整理初高中銜接課程

初高中英語銜接校本課程一、認(rèn)識(shí)初、高中英語的區(qū)別即將開始的高中學(xué)習(xí)生活，特別是英語的學(xué)習(xí)是與初中階段有著很大不同的：.課本編排上的區(qū)別：初中的每一個(gè)單元是分為4課的，每篇中有的是對話，有的是閱讀文，也配有一些練習(xí)，而高中的每個(gè)單元并不分課，而是基本上按模塊module)劃分。教材把話題、結(jié)構(gòu)、功能和任務(wù)型活動(dòng)有機(jī)地結(jié)合在一起，既符合中國學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)的規(guī)律和特點(diǎn)，又體現(xiàn)了新的教育教學(xué)理念。教材系統(tǒng)性強(qiáng)，各單元采用板塊的設(shè)計(jì)形式，有利于教師靈活整合教材內(nèi)容。高中的閱讀文分為閱讀前和閱讀后的討論、思考問題并加入了有關(guān)的語言知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)及練習(xí)，在閱讀教學(xué)的安排上。讀后活動(dòng)的練習(xí)層次清楚，體現(xiàn)對課文理解考察的三個(gè)維度：弄清事實(shí) (Factual)—分析信息(Analytical)—判斷和推理(Inferential)。可以說是極大地豐富了教學(xué)內(nèi)容。除此之外還會(huì)有稍短的閱讀與聽力及寫作等方面的練習(xí)，寫作訓(xùn)練既重視結(jié)果，更重視過程，提供鋪墊性活動(dòng)以加強(qiáng)對過程性寫作的監(jiān)督。通過聽、讀活動(dòng)從語言和寫作技巧方面進(jìn)行相關(guān)輸入，為學(xué)生的最終成長奠定基礎(chǔ)。.在詞匯上的區(qū)別：我們初中的教材已是新版本了，每個(gè)單元的單詞可能大家覺得已經(jīng)不少了，但高中教材中的詞匯更是成倍地增加了，增加了大約2000詞。這也是新編教材的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，加入了許多當(dāng)前常用的，新出現(xiàn)的流行的詞匯，也是與我們學(xué)的新編初中課本相承接的，所以，為了能盡快適應(yīng)高中詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)，我們應(yīng)該及早著手把初中階段的詞匯再熟悉一遍。另外，對于高中英語詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)，大家還要知道其要求是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于初中的，在學(xué)習(xí)單詞時(shí)，我們既要了解它在文中的意思，還要掌握它在練習(xí)中，閱讀、考試中可能出現(xiàn)的所有意思，用法及搭配等。一詞多義，一詞多性，依綱不據(jù)本。.在所學(xué)語法上的區(qū)別：在初中階段我們把基礎(chǔ)的語法內(nèi)容已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)過了，但是語法學(xué)習(xí)沒有得到足夠的重視，不少同學(xué)對語法知之甚少，甚至一竅不通。而在高中我們要學(xué)習(xí)的是更深更高層次的語法。如定語從句，非謂語動(dòng)詞、名詞性從句，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)、虛擬語氣等等，其中的部分內(nèi)容我們并不陌生，但是初中我們所接觸的還只是皮毛，高中階段的學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)比之前的所學(xué)內(nèi)容復(fù)雜得多，要求上也要高得多，除了看懂更要求會(huì)應(yīng)用。語法知識(shí)是英語學(xué)習(xí)的重要內(nèi)容，是日常及高考的考試范圍，所以我們要充分利用暑假把之前的漏洞彌補(bǔ)好，在后面的學(xué)習(xí)中，你們也會(huì)重溫這些知識(shí)并將之與高中內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步融合，為大家步入高中學(xué)習(xí)打好基礎(chǔ)。.在課堂要求上的區(qū)別：大部分的初中對學(xué)生的要求還是比較嚴(yán)格的，而這種嚴(yán)格與小學(xué)又是不同的，所以有一部分自覺性差的學(xué)生就被分化出來，在稍微寬松的環(huán)境中，對自己要求降低導(dǎo)致了滑坡的出現(xiàn)，而升入高中后又會(huì)有新的變化，對于自律要求就更加明顯了。如果你是按照老師要求做的學(xué)生，那么在高中除了把基本要求做好之外，自己一定不可放松，適當(dāng)增加課外閱讀及一些課外習(xí)題是有必要的；如果你是不太自覺的學(xué)生，那么你要努力改掉自己的毛病，除了完成要求交給老師的作業(yè)，那些如讀、背等要求也要認(rèn)真完成才能使自己的高中英語學(xué)習(xí)逐步走上軌道。不管你屬于哪一種，都要持之以恒，千萬不可因?yàn)槿魏卧蚨潘蓪ψ约旱囊螅幢闶悄阋讶〉昧艘欢ǔ煽?，也沒有理由沾沾自喜。.在考試試卷結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別：這一區(qū)別可能是影響最大的一點(diǎn)，我們許多同學(xué)初中英語一直較差的原因在很大程度上是由于初中試卷所涉及的內(nèi)容較少而且試題結(jié)構(gòu)完全不同于高中，很多人認(rèn)為英語不用下功夫?qū)W，反正最后背背答案就可過關(guān)，這樣成績不錯(cuò)，學(xué)得也很輕松。一旦抱有這種想法，初中這個(gè)重要的打基礎(chǔ)的階段就被荒廢過去了，這對我們升入高中后的英語學(xué)習(xí)是極為不利的，這就好比是建造沒有基礎(chǔ)的空中樓閣，肯定會(huì)感到很難，很吃力。進(jìn)入高中之后我們的考試是沒有比較明確的特定范圍，不能靠背答案過關(guān)，而且所學(xué)所考的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該都是向高考看齊的，難度肯定不小，但同學(xué)們也不要害怕，只要努力學(xué)習(xí)，堅(jiān)持不懈，認(rèn)真積累，完成好每天的功課，做好充分迎接失敗的心理準(zhǔn)備，然后在每次經(jīng)歷中吸取經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)地彌補(bǔ)自己的不足，肯定會(huì)取得很好的成績。練習(xí) 句子改錯(cuò)：每小題有一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤（多詞、缺詞或錯(cuò)詞），多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉，在右邊橫線上寫出該詞，并也用斜線劃掉；缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號（八），在右邊橫線上寫出該加的詞；在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，在右邊橫線上寫出改正后的詞1.IttookJacktwohoursclimbthemountain.ThetomatoesIpickedaremuchmoreredderthanyours.Theyhaveneverhadthechancetobethereago.Evenheisold,mygrandpaworksonthefarm.Youareterribleill.You’dbetterstayinbed.Thenearestvillageisaboutonehundredmilesfaraway.Idon’tlikegoingoutlonelyafterdark.I’mfedupwaitingforherletter.Birdsflewbackbecausethefineenvironment.Thestudentsenteredintotheclassroomonebyone.高考試題（2011新課標(biāo)）第一節(jié)短文改錯(cuò)（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處，每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號（八），并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均限一詞。2.只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計(jì)分。Mysummertravelstartedterribly.IwasattheShanghaiRailwayStationbuyatickettoHangZhou.IwasgoingtovisitafriendhereandafterthatIwouldgotoXiamenforlongholiday.IboughtmyticketbutturnedaroundtopickupmybagFormthefloorandthenIrealizedthatsomeonehadstolenit.LuckilyIhadallmymoneyonmypocket,buttheonlyclothesIhadwasthoseIhadon.Itfeltverystrangetotravelwithoutanyluggages.WhenIfinallyarrivedatmyfriendhelenttomelotsofclothes.IfeelveryhappythatIcouldchangemyclothesatlast.二、基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)回顧考眼力指出下列單詞的詞性shapewoolenactivityincreasesuccessfullybecausegratefulbookbesideinstructionembarrassedimpressdisappointingincorrectlyaimunlessfromif詞性講解★名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的方法.基本變化:boy—,pen-,class-,fox-,brush-,watch-,stomach-,baby-,safe-,roof-,belief一,thief一,life一,knife一,leaf一,,wife_,,shelf-,self一,half一,wolf-,hero_,tomato_,potato—,piano_,photo_,zoo_,radio_,video_。.不規(guī)則變化:man_,woman_,policeman_,Englishman_,German_,foot_,tooth_,goose_,child_,mouse_,sheep_,deer ,fish_,Chinese_,Japanese_3.awriter/some0「亡33（女作家），afriend/somefriends女朋友，plan（銷售計(jì)劃），car（跑車）?！锩~所有格aman’svoice=thevoiceaman;（beginners）class初級班；Thisisroom.這是湯姆和邁克共住的房間。It’slessthantwodrivefromhere.開車到那里不到2個(gè)鐘頭。WehadagreateveningatPaul’s.我們在度過了一個(gè)愉快的夜晚。Sheboughtabottleofvitamintabletsatthechemist’s她在買了一瓶維生素片。You,llfindtheanswersattheback.在書后你可找到答案。a,an,this,that,some,several,no,each,every…+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞/名詞-,s。Thistoolisuseful.他的這個(gè)工具很有用。Twofriendsofmycametoseeme.我父親的兩個(gè)朋友來看我。★代詞用法?人稱代詞主格做主語賓格做動(dòng)詞、介詞的賓語意義我你他她它我們你們他們★物主代詞形容詞性名詞性意義我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他們的★反身代詞第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù) / / 復(fù)數(shù)反身代詞主要用作賓語（動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語）和同位語。如：Allofthemenjoyed.所有的人都玩得很好。Helptosomefish.請自己動(dòng)手吃點(diǎn)魚吧。Youdon,tseemyourselftoday.你今天?！锊欢ù~some和anyImustgetfruitinthemarket.Doyouhavebooksforchildren?Wouldyoulikebananas?Youcanreadofthebooks.你可以看這些書中的任何一本。all/both/either/neither/noneCopperandsilveraremetals.銅和銀都是金屬。NotwomenlikethewordMs.并非所有的女性都喜歡Ms這個(gè)詞。ofthetelephonesare/isworking.所有的電話都壞了。ofusenjoygettingupearly.我們倆誰也不喜歡早起。Therearetreesonside(=onbothsides).兩邊都有樹。each和everyThestudentshaveadictionary.學(xué)生每人有一本字典。Hecomeshometwoweeks,他每隔兩周回家一次。other,theother,others,theothersDon’tcutinwhenaretalking.別人說話時(shí)別插話。OnlyJimwasthere.hadleft.只有吉姆在那兒，其余的人都離開了。Therearewaystodothisexercise.做這個(gè)練習(xí)還可用別的方法。Itishardtotellthetwinbrothersonefrom.這對李生兄弟很難辨認(rèn)。much和manyHisnameisfamiliartopeople.他的名字許多人熟悉。Thechildrenhavetoohomeworktodo.孩子們家庭作業(yè)太多。few和afew;little和alittleapplesremainedonthetree.樹上沒什么蘋果了。applesremainedonthetree.樹上還剩有幾個(gè)蘋果。Ihavesparetime.我很少有空余時(shí)間。Ihavesparetime.我有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)空余時(shí)間。復(fù)合不定代詞somebody,anybody,everybody,nobody,someone,anyone,everyone,noone,something,anything,everything,nothing(1)復(fù)合代詞后習(xí)慣上不接表示范圍的of短語，但分開寫的anyone,everyone等卻可以接of短語。如：ofusagreestostay,我們每個(gè)人都同意留下。(2)修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的形容詞必須置于其后。如：判斷對錯(cuò)：發(fā)生什么特別的事情了嗎？Hasspecialanythinghappened?()Hasanythingspecialhappened?()★it的特殊用法Thereisaknockonthedoor.mustbethepostman.有人在敲門，一定是郵遞員。togotherenow.現(xiàn)在去那兒已經(jīng)太遲了。alldayyesterday.昨天下了一天的雨。It’stime/sth.該做某事了。/It’stimesbtodosth.某人該干某事了。Itistime.是我們努力學(xué)習(xí)英語的時(shí)間了。(1)It+be+adj.todosth/doingsth./that-clause/wh-clause.torememberthis.記住這一點(diǎn)很重要。It’sunknown.他什么時(shí)候來還不知道。It+be+adj.for(of)sbtodosth某人做某事 Itishardhimtomakeuphismind.Itwasfoolishhertosaysuchathing.Ittakes/tooksb+時(shí)間段+todosth.某人做某事花了時(shí)間Ityearstomasteranewlanguage.要花多年的時(shí)間才能掌握一門新的語言。(4)Itlook(seem,appear)that[asif]…彳以乎 Itseemedasif/asthoughhedidn’trecognizeme譯：5.主語+動(dòng)詞+it+賓語補(bǔ)足語+不定式(動(dòng)名詞或從句)todothejobwell.我發(fā)現(xiàn)做好這件事不容易。complaining.我們認(rèn)為抱怨是沒有用的。★冠詞用法■不定冠詞.Giveme.給我一個(gè)蘋果。AMr.Brownwishestoseeyou.一位叫布朗的先生想見你。.用于某些習(xí)慣用語中alotofanumberofalittleasaresultasarulehavearesthaveacoldhaveagoodtimeinahurryinawordmakealiving★定冠詞.Themanageryouwanttoseewasherejustnow.(表特指)Thecomputerisagreatinvention.(表類別)Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.(表類別).用在某些習(xí)慣用語中atthesametimebythewaygotothecinemaintheendinthepastinthemorningontheotherhandinthedark冠詞小練Myneighboraskedmetogoforwalk,butIdon'tthinkI'vegotenergy.A.a:不填B.the;the C.不填；the D.a;theIt’snotgoodideatodriveforfourhourswithoutbreak.A.a;aB.the;aC.the;theD.a;theIatesandwichwhileIwaswaitingfor20:08train.A.the,aB.the,theC.a,theD.a,aapplefellfromthetreeandhithimonhead.A.An;theB.The;theC.An;不填D.The;不填ThisareaexperiencedheaviestrainfallinmonthofMay.A不填；aBa;theCthe;theDthe;aWhatpitythatyoucouldn’tbetheretoreceiveprize!A.a；aB.the；a C.a；theD.the；theLet/sgotocinema-that,lltakeyourmindofftheproblemforwhile.A.the;theB.the;aC.a;theD.a;a★形容詞和副詞■比較等級.基本形式old—— high—一;big—— thin——busy—— heavy——;large—— free——important——difficult——.比較等級前常見修飾語歸納It’scoldertodaythanitwasyesterday.今天比昨天稍冷一點(diǎn)。She’smuch/agooddealbettertoday.譯：Therearefarmorepeoplethanweexpected.譯：Itwasevencolderthanyesterday.譯：Thisisbyfarthebest.譯： HainanisChina/sisland.海南是中國第二大島。★動(dòng)詞?動(dòng)詞的基本形式五種基本形式：動(dòng)詞原形、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。A.第三人稱單數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成write— ,guess— ,mix— __,finish— ,catch— ,study—_注：不規(guī)則變化的有have—_ ,be— ,go— ,do— 等。B.現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成study— ,work—,write—,move— ,get— ,begin—_ lie— ,die— C.過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成ask— ,work—,love—,dance— ,try— ,study—— ,stop— ,permit— 。?注意不規(guī)則變化的動(dòng)詞，如：have— ,be—,go— ,do— ,give-- ,leave-- ★及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞_____等。根據(jù)其后是否帶賓語，動(dòng)詞可分為及物動(dòng)詞（帶賓語）和不及物動(dòng)詞（不帶賓語）。如：Whenwillhearrive?他什么時(shí)候到？（arrive不帶賓語，為動(dòng)詞）HereachedBeijingyesterday.他昨天至U達(dá)北京。（reach帶了賓語，為動(dòng)詞）有的動(dòng)詞既可用作及物動(dòng)詞也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞：Heiswriting.他在寫字。（用法）Heiswritingaletter,他在寫信。（用法）★延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞根據(jù)動(dòng)作是否延續(xù)，動(dòng)詞可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞就是指所表示的動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞就是指所表示的動(dòng)作不可以延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞。Itrainedforthreedays.（rain為動(dòng)詞）Shearrivedyesterdayevening,她是昨天晚上至U的。（arrive為動(dòng)詞）Motherboughtussomenewclothes.媽媽給我們買了一些新衣服。（buy為動(dòng)詞）Iwaitedforyouforhalfanhour.我等了你半個(gè)鐘頭。（wait為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）注：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在肯定句中通常不與表示時(shí)間段連用的for短語連用?！镏^語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其是否能用作謂語，動(dòng)詞可分為謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞。謂語動(dòng)詞在句中可用作謂語，而非謂語動(dòng)詞則不用作謂語(但可用作主語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、狀語、定語等)。非謂語動(dòng)詞包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)三種：HelivesinShanghai.(live為動(dòng)詞)Iwanttogohome.(want為動(dòng)詞，togo為動(dòng)詞)HeenjoyedwatchingTV.(enjoy為動(dòng)詞，watching為動(dòng)詞)Hehadhishaircut,他理發(fā)了。(had為動(dòng)詞，cut為動(dòng)詞)★時(shí)態(tài)Heoften(come)late.Summer(follow)spring.春天之后是夏天。Here(come)thebus.=Thebusiscoming.車來了。IwillgiveittohimassoonasI(see)him.Hewillcomeifyou(invite)him.Theplane(take)offat11:30and(arrive)inShanghaiatl:20.He(be)herejustnow.Weoften(play)togetherwhenwewerechildren.我們小時(shí)候常在一起玩。Heopenedthedoor,(rush)outandthen(disappear).—Yourphonenumberagain?I(don/t/didn/t)quitecatchit.—It’s2566666.ameeting,他們在開會(huì)。ataneveningschool.我在上夜校。I’mleavingtomorrow.譯 Myfatherisalwayslosinghiscarkeys.譯(不滿)She’salwayshelpingpeople.譯(贊揚(yáng)))Duringthesummerof1999shewastravellinginEurope.譯Hesaidhewasleavingforhomeinadayortwo譯Shewasalwaysthinkingofothers.譯Atthistimetomorrow,I’llbetakingatest.譯We’llbespendingthewinterinAustralia.我們將在澳大利亞過冬。=We/respendingthewinterinAustralia.I/ll(=I/)doabetterjobnexttime.下次我要干得好些。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?譯Lookatthedarkclouds;it’sgoingtorain.譯Iknewyouwouldagree.譯。Ithefilmalready.我已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。Wethousandsoftreesinthepastfewyears.過去幾年我們種了成千上萬棵樹。Sofartherenobadnews.到現(xiàn)在為止還沒有什么壞消息。IsawJuliainAprilandIhersince.我四月見到朱莉婭，從那之后就沒見到她了。ItisthefirsttimethatI(visit)yourbeautifulcity.That’sthemostinterestingbookI.這是我看過的最有意思的書。Bythetimehewastwelve,Edison(begin)tomakealivingbyhimself.WhenJackarrivedhelearnedMary(beaway)foralmostanhour.★被動(dòng)語態(tài)Rice(grow)insouthChina./Theglass(break)yesterday.Theproject(carry)out.這個(gè)計(jì)劃正在執(zhí)行中。Thisroad(build)thistimelastyear.Thecars(send)abroadbysea.這些汽車將由水路運(yùn)往國外。Themanagersaidtheproject(complete)bytheendoftheyear.經(jīng)理說這個(gè)工程在年底前將會(huì)完成。Thisnovel(translate)intoseverallanguages.這本小說已被譯成了幾種語言。WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketsalready(sell)out.Theenvironment(improve).環(huán)境應(yīng)當(dāng)改善。鞏固練習(xí)：A.用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空I(teach)heresinceIfinishedschool.ThestudentsofClassTwo(sweep)theirclassroomnow.TheReads(notlisten)totheradioatthattime.Howlongyou(live)inthistown?---Whenyou(see)him?---I(see)himlastSunday.Marysaidthatshe(visit)herauntthenextweek.WhenIgottothestation,thetrainalready(leave).10Thedeskmust(clean)onceaday.Thedog(lie)onthefloorwhenIcamein.Shesaidthatthecar(use)thenextweek.Hermother(cook)atthistimeyesterday.Thestudents(do)theirhomework.(notmake)anynoise!---youever(be)toBeijing?---Yes.I(go)therelastweek.He'lltelephoneusassoonashe(arrive)there.Jiefangtrucks(make)inChangchun.Theradio(use)onceinaweekinourclass.It(notuse)yesterdaybecausetherewassomethingwrongwithit.B單項(xiàng)填空Theywon’tbuyanynewclothesbecausetheymoneytobuyanewcar.A.saveB.weresavingC.havesavedD.aresavingMyparentshavepromisedtocometoseemebeforeIforAfrica.A.haveleftB.leaveC.leftD.willleaveThisisthefirsttimeweafilminthecinematogetherasafamily.A.seeB.hadseenC.sawD.haveseen—Whydon’twechoosethatroadtosavetime?—Thebridgetoit.A.hasrepairedB.isrepairedC.isbeingrepairedD.willberepaired—Wereyousurprisedbytheendingofthefilm?—No,Ithebook,soIalreadyknewthestory.A.wasreadingB.hadread C.amreading D.havereadIfyouplantwatermelonseedsinthespring,youfreshwatermeloninthefall.A.eat B.wouldeat C.haveeaten D.willbeeating—Hecaughtintherainyesterdayandisnowinhospital.一I'msorrytohearthat.A.had B.is C.got D.hadbeenThepolicefoundthatthehouseandalotofthings.A.hasbrokeninto;hasbeenstolenB.hadbrokeninto;hadbeenstolenC.hasbeenbrokeninto;stolen D.hadbeenbrokeninto;stolenIneedonemorestampbeforemycollection.A.hadcompletedB.completesC.hascompletedD.iscompleted---Harry!Youonthephone.11---Oh,.Thankyou.Aarewanted;Icome B.arewanted;I’mcomingC.arebeingwanted;IcomeD.arebeingwanted;I’mcoming英語句子成分知識(shí)組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫作句子成分。英語的句子成分和中文的句子成分大致相同，可分為：主語，謂語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，賓語補(bǔ)足語。一、主語一一表明句子里所談的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主語常用名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語充當(dāng)。例如：Lilylikeshernewbike.（名詞） Hegetsupearlyeveryday.（代詞）TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.（不定式短語）二、謂語一一說明或描述主語的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)或特征，由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語充當(dāng)，位于主語之后。如：Weworkhard. Theboycaughtabird.Heismyfather. Theyall100kfine.謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)方面必須保持一致。例如：Iamreading.Youarereading.He\Sheisreading.Wearereading.三、賓語一一賓語是動(dòng)作行為的對象。由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或代詞的詞或短語充當(dāng)，和及物動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語，說明主語“做什么”。例如：Tomboughtastory-book.（名詞）Isawhimyesterday.（代詞）Hewantedtohaveacupoftea.（不定式短語）直接賓語和間接賓語一一有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，指人的叫作間接賓語，指物的叫直接賓語。合稱雙賓。例如：Hegavemesomeink.他給了我一些墨水。間接賓語直接賓語Ourteachertoldus aninterestingstory.老師給我媽講了一個(gè)有趣的故事。間接賓語直接賓語四、表語一一說明主語“是什么”或“怎么樣”，與連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語，表語由名詞、形容詞、或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當(dāng)。例如：Mysisterisanurse.（名詞） Theywereathome.（介詞短語）Shegotangry.（形容詞） Hergrandfatherisovereightyyears01d.（數(shù)詞）五、定語一一定語是修飾名詞或代詞的，可以作定語的除形容詞外，還有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語等。例如：12Thisisagreencup.（形容詞）Arethesestudentsyourclassmates?（代詞）Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear.（介詞短語）Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.（不定式）Thepeoplehereareveryfriendly.（副詞）注意：形容詞作定語時(shí)通常放在被修飾的詞之前。而介詞短語、不定式短語或副詞等作定語時(shí)則放在被修飾的詞之后。六、狀語一一用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子等，一般由副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞短語或句子充當(dāng)。如：WelikeEnglishverymuch. HerunclelivesinCanada.Shewaslyinginbedreading. WhenIgothomeIfoundthedoorlocked.Though/Althoughheisill,hestillgoestoschool.七、賓語補(bǔ)足語一一有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語后邊還需要有一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語，意思才能夠完整。賓語和它的補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。例如：WecallherXiaoLi.賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語Youmustkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語JohnaskedmetohelphimwithhisChinese.賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語Iwillhavemyhaircuttomorrow.賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語Wesawtheboyplayingbasketballontheplaygroundjustnow.賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語八.同位語：若兩個(gè)語法單位指同一個(gè)人或事物，并且，句法功能也一樣，那么，后一項(xiàng)稱為前一項(xiàng)的同位語。如：ThisismyfriendHarry./Westudentsshouldstudyhard.九.獨(dú)立成分：與句子其他成分沒有通常的語法關(guān)系，如插入語、感嘆語、呼語等，一般用逗號將它與句子隔開。如：Strangetosay,hedidpasshisexamafterall.說也奇怪，考試他竟然通過了。句子成分巧記歌訣主謂賓表定狀補(bǔ)，七種成分記清楚。句子主干主謂賓（表），枝葉成分定狀補(bǔ)。定語修飾主賓表， 賓語之后常有補(bǔ)。13

主謂人稱數(shù)一致，狀語位置最靈活。主謂人稱數(shù)一致，狀語位置最靈活。Exercises:指出下列句子中劃線部分的成分。WeallstudyhardatEnglish.A.主語B.謂語C.賓語D.表語Bettylikeshernewbikeverymuch.A.主語B.謂語C.賓語D.表語Mybrotherisapoliceman.A.主語B.謂語C.賓語D.表語Wereyouathomelastnight?A.定語 B.狀語 C.賓補(bǔ) D.表語Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear.A定語B.狀語C.賓補(bǔ)D.表語Heoftenwalksinthepark.A.定語 B.狀語C.賓語 D.表語Maryaskedmetohelpheryesterday.A.定語 B.狀語 C.賓補(bǔ) D.表語Heboughtmeanicepresentlastweek.A.賓語 B.直接賓語 C.間接賓語 D.賓補(bǔ)Hisparentsaredoctors.A.賓語B.表語 C.謂語D.定語I’llgetyousometeanow.A.賓語B.直接賓語 C.間接賓語D.賓補(bǔ)Mymothertoldusaninterestingstorylastnight.A.表語B.直接賓語 C.間接賓語 D.賓補(bǔ)Hehasreadthebooktwice.A.主語B.謂語 C.表語 D.賓語Theyseemedunhappywhentheyheardthenews.A.表語 B.謂語 C.賓語 D.定語Doyouhavesomethingtoeat?A.狀語 B.定語 C.賓語 D.賓補(bǔ)Wemadehimourmonitor.A.賓語 B.定語 C.狀語 D.賓補(bǔ)分析下列句子成分Ourschool_isnotfarfrommyhome. 2.Itjsagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou14

The01dmanlivesalonelylife.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.Atlasthegothome,tiredandhungry.Luckilythe1989earthquakedidnothappeninthecenteroftown.ThecarsmadeinJapanarebetterthanthoseinGermany.Therearesomanypeopleinthehallthatit'shardformetofindhim.MrGreen,ourEnglishteacher,askedustosingthesonginEnglish.句子的種類 句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可分為下列三種類型：簡單句（simplesentence），只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）的句子叫簡單句，如：WelearnEnglish.我們學(xué)英語。（一個(gè)主語和一個(gè)謂語）BothXiaoZhangandXiaoWangarefromBeijing.（一個(gè)并歹U主語和一個(gè)謂語）Heoncelivedandworkedhere.（一個(gè)主語和一個(gè)并歹U謂語）Myfatherandmothergotoworkatseveninthemorningand（they）comebackhomeateightintheevening.（一個(gè)并列主語和一個(gè)并列謂語）簡單句的5種基本句型：1.S+V;（主語+不及物動(dòng)詞）Everythingchanges.主語 謂語（不及物動(dòng)詞）IEverythingchanges.主語 謂語（不及物動(dòng)詞）主語謂語Theplanehasalreadyarrived.主語 謂語2.S+V+O;（主語++及物動(dòng)詞+賓語）Theyarereadingbooks.2.S+V+O;（主語++及物動(dòng)詞+賓語）Theyarereadingbooks.15主語.謂語賓語主語.謂語賓語IlikeEnglish.主語謂語賓語Heboughtacomputerlastweek.主語謂語賓語S+V+P;（主語+連系動(dòng)詞+表語）She100ksyoung.主語謂語表語MymotherisascientistShe100ksyoung.主語謂語表語主語謂語表語Thefoodtastesverydelicious.主語謂語 表語S+V+IO+DO;（主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語）Mymotherboughtmeadictionaryyesterday.主語謂語間接賓語直接賓語Canyougivemethemathbook?謂語主語謂語間接賓語直接賓語Willyoutellussomethingaboutyourschoollife?謂語主語謂語間接賓語直接賓語S+V+O+Oc;（主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+補(bǔ)語）We mustkeepourclassroom cleanandtidy.主語 謂語 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語MymotherasksmetospeakEnglishasmuchaspossible.主語謂語賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語Iheardhersinginghappilyintheroomjustnow.主語謂語賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語簡單句五種基本句型巧記歌訣：英語句子萬萬千，五大句型把線牽。句型種類看動(dòng)詞，后接成分是關(guān)鍵。系詞之后接表語，不及物后無需連。及物又可分三類，單賓雙賓最常見。還有賓語補(bǔ)足語，各種搭配記心間。Exercises:指出下列句子的基本類型1.Theyarelistening. 2.Mymotherisfiftynow.163.Ihaveboughtthreebooks. 4.Myfriendgavemeabirthdaypresent.Ipaintedthewallwhite.Thebossoftenmakestheworkersworktwelvehoursaday.Theyarrivedatsixo’clock. 8.Themapisonthewall9.Childrenoftensingthissong. 10.MrWuteachesusEnglish.11.Sheshowedherfriendsallherpictures.12.Ifindhimalovelyboy.請朗讀以下句子，劃分下列句子的成分，并指出他們分別屬于簡單句中的哪種。Ourcountryconsumesalargenumberofplasticbags.Thesuper-thinbagsarethemainsourceofwhitepollution.Weshouldencouragepeopletoreturntocarryingclothbags.Thenewrulecameout.Environmentalgroupswelcomethenewrule.Theycanstopusingplasticbags.Whatisparticularlypositiveisthatitinvolvespublicparticipation.Shopsdon’tofferfreeplasticbagstotheirconsumers.HongKongandAustraliaareconsideringmeasurestocurbplasticbaglitterChineseconsumershavegottenusedtofreeplasticshoppingbags.用括號內(nèi)所提示的基本句型將下列句子譯成英語，需要的話可加上適當(dāng)?shù)男揎椪Z或插入語。.你的故事聽起來很有趣。（主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語）.我感到有一點(diǎn)累。（主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語）.我妹妹是在農(nóng)村長大的。（主語+謂語）.這家醫(yī)院創(chuàng)建于1950年。（主語+謂語）.他因?yàn)檐囎娱_得太快而違反了交通規(guī)則。（主語+謂語+賓語）.他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快將其喝光。（主語+謂語+賓語）.順便問一下，她把錢付給你了嗎？（主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語）.下學(xué)期誰教你們生物？（主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語）.他總是把他的臥室收拾得干干凈凈。（主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語）.什么促使你這樣想的？（主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語）（make）.有時(shí)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)要改掉一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣很難。.醫(yī)生已經(jīng)踉你說得很清楚了，你的胃沒有什么問題。（make）.戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士。.我決不容許他欺騙我。（have）.我去修一下表。17并列句(compoundsentence )，由并列連詞(and,but,or等)或分號(；)把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。如：e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。heavy,butmanage(tocarryit).它很重，不過我可以拿得動(dòng)。Doyouwantabathatonce,shallIhaveminefirst?你想馬上洗澡還是我先洗？并列句的結(jié)構(gòu)和常用的并列詞的用法；(注意while,when和for等作并列連詞的用法。)*并列|」關(guān)系and,notonly…but(also),neither.nor,等Ihelphimandhehelpsme.NotonlydidwewritetoherbutalsowetelegraphedherNeitherwouldIconsulthimnorwouldheaskmeforadvice.*轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系but,yet,still,while,when等Hefailedmanytimes,buthedidn’tdespair.*選擇關(guān)系or,otherwise,orelse,either..orWemusthurry,orwe’llmissthetrain.EitheryoucometomyplaceorIgotoyours.*因果關(guān)系for,so,thus,therefore,andsoWehadbetterstayathome,foritwasraining.Hedidn,tworkhard,thereforehefailedintheexamination.有時(shí)也可不用連詞，而用逗號，分號或冒號Hurryup,it,sgettingdark.Let,sstartearly；wehavealongwaytogo.注意：(1)yet和still是連接副詞，也叫半連接詞。它們是副詞。又起連接作用，但不如and,but,or等強(qiáng)，用yyet或still，前面還可加and或but。Heistired,(but)stillhewillmakeanotherexperiment.Igotupveryearly,(and)yetIfailedtocatchthefirstbus.(2)while意義本相當(dāng)于atthesametime表示相反和對照：“而”常用來連接兩個(gè)意義對立的分句。Ilikefootball,whilemysisterlikesbasketball.when=andthen,justthen或atthattime,duringthetime.Wewerereadytorushawaywhenthesnakemoved.Wehadn,tleftlongwhentheearthquakeoccurred.while和when作為并列連詞使用時(shí)常是放在第二個(gè)分句前邊，并有逗號和第一分句隔開。(3)for表示附加或推斷的理由、原因。therefore比so更正式，andso比較口語化。【專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練工18一、用適當(dāng)?shù)牟⒘羞B詞填空：Hecouldn’tknowthetruthaboutme,hewouldn’ttreatmelikethis.Thebellisringingthelessonisover.Althoughhewasill,hekeptonworking.Ican,tmakeupmymindwewillgotoShanghaiwewillstayinourcity.Hedoesn,ttalkmuch,hethinksalot.Itmusthaverainedlastnightthegroundisstillwet.ThepresidentwillvisitthetowninMayhewillopenthenewhospital.JanewasdressedingreenMarywasdressedinblue.hedidnotspeakdistinctlyIdidnothearitclearly.Heisclever,,heoftenmakesmistakes.Didwewritetoherwecalledherup.Hehasn,tanymoneyI,mgoingtolendhimsome.Thechildwassick;he,,didn,tgotoschool.Marywasneitherhappy,wasshesad.Putonmoreclothes,you'llcatchcold.二、選擇最佳答案：Somearereadingmagazines,othersareplayingcards.A.or B.for C.so D.whileWemustgetupearlytomorrow.wellmissthefirstbustotheGreatWall.A.so B.or C.but D.however1don,tlikechickenfish. 1don,tlikechicken,Ilikefishverymuch.A.and,and B.and,but C.or,andD.or,butWewanthighspeedgoodquality.A.both,and B.either,or C.neither,nor D.not,butalsoInspringitishotcoldhere.A.both,and B.either,or C.neither,nor D.notonly,butdoeshewriteswell,healsospeakswell.A.Notonly,butB.Not,but C.Either,orD.Both,andUseyourhead,you,llworkitout.A.soB.orC.andD.forIwanttobuythejacket,Ihavenotenoughmoneywithme.A.butB.soC.orD.foryouIamgoingtohelpTom.19A.Either,orB.Not,butC.Notonly,andD.Each,andThesoldierwaswounded,hepushedon.A.for B.and C.soD.yetDoyouknowJimquarrelledwithhisclassmate? 1don’tknow,.A.nordon’tIcame B.nordoIcareC.Idon’tcareneitherD.Idon’tcarealsoHeisateacher7asingeraswell.A.butB.or C.nor D.andshouldamanhavecourage,heshouldhavewisdomandknowledge.A.Notonly,butB.Neither,norC.Either,orD.Both,andWehavestudiedEnglishforonlyoneyear wecanperformEnglishshortplaysalready.A.yet B.forC.andD.orShehadescaped,theringhadfallenoffandbeendamagedinthegreatheatofthefire.A.so B.or C.butD.andTheworkwasdifficult,,hefinisheditontime.A.butB.howeverC.otherwise D.thereforeTheskywascloudlessthesunwasshining.A.butB.andC.for D.somanytimes,buthestillcouldn'tunderstandit.A.Havingbeentold B.ThoughhehadbeentoldC.Hewastold D.HavingtoldIwaswalkingalongthestreetIheardsomeonecallingmyname.A.when B.whileC.andD.forTobehealthy,youmusthaveamealtoobigtoosmall.A.either,or B.neither,norC.notonly,butalsoD.not,butBothJaneandEllen,Mary,arestudyingatthesamecollege.A.too B.and C.aswell D.aswellasHehasneverstudiedEnglishbefore,weshouldgivehimmorehelp.A.and B.orC.therefore D.butIseeyourpointofview;,Idon'tagreewithyou.A.or B.but C.soD.stillTheymuststayinthewatertheywilldie.A.butB.so C.otherwiseD.and20Weplayedoutsidetillsunsetitbegantorain.A.when B.while C.yetD.so三、改錯(cuò)：Althoughhehasgreatlearning,buthealwaysworksfarintothenight.Becausetheboyisverynaughty,soI’mangrywithhim.Notonlyhehimselfworkshardbutheoftenhelpsothers.Itmusthaverainedmuchoflate,becausetheriverissohigh.Theydidn’ttellmewhetherIshouldwritetohimnorwhetherIshouldseehimpersonally.Iftherewerenoplants,wewouldhavenoanimalsornomeat.NowofcourseIdon,twanttosayanythingbadaboutanyonehoweverhaveyounoticedhisstrangemanners?“I’mmorethankfultoyou,sirthanIcansay”Isaid,“andbutImustmakethingsclear.”Heneitherknowsnorcareswhathappened.Hedidnotlikeyoursuggestion,andbutheraisednoobjection(反對).復(fù)合句(complexsentence )，含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)、定語從句和狀語從句等。如：e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.Iaskedtheyweregettingon.我問他們相處得怎樣。You,llfeelbetterafteryoutakethepills吃完藥丸后你會(huì)感到好一些?？佳哿^(qū)分下列復(fù)合句1)Hewentouttoplayfootballafterhehadfinishedhishomework.Putitwhereyoufoundit.Sinceyouarefreetoday,youhadbetterhelpmewithmyEnglish.4)Heissuretocomeunlesshehassomeurgentworktodoathome.5)YoushouldstudyEnglishashardasMarydoes.6)Theoldmanrunsveryfastasifhewereayoungman.Hefinishedhishomeworksowellthathisteacherpraisedhiminclass.Shetakesnotescarefullyinclasssothatshemayusethemwhenshereviewsherlessonsafterclass.Nomatterwhoasksherforhelp,sheisreadytohelp.Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.21Itdoesn'tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.Canyoutellmewhichclassyouarein?Itsoundsasifsomeoneisknockingatthedoor.Hetoldushowhehadgottheinformation.Thereisnodoubtthatwewillwin.That'sbecausehedidn'tunderstandme.Wehaven'tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.Whatweneedismorepractice.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.★復(fù)合句?賓語從句用來充作賓語的句子叫做賓語從句。如：Heaskedyouweredoinglastnight.他問你昨天夜晚在干什么。Ididn’tknowhewaswoundedintheaccident.我原來不知道他在那事故中受了傷。Canyouexplainhedidn’tcometothepartylastSunday?你能解釋上周星期日他為什么沒有來參加聚會(huì)嗎？在賓語從句中須注意：.that在口語中常被省略;并且它一般不能引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語從句，但可引導(dǎo)except,but,in等少數(shù)介詞的賓語從句。如：Ididn,tknow(that)hewasLiLei.Iknownothingabouthimexceptthathe,sanactor..賓語從句之后帶有補(bǔ)足語成分時(shí)，一般須用it作形式賓語，把賓語從句放到句末，此時(shí)的that不能省。如：Theboyhasmadeclearthattheycan,tplaywithhistoys.那個(gè)男孩已清楚的表明他們不能玩弄他的玩具。.賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)須呼應(yīng)。即：1)當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)表示。如：Healwayssaysthathe(be)ourgoodfriend.他總是說他是我們的好朋友。Whentheteacherknowswhatwehavedone,hewillsaythatwe(do)agooddeed.當(dāng)老師知道我們所干的事情時(shí)，他會(huì)說我們做了一件好事。2)當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)為過去時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞須用響應(yīng)的過去時(shí)。如：22Hedidn’ttellushe(come)fromShanghai.他沒有告訴我們他來自上海。Hesaidhe(read)thebook.他說他讀過這本書。3)但當(dāng)從句的內(nèi)容是客觀真理或客觀事實(shí)，而不受時(shí)間的限制時(shí)，即使主句謂語動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：Whenwewerechildren,weweretoldthatChina(be)intheeastoftheworld.我們還是小孩子的時(shí)候，人們就告訴我們說中國在世界的東方。鞏固練習(xí)：---Couldyoutellme?---Becauseshelikesherstudentsverymuch.whysomanystudentsliketheteacherwhydosomanystudentsliketheteacherwhydidsomanystudentsliketheteacherwhysomanystudentslikedtheteacherYou