能性。例如：這些句子要么缺少能進(jìn)一步討論的話題，或者沒有圍繞話題待展開的Pronouncingalanguageisaskill.(可解答)Readingextensivelyhelpstoenrichourknowledge.(可解答)Heismyfather.(不可解答)ShetoldmethatIcouldn’tmakeprogressifIworkhard.(不可解答)Pronouncingalanguageisas主題句多見于段首。這樣，既可以突出要點(diǎn)，使讀者從一開始就可以明了段落的主題和中心思想；也利于作者有效地組織段落，控制段落內(nèi)容，提醒作者緊扣主題。有時(shí)主題句也可能位于段落的中間。這種位置利于先舉事例，然后于段落中間部分用主題句綜合概括，接著進(jìn)一步舉例和引深說明。段尾主題句主要是對前文進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括?；蛘邽榱送怀鼍唧w內(nèi)容，引起讀者的思考和興趣，也可將主題句置于段尾。3.主題句在段落中的位置主題句多見于段首。這樣，既可以突出要點(diǎn)，使讀者從一開始就可以（1）直接表達(dá)式這種方式多用簡單句，毫不拖泥帶水，直奔主題。主題句的呈現(xiàn)（1）直接表達(dá)式這種方式多用簡單句，毫不拖泥帶水，直奔主題。OnMakingFriends1.Friendsareimportanttous.2.Butrealfriendshipisnoteasytocomeby.3.Afriendinneedisafiendindeed.OnMakingFriends1.FriendsarThe“ProjectHope”1.NowProjectHopeisunderwayinChina.2.TheProjectisofgreatimportancetoChina’seducation.3.Povertyisnotsoterrible,butpooreducationisfatal.The“ProjectHope”1.NowProje（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)式為了體現(xiàn)某個(gè)意思的重要性，人們在書面語中可用一些特定的句式來突出重點(diǎn)或凸現(xiàn)主題。這些句子就稱為強(qiáng)調(diào)句。如倒裝，it前置強(qiáng)調(diào)，反問，重復(fù)某詞語等。構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)主題句的句式以it引導(dǎo)的句子居多。因?yàn)檫@類句式較易掌握，也頗為實(shí)用。例如：（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)式為了體現(xiàn)某個(gè)意思的重要性，人們在書面語中可用一些OnMakingFriends1.Itiscertainthatamanwithoutfriendswillsufferagreatdealfromsolitude.2.Itisnotdifficulttomakefriends,butitisnoteasytoobtainrealfriendship.3.Hopefully,frommyfriendIwilllearnalotandtomyfriendsIcanofferwhatIshould.OnMakingFriends1.ItiscertThe“ProjectHope”1.Tohelppoorkidstogobacktoschool,ChinahassponsoredaspecialprojectknownasProjectHopeforyears.2.ItwillbeveryhardforChinatoachieveitsplannedeconomicgrowthandmakegreatprogressinsciencewithoutawell-educatedpopulation.3.ItisontheyounggenerationthatChinaplaceshergreathope.The“ProjectHope”1.Tohelp（3）條件句式為避免句式過于單調(diào)，還可以用表?xiàng)l件的主題句引出段落出題。這種句式便于先引出話題，再進(jìn)一步亮明觀點(diǎn)。（3）條件句式為避免句式過于單調(diào)，還可以用表?xiàng)l件的主題句引出Ifapersonwantstoliveahappylife,heshouldhavesomefriends.Ifallthekidscanbewell-educated,Chinawillundoubtedlybecomestrongerinnearfuture.Iftheewerenoelectricity,theworldwouldbeaquitedifferentone.Ifapersonwantstoliveaha了解了主題句的概念和作用，為寫好主題句作文打下了基礎(chǔ)。但怎樣才能由主題句有效展開段落，是不少學(xué)習(xí)者頗為頭疼的問題。雖然知道主題句是段落中最具概括性的句子，后面的句子應(yīng)該是起支撐作用的、描敘或討論細(xì)節(jié)的拓展句，但究竟如何拓展法，還是朦朦朧朧，不得要領(lǐng)。4.主題句的拓展方式了解了主題句的概念和作用，為寫好主題句作文打下了基礎(chǔ)。但怎樣1)解答法根據(jù)給出的主題句或自己寫出的主題句，先用why?或How?設(shè)問，然后把段落主題句作為一個(gè)總的問題以解釋、討論或描述的方式來給予解答。這樣，寫段落就變?yōu)榛卮饐栴}。1)解答法根據(jù)給出的主題句或自己寫出的主題句，先用why?2)逐句問答法：確立主題句之后，將主題句作為一個(gè)總問題，接下來，以前句問，后句答的連鎖問答方式展開段落。這樣，不但把錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的思維表達(dá)化解為前后相接的簡便的問與答的模式，以便于有效地展開論述，而且能有效地保持句子間的連貫性和邏輯性。2)逐句問答法：確立主題句之后，將主題句作為一個(gè)總問題，接3)分項(xiàng)闡述法根據(jù)主題句提出的論點(diǎn)或話題從幾個(gè)不同的角度圍繞段落主題展開討論，由此及彼，分門別類，不愁沒有內(nèi)容和缺乏說服力。例如：3)分項(xiàng)闡述法根據(jù)主題句提出的論點(diǎn)或話題從幾個(gè)不同的角度圍4)兩點(diǎn)法人們都習(xí)慣用一分為二的方法分析和看待事物。用這種方法來展開段落，既便于操作，也具有較強(qiáng)的邏輯性和說服力。例如：4)兩點(diǎn)法人們都習(xí)慣用一分為二的方法分析和看待事物。用這種IhavelearnedEnglishforalmosttenyears,butitisdifficultformetohaveagoodcommandofthelanguage.Foronething,IjustlearnEnglishbymemorizingmanyrules.Rulesareimportant.Butrulesdon’talwaystellushowtouseEnglishproperlyingivensituation.Foranother,Ifailtounderstandthatthestudyofalanguageistocommunicateratherthancompeteforgoodgrades.Admittedly,Ihaveacomparativelylargevocabulary,butIoftenfeelatalossforwordswhenItrytospeakorwrite.Infact,tolearnalanguageisnotsodifficult,buttoapplywhatonehaslearnedaboutalanguageisfarfromeasy.IhavelearnedEnglishforalm5）反證法從反面來論證由主題句提出的觀點(diǎn)，用反面的事實(shí)來證明某一觀點(diǎn)的正確性，使自己的論述更有說服力，也利于段落的展開。5）反證法從反面來論證由主題句提出的觀點(diǎn)，用反面的事實(shí)來證明Electricityplaysaveryimportantparttoourmodernsociety.Aworldwithoutelectricitywillbeaterribleone.Factorieshavetobeclosedbecauseofpowerfailure.Busytrafficlineswillbeinastateofchaosandsufferfromgreatloss.Moreover,moderncommunicationsystemswillfallapartandpeoplewillfindithardtogetinformationontime.Also,itwillbeimpossibleforustoenjoytheconvenienceandentertainmentinourdailylife.Suchaworldwilllooklikeahell.ElectricityplaysaveryimporNaturallyeveryoneexpectstobeperfect.Butunfortunatelythereisnoonewhonevermakesmistakes,andnooneistobeblamedunlessherefusestolearnfromthem.Manyyoungpeoplebecomediscouragedwhentheyrecognizeinthemselvesqualitiesthattheydonotlike—badtemper,selfishness,lazinessandotherunpleasantthings.Justrememberthatweallhavesomeofthesefaultsandhavetofighttoovercomethem.Soonemustlearnnottobetoounhappywhenhemakesamistake.NaturallyeveryoneexpectstoTheImportanceofconfidence1．凡事都要有信心2．缺乏信心的原因3．樹立信心是可能的TheImportanceofconfidence1．1.Noonewillsucceedindoingthingwithoutconfidence.a.encourageustofaceanydifficultyb.thestudyofEnglish(example)c.jobinterview1.Noonewillsucceedindoin2.Theremaybeseveralreasonsforonetobecomeunsureofhimselfa.lackexperiencesb.doubtaboutone’sownabilityc.overestimatedifficulty2.Theremaybeseveralreason3.Confidencecanbebuiltupifonetakesacorrectattitudetowarddifficulties.a.ifwetry,wecanb.neverloseheartwhenwehappentofail3.Confidencecanbebuiltup文章一開始就道破主題，這是最簡單實(shí)用的方式。常用于記敘文、說明文和議論文。英語作文開頭和結(jié)尾的寫作方式：1)點(diǎn)明主題文章一開始就道破主題，這是最簡單實(shí)用的方式。常用于記敘文、說Gradesarereallyimportantformoststudents.Schoolsandthesocietyasawholetendtovalueastudentbygrades.Studentswithhighergradesarepreferableforadmissiontogoodschoolsorcolleges.Also,successfulapplicationforsatisfactoryjobsdependsagreatdealongoodgrades.Gradesarereallyimportantfo開頭段用提問的方式引出主題，激起讀者的閱讀興趣，也為下面段落的展開提供了條件。但這種開頭應(yīng)避免“Doyouthinkso,mydearfriend?”“Doyouagreewithme?”“What’syouropinion?”等毫無意義的提問，以免引起讀者的不快或反感。2)提出問題開頭段用提問的方式引出主題，激起讀者的閱讀興趣，也為下面段落作文開頭先概括性地?cái)⑹瞿骋滑F(xiàn)象或事物，再由一般到具體引出主題。這樣，可使作文的開頭更顯自然。例如：3）一般到具體Everyyeartherearechangesinclimateindifferentpartsoftheworld.Someofthesechangesareduetonaturalcauses.However,someclimatechangesarecausedbyairpollutionandthesechangesmayincrease.作文開頭先概括性地?cái)⑹瞿骋滑F(xiàn)象或事物，再由一般到具體引出主題開頭段直接說明寫作目的或表明對某事物的看法，使讀者能一目了然。例如：WhenIdecidedtoentertheuniversity,likemostfreshmenIhadonlythevaguestnotionofwhatsubjectIintendedtomajorin.Butnowaftertwoquartersofaimlesslychosencoursework,andafteragooddealofself-analysis,IhavedecidedthatthereareatleastfourgoodreasonswhyIshouldmajorinbusinessadministration.4）說明目的開頭段直接說明寫作目的或表明對某事物的看法，使讀者能一目了然在作文開頭段根據(jù)自己的認(rèn)識對某事物給出一個(gè)簡單的定義，并適當(dāng)說明。Humansaresocialanimals.Theydependongroupsforsurvival.Anindividualhumanbeinglostinawildnessiscapableofdoingmanythings.Butheorshewillprobablybethinkingconstantlyabouthowmuchbetteritwouldbeiftherewereotherpeoplearoundtotalktoandtohelp.5)以簡單定義開頭在作文開頭段根據(jù)自己的認(rèn)識對某事物給出一個(gè)簡單的定義，并適當(dāng)恰當(dāng)?shù)囊靡恢V語或某一句名言開頭，引出討論的主題，可使讀者印象較深。Thereisthesayingthattimeismoney.Itistruethatmoneyisaspreciousasmoney.Butitisalsotruethatnoonecanaffordtowastehistimenomatterhowrichheis,becausewhentimeisgone,itwillnevercomeback.6）用引語或諺語開頭恰當(dāng)?shù)囊靡恢V語或某一句名言開頭，引出討論的主題，可使讀者印Mannersareveryimportantineverycountry,butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentformcountrytocountry.Whatisgoodmannersinonecountrymaynotbeappropriatebehaviorinanother.Sothesafeadviceforaforeigner,nomatterwhatcountryheisvisiting,istofollowtheoldproverb:“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.”Mannersareveryimportantin好的開頭等于成功的一半。但結(jié)尾也十分重要。草率結(jié)尾，無法給人留下完整的印象，更可能使自己的努力前功盡棄。故應(yīng)力求做到有始有終。常見的結(jié)尾有以下四種方式：好的開頭等于成功的一半。但結(jié)尾也十分重要。草率結(jié)尾，無法給人在結(jié)尾段對全文討論的問提或要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)，并進(jìn)一步明確和深化主題，使讀者留下較深刻的印象。例如：Awell-handedtelephonecallwillgivethecalleragoodimpressionofthecompanyheorsheisdealingwith.Forthisreason,anofficesecretarywhocanhandletelephonecallscheerfully,tactfully,andefficientlyisavaluableassettoanyorganization.

1)歸納總結(jié)在結(jié)尾段對全文討論的問提或要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)，并進(jìn)一步明確和深Childrenwhowalkintheirsleepusuallyoutgrowthehabit.Inmanyadults,too,theconditionismoreorlesstemporary.Althoughsleepwalkingitselfisnothingtobecomealarmedabout,theproblemsthatcausethesleepwalkingmaybeveryserious.Childrenwhowalkintheirsl針對文中論述的問題提出作者的建議，以引起讀者的注意和思考。例如：Therefore,itisnecessaryforustoexploitmoreenergyresourcestomeettheever-increasingdemandofmodernsociety.Forexample,garbagecanbeusedtogenerateelectricity.Also,theextensiveapplicationofsolarenergyshouldbeencouraged.Eventheheatofhumanbodieswillbecomeanewresourcesofenergy.

2)提出建議針對文中論述的問題提出作者的建議，以引起讀者的注意和思考。例Infact,paymentforajobshouldvarywithanydifferencesinthewaythatthejobisperformed.Whereitissimpletomeasuretheworkdone,asintheworkdonewiththehands,monetaryencouragementschemesareoftenchosen;forindirectworkers,wheremeasurementisdifficult,methodsofadditionalpaymentsmustbeemployed.Infact,paymentforajobsho在結(jié)尾段對未來作出展望，啟發(fā)和激勵(lì)讀者。Asforthefuture,itseemscertainthatEnglishinoneformoranotherwillbespokenbyfarmorepeoplethanitistoday.Itwilldoubtlesscontinuetochangeanddevelopasalivinglanguagealwaysdoes.

3)展望未來在結(jié)尾段對未來作出展望，啟發(fā)和激勵(lì)讀者。AsforthIngeneral,alloftheworkdoneinthetwentiethcenturyintheseareashasimprovedlifeformanypeople.Manyscientistsinthesefieldsnowfeelthattheirmainconcerniskeepingpeoplehealthy.Theyarelessconcernedwithcuringdiseasethatpeoplealreadyhave.Muchworkstillremainstobedone.Allofthesuccessfulworkdescribedhereprovidesgreathopeforthefuture.Ingeneral,alloftheworkdo以提問的方式結(jié)尾，促使讀者對全文內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步思考和產(chǎn)生更大的興趣。例如：Itseemsthatalmosteveryoneissuperstitiousinonewayofanother.Weallwanttobeabletotellthefuture,controltheworldaroundus,orhavesomeluck.Inthelastpartofthetwentiethcentury,nowthatscienceisthewayoftheworld,westillholdmanyofourancientsuperstitions.Dotheywork?Aretheyfact?Ofcoursenot.Orarewesure?

4)問句結(jié)尾以提問的方式結(jié)尾，促使讀者對全文內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步思考和產(chǎn)生更大的興文章的各個(gè)段落既自成體系，又必須相互協(xié)調(diào)和照應(yīng)，以利于全文主題思想的表達(dá)。一般來說，因?yàn)椴煌奈恢?，段落的功能也有所不同。段落之間的關(guān)系文章的各個(gè)段落既自成體系，又必須相互協(xié)調(diào)和照應(yīng)，以利于全文主(1)作文存在的障礙和問題(1)作文存在的障礙和問題However,somebooksareharmful.Booksthattellpeopletodobadthingswillcertainlydogreatharmtous.Especiallyyellowbookswillruintheyoungpeople.Thesebooksarenogood.Sowemustchoosebookstoread.a.翻譯式作文。

例:However,somebooksareharmfuTheFirstDayICametoCollegeIalwaysrememberthedayIcometocollege.ItwasasunnydayandIwasveryexcited.Ihavearrivedatthecollegeintheafternoon.Everythinghadseemedfreshtome.Thecampuswasbeautiful.ThecollegewaslocatedatthefootofaMountainandwassurroundwithtrees.Totheeastofitwecanseeablueriver.Therearesomanyteachingbuildings.ItwasherethatIwouldstudyforfouryears.IthoughtthatImuststudyhardinordertoliveuptotheexpectationsofmyparentsandfriends.Itistruethattherearemanychallenges,butIwillprovemyselfaworthycollegestudent.b.時(shí)態(tài)混雜。

例:TheFirstDayICametoCollegComputerNowadayscomputersarewidelyusedinoursociety.Wecanseecomputerseverywhere.Manypeopleusecomputersinschoolsandcolleges.Wealsousecomputersinoffices,libraries,banksandathome.c.沒啥可寫。

例:ComputerNowadayscomputersareFakecommoditiesarebadtous.Theynotonlyarebadtoourlife,butalsotoourhealth.Inastore,evenasupermarket,allkindoffakecommoditiesalwayscanbefound.Itisveryharmfultocustomerssocietyandeventoacountry.FakeCommoditiesFakecommoditiesarebadtousDoyouliketravelling?Probablyyouwillsay“Yes,Ilikeitverymuch!”That’sright.TravelingIthinktravellingisreallygoodtoeveryoneofus.Doyouagreewithme,mydearfriend?d.套用中文模式。

例:Doyouliketravelling?Probab...AsIwasalittletiredfromthejourneytothecollege,Iwenttobedearly.Atmidnight,Isuddenlywokeup.Ifoundthattherewasnogateinthecollege.TheFirstDayICametoCollegee.主題模糊。

例:...TheFirstDayICametoCol(2)作文與詞語I’mastudentofHunanUniversity.I’mstudyinginTumuDepartment.Ilikemymajorverymuch.要能正確和恰當(dāng)?shù)赜迷~語表達(dá)意思，首先必須意識到英語詞語和漢語詞語并非是一一對應(yīng)的。應(yīng)適當(dāng)了解正式文體與非正式文體的差異，尤其是詞語的區(qū)別。例如，漢語的“覺得”可用英語的feel、find、think等詞語來表達(dá)，但具體怎么用，還須依句意而定：(2)作文與詞語I’mastudentofHuna1.你覺得這個(gè)計(jì)劃怎么樣？ Whatdoyouthinkoftheplan?2.他覺得有人在注視著他們。Howdoyouliketheplan?Hebecameawarethatsomeonewaswatchinghim.3.我覺得他不會同意。

Ihaveasensethathewon’tagree.4.你覺得這樣做合算嗎？

Doyoufinditpays?1.你覺得這個(gè)計(jì)劃怎么樣？ Whatdoyouthi沒能can’t—failto/unableto/notbeinapositionto/很多alotof—various/plentiful/numerous/countless/abundant/quiteafew必須must—besupposedto/beobligedto/havenoalternative希望hope—feellike/wouldlike/expect/bedyingto/can’twaitto沒能can’t—failto/unableto努力workhard—hardworking/diligent/industrious/dedicated得到get—obtain/acquire/achieve/gain/win/earn有趣interesting—fascinating/attractive/entertaining/pleasant/enjoyable增進(jìn)increase—expand/addto/enhance/enlarge/broaden/develop/improve努力workhard—hardworking/di這些單詞在作文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高，有必要格外小心，老出錯(cuò)，就會給讀者或評卷人以不好的印象。求表達(dá)正確:behaviorinformationtrafficequipmenthomeworkdamageknowledgeprogresstroubleexperienceworkmoneyadvice這些單詞在作文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高，有必要格外小心，老出錯(cuò)，就會給排比結(jié)構(gòu)把語法結(jié)構(gòu)相同，意思同等重，語氣一致的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或句子平行排列，可加重語氣，增強(qiáng)節(jié)奏感。也是展開段落的一種有效方式。例如：句式結(jié)構(gòu)單一排比結(jié)構(gòu)把語法結(jié)構(gòu)相同，意思同等重，語氣一致的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或句子再看看排比句在一般作文段落中是如何運(yùn)用的：Televisionpresentsavividworldinfrontofus.TVprogramsnotonlyinformusofcurrenteventsbothathomeandabroad,butalsobringuswithmarvelouswondersintheworld.BywatchingTV,wecanalsoenjoyexcitingsportsgames,lovelywildanimalsandcolorfulforeigncustoms.Itistruethattelevisionhelpstoexpandourknowledgeandbeautifyourlifeinavividway.再看看排比句在一般作文段落中是如何運(yùn)用的：TelevisioSportsandgamesaregoodforourhealth.Undoubtedly,regularparticipationingamesandsportswillenableonetobuildastrongbody,tohaveagoodappetiteandtodelaytheprocessofaging.Whatismore,bythetrainingofsportsandgamesthatapersonwillbequickerindoingthingsandstrongerinfightingagainstdisease.Sportsandgamesaregoodfor1.Nothing

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=How+Adj+a+N+V!leavemuchtobedesired（令人不滿意）haveagreatinfluenceon~~~dogoodto，doharmto,poseagreatthreattodoone’sutmostto,sparenoeffort一講主題句結(jié)尾句常見錯(cuò)誤及用法課件有些同學(xué)在寫作文時(shí),常感到句與句之間的意思連接不順，但卻找不到原因。其實(shí)，這往往是受漢語思維影響的緣故。漢語文句的邏輯關(guān)系和上下意思的銜接，往往可通過句子的意義來體現(xiàn)，如“小張病了，沒來上課?！薄疤撔氖谷诉M(jìn)步，驕傲使人落后。”英語則須加上必要的連結(jié)詞；作文常用連接詞：有些同學(xué)在寫作文時(shí),常感到句與句之間的意思連接不順，但卻找“Mr.Zhangwasabsentfromclassbecause

hewasill.”“Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereas

conceitmakeonelagbehind.”英語句子為體現(xiàn)文句和內(nèi)容的連貫，常借助于各種連接手段。其中最常用的就是過渡詞(transitions)或連接詞(connectors)。“Mr.Zhangwasabsentfromcla能否較好地使用過渡詞來體現(xiàn)作文各層次間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，是評判一篇作文優(yōu)劣的重要依據(jù)之一。故要練好作文，必須掌握常用過渡詞語的功能和作用。根據(jù)其本身的意思和作用，常用過渡詞語可以分為以下幾類：能否較好地使用過渡詞來體現(xiàn)作文各層次間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，是評判一篇first,second,third(themostimportant),第一，第二，第三firstly,secondly,thirdly(finally), 首先，第二，第三1.列舉first,second,third(themostforexample(forinstance), 例如，Take,forexample, ... 以…為例，suchas(namely), 比如，2.舉例說明forexample(forinstance), 例如especially(obviously/surely/undoubtedly), 尤其是(的確/毫無疑問),infact,(asamatteroffact),

事實(shí)上，其實(shí)，3.強(qiáng)調(diào)especially(obviously/surely/usimilarly,likewise,同樣，也4.比較similarly,likewise,however(but) 然而(但是)onthecontrary(bycontrast) 相反ontheotherhand 另一方面5.對照however(but) 然而(但是)onthec6.并列thatis即，也就是說inotherwords

換言之6.并列thatis即，也就是說ininaddition(besides) 另外moreover 此外furthermore(whatismore) 還有7.增加inaddition(besides) 另外mtherefore(so) 因此，asaresult(consequently) 結(jié)果，becauseofthis/that；onaccountof為此，由于，thus/hence 因此，這樣，8.原因/結(jié)果therefore(so) 因此，asaresulInconclusion(Tosumup), 總之，綜上所述，Inbrief, 簡言之，Inmyopinion(Tomymind),asfarasIamconcerned;whenitcomestome;asfor;frommypointofview/frommystandpoint/perspective 我認(rèn)為，9.結(jié)尾(總結(jié))Inconclusion(Tosumup), 總之，Itisgenerallyacknowledgedthattherearesomesimilaritiesbetweencityandcountryside.Yettherestillexistsomedifferences.CityandCountryLifeItisgenerallyacknowledgedtGenerallyspeaking,ascenterofcultureandcommerce,cityofferspeopleagoodchanceofreceivingeducation.Itisincitythatpeoplehavemorejobopportunities.Incities,moderntransportationmakesitconvenientforpeopletogooutdoors.Moreover,cityinhabitantscanentertainthemselvesbecauseofvariousplacesforrecreation.However,pollutionandhousingproblemarethreatstomanycities.Generallyspeaking,ascentera.Itisgenerallyagreed/acknowledged/believed/knownthat...b.Noonecandenythefactthat...c.Withthedevelopment/popularity/increaseof...開頭

3.作文常見句型a.Itisgenerallyagreed/acd.Atpresent,moreandmorepeoplebecometorealize/understandthat...e.Peopleusedtobelievedthat...but...f.Accordingtoarecentstudy/survey/investigation/poll,...d.Atpresent,moreandmoreph....Thereasonsareasfollows:i.Theremaybeseveralreasons.g.Thereisanoldsaying/aproverb/that...h....Thereasonsareasfolla.Itistruethat...Butitisalsotruethat...b.Thereisnodoubtthat...c.Thereareindicationsthat...d.However,wecan’tdenythefactthat...e.Thereiseveryreasonforustosay/believethat...中間a.Itistruethat...Butita.Inconclusion,b.Despitetheadvantages/meritsof...Wemustbeawareofthefactthat...c.Inmyopinion...AsfarasI’mconcerned...Asforme...d.Itishoped/suggested/advisablethat...e.Hopefully...結(jié)尾a.Inconclusion,b.Despitet常用結(jié)構(gòu)詞:generally,undoubtedly,admittedly,obviously,interestingly,surprisingly,surely,actually,hopefully, probably,especially, infact,常用結(jié)構(gòu)詞:generally,undoubtedly二、四級考試其它作文題型看圖作文與中文提示等作文不同,文字信息不多,大部分為圖表、表格、曲線等。要求考生在觀察和理解的基礎(chǔ)上用文字客觀具體地反映圖表所含信息和內(nèi)容。由于圖表、曲線是用數(shù)據(jù)反映和說明某事物的情況和變化或事物間的相關(guān)性，故作文是通過對數(shù)據(jù)的比較和分析來說明圖表和數(shù)字的內(nèi)涵，并據(jù)此闡明自己對某事物的認(rèn)識和看法。

1.看圖作文二、四級考試其它作文題型看圖作文與中文提示等作文不同,文字看圖作文與其它類型作文的寫作不完全相同，其寫作要領(lǐng)是：1)首先要看懂圖表，結(jié)合題目認(rèn)真分析圖表所指事物的相關(guān)性、復(fù)雜性、和代表性。2)通過圖表中數(shù)據(jù)和線條起伏變化的趨勢，抓住主要問題。根據(jù)其所揭示的信息，簡明扼要地概括出圖形或數(shù)據(jù)所表示的事物和現(xiàn)象?？磮D作文與其它類型作文的寫作不完全相同，其寫作要領(lǐng)是：1)4)摘取圖中關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)，作為文章內(nèi)容的事實(shí)和依據(jù)。但不能簡單羅列。5)作文的結(jié)構(gòu)可為三段或四段.第一段為總起(略述圖表所反映的現(xiàn)象,如人口問題,環(huán)境問題等).第二段適當(dāng)引用關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)對圖表反映的主題進(jìn)行分析和討論.結(jié)尾段則做出結(jié)論或提出建議.3)摘取關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)或信息，有必要的話，先寫出各段主題句。4)摘取圖中關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)，作為文章內(nèi)容的事實(shí)和依據(jù)。但不能簡單看圖作文常用句型:1)

Thisisachart/table/diagram/graphabout...2)

Fromthechartwecanseethat...3)

Asisshowninthechart...4)

Accordingtothegraph/chart,wecanconcludethat...5)

Whatisimportant/significantisthat...看圖作文常用句型:1)Thisisachart/1)

英文書信的5C原則:a.Consideration(體貼)例:YourletterofJune26,1999arrivedthismorning.Thankyouverymuchforyourreplytomyinquiry.

2.英文書信1)英文書信的5C原則:a.Considerationb.Conciseness(簡潔)c.Clarity(清晰)例:I’mwritingtoapplyforadmissiontothegraduateschoolofyouruniversityintheSpringof1998.b.Conciseness(簡潔)c.Claritye.Correctness(正確)例:ItwasreportedinChinaDailythatthe4thworldConferenceonwomenwillbeheldinBeijinginSeptember,1995.d.Courtesy(禮貌)例:Pleaseletmeknowifyouneedsomeotherinformation.e.Correctness(正確)例:Itwasr2)求學(xué)、求職函：此類信函的目的是為了讓對方了解本人的能力、學(xué)歷、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、成績、愿望等。應(yīng)盡可能表示自己的長處，以便給對方一個(gè)良好的印象，進(jìn)一步獲得面試、面談的機(jī)會。其內(nèi)容包括以下幾個(gè)方面：2)求學(xué)、求職函：此類信函的目的是為了讓對方了解本人的能力(1)首先說明寫信緣由。從何處得知招聘或招生消息？(2)然后寫個(gè)人情況。如年齡、性別、受教育程度、受訓(xùn)情況、工作或?qū)W習(xí)經(jīng)歷、特殊技能、愿望。(3)有價(jià)值的證明材料、備詢?nèi)藛T。(1)首先說明寫信緣由。從何處得知招聘或招生消息？(2)常用句型：a.Iseefromtheadvertisementinyesterday’sChinaDailythatyourcompanyintendsto...b.I’minterestedin...Ishouldliketoapplyforthepostofwhichyouadvertisedin...c.Ishouldverymuchliketobeconsideredforthepostof...whichwasadvertisedin...常用句型：a.Iseefromtheadvertid.I’mlookingforajobas...,andwouldbegratefulifyouwouldconsidermeforsuchapostinyourfactory.e.I’manEngineerofElectronicsat...Iwouldliketocometoyourcountry/companyto...f.I’mwritingtoaskwhetheryoucouldsendmesomeinformationaboutyourcollegeandtheapplicationformfor...d.I’mlookingforajobas..g.I’mwritingtoyouinthehopethatImayobtainanopportunitytodograduatestudyinXdepartmentofyouruniversityh.I’mwritingtorequestadmissionintothedepartmentofPhysicsatyourcollegefor...g.I’mwritingtoyouinthehi.I’maseniorofChemistryintheDepartmentOfHumanUniversity.Asanundergraduate,Imajorin...Iwouldliketocontinuemystudyin...ofyourcollege....Couldyoupleasesendmesomeinformationaboutyour...andanapplicationform.i.I’maseniorofChemistryiShouldOneExpectaRewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?

Wheniscomestotalkaboutwhetheroneshouldexpectarewardornotwhendoingagooddeed,differentpeopleresponddifferently.Somepeopleclaimthatrewardisnecessaryafterdoingagooddeed,whilesomeothersholdtheviewthatweshouldneverexpectrewardsafterdoinggooddeeds,justlikewhatLeiFengdid.Hence,thereisnounanimousagreementtowardsthistopic.Ifitwerelefttometodecide/determine/choose,Iwouldnothesitateamomenttosupportthelatter.Andthefollowingpointscanwellaccountformyunderstanding.ShouldOneExpectaRewardWhe

Firstofall,thereisnodenyingthefactthatdoingsomethinghelpfulisawin-winbehavior.LeiFengnotmerelygotameaningfullife,butalsoisrememberedandappreciatedbyallChinesepeople.What’smore,itgoesbeyondanyquestionthatdoinggooddeedscanbringourloveheart/sympathy/charity/initiativesintofullplay.Believeitornot,ifyoucontributelovetothesociety,outworldwillbecomeaperfectone.Lastbutnotleast,itisapparentthatonlybygivingfavorstootherscanwegetothers’help.Firstofall,thereis

Onthebasisoftheabovediscussion/exploration,thereiseveryreasontohavetheconfidencethathelpingothersanddoinggooddeedsplayaveryimportantroleinbuildingaharmonioussociety.Ifwehopetopursueandrealizeourvariousgoalsoflife,itwillbeindispensableforustoestablishtheideaof“mutualhelp”.OnthebasisoftTheImportanceofReadingClassics

Oneofthehottesttopicsbeingdiscussednowadaysisaboutclassics.Thereisnodenyingthetruththatclassicsisthecreamoftheaccumulationofhumanityliterature.Andreadingclassicsplaysanessential/vitalroleinenrichingone’slifeexperience,broadeningone’shorizons,understandingthetruthoflove,courage,honesty,andloyalty.Hence,classicworksisindispensabletoeachofus.TheImportanceofReadingClas

However,thehabitofreadingclassicsisneglectedandabandoned.Abundantreasonscanwellaccountforthisphenomenon.Ontheonehand,itgoesbeyondanyquestionthatconvenientaccesstomodernmediadistractyourattention.Ontheotherhand,anundeniablefactisthatfasttempoofurbanlifeforcespeopletoworkhardinordertosurviveinthiscompetitivesociety.However,thehabitof

Asacollegestudent,Ipersonallyholdtheconvictionthatreadingclassicsisespeciallynecessary/significanttothefour-yearstudycampuslife.Readingclassicscannotonlybringourinitiativesintofullplay,butmakeourstudyandworkmoreeffectivelyandefficiently.Ifwehopetobuildourcampusintoaharmoniousone,itisindispensableforustoregainthehabitofreadingclassics.Asacollegestudent,1.詞匯多樣性改變：change,modify,alter,shift,fashion,transform,convert變化：change,vary,fluctuate,oscillate保護(hù)：protect,conserve,safeguard保存：save,preserve,conserve,keep,store影響：effect,influence,impact流行：popular,prevalent,prevailing,current,universal認(rèn)為：think,believe,hold,argue,maintain,deem,reckon,figure1.詞匯多樣性1.詞匯多樣性意識到：realize,beawareof/that,understand,sth.Dawnsonsb.想到：thinkof,c