模塊1：了解推動發(fā)展評價的問題課件

Chapter1:

UnderstandingIssuesDrivingDevelopmentEvaluation

模塊1：了解推動發(fā)展評價的問題OECDDevelopedCountries經(jīng)合組織發(fā)達國家DevelopingCountries發(fā)展中國家Today今天Wherearewe?我們處于什么水平?1Chapter1:

UnderstandingIssIntroduction

導言EvaluationinDevelopedCountriesandDevelopingCountries:AnOverview發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家的評價概覽

EmergingDevelopmentIssues:WhatAretheEvaluationImplications?

新出現(xiàn)的發(fā)展問題：評價的意義是什么？2Introduction

導言EvaluationiEvaluationinOECDDevelopedCountries

經(jīng)合組織發(fā)達國家的評價Largemajorityofthe30OECDcountriesnowhavematureM&Esystems30個經(jīng)合組織國家中，大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在都有了成熟的監(jiān)測與評價體系Manyoftheearliestadoptershad:很多最早的采納國有democraticpoliticalsystems民主的政治體制strongempiricaltraditions強大的實證傳統(tǒng)civilservantstrainedinthesocialscience受過社會科學培訓的公務員efficientadministrativesystemsandinstitutions高效的行政管理系統(tǒng)和制度3EvaluationinOECDDevelopedCEvaluationCulture:

9Criteria

評價文化的9條準則Evaluationtakesplaceinmanypolicydomains評價出現(xiàn)在許多政策領域Evaluatorsspecializingindifferentdisciplineswhohavemasteredmethodsandconductdisciplines評價人員有不同學科領域的專業(yè)背景，精通方法，行為紀律良好Nationaldiscourseonevaluationadjustedtothespecificnationalenvironment各國對評價的論述應視各國具體環(huán)境而定(continuedonnextslide)（轉下頁）4EvaluationCulture:

9CriteriaEvaluationCulture:

9Criteria(cont.)

評價文化的9條準則（續(xù)）Thereisaprofessionwithsocietiesorfrequentattendanceatmeetingsofinternationalsocietiesfordiscussionofnormsandethicsoftheprofession能形成一個職業(yè)，經(jīng)常出席國際協(xié)會的會議，討論職業(yè)規(guī)范和職業(yè)道德Institutionalarrangementsingovernmentforconductingevaluationsanddisseminatingtodecisionmakers有開展評價和向決策者傳播的政府制度安排(continuedonnextslide)（轉下頁）5EvaluationCulture:

9CriteriaEvaluationCulture:

9Criteria(cont.)

評價文化的9條準則（續(xù)）Institutionalarrangementspresentinlegislativebodyforconductingevaluationsanddisseminatingtodecisionmakers立法機關有進行評價和向決策者傳播的制度安排ElementofPluralismwithinpolicydomainsexists政策領域存在多元化要素EvaluationactivitiestakeplacewithinSupremeAuditInstitution評價活動在最高審計機構里進行Focusonprogramorpolicyoutcomesaswellasinput/outputortechnicalproduction注重計劃或政策結果和投入/產(chǎn)出或者技術生產(chǎn)6EvaluationCulture:

9CriteriaApproaches

方法Whole-of-Government政府整體法Enclave局部法Mixed混合法SkipApproachDetails

跳過方法細節(jié)7Approaches

方法Whole-of-GovernmeWhole-of-GovernmentApproach

政府整體法AdoptedinsomeearlyM&Epioneercountries被一些早期的監(jiān)測與評價先驅國家采用Broad-based,comprehensiveM&Eatalllevelsofgovernment在政府的所有層面進行全面廣泛的監(jiān)測與評價MillenniumDevelopmentGoalshavecreatedimpetusinmanydevelopingcountries千年發(fā)展目標為許多發(fā)展中國家提供了動力Challengingincountrieswheredifferentministriesareatdifferentstages對于不同部委處于不同階段的國家來說具有挑戰(zhàn)性8Whole-of-GovernmentApproach

政EnclaveApproach

局部法Focusedononepartorsectorofthegovernment(oneministryorcabinet)重點關注政府的一部分或一個部門（一個部委或內閣）Strategy:戰(zhàn)略：beginwithlocal,state,orregionalgovernmentallevel從地方、州或地區(qū)政府層面開始pilotingevaluationsystemsinafewkeyministriesoragencies在幾個關鍵部委或機構進行評價試點9EnclaveApproach

局部法FocusedonMixedApproach

混合法Blendedwhole-of-governmentandenclave將政府整體法與局部法結合起來Someareashavecomprehensiveapproach;othersmoresporadicattention有些地區(qū)需要全面的方法；其它則需要部分關注10MixedApproach

混合法BlendedwholEvaluationinDevelopingCountries

發(fā)展中國家的評價Facechallengessimilaranddifferentfromdevelopedcountries面臨與發(fā)達國家既相似又不同的挑戰(zhàn)Weakpoliticalwillmayslowprogress薄弱的政治意愿可能會減緩進展Difficultiesininter-ministerialcooperationandcoordinationcanimpedeprogresstowardstrategicplanning部委間合作協(xié)調的困難會妨礙向戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃的進展11EvaluationinDevelopingCountEvaluatingSystemsinDevelopingCountries

發(fā)展中國家的評價體系Newevaluationsystemsneed:新的評價體系需要：highlyplacedchampionswillingtoassumepoliticalrisks位居要職的支持者愿意承擔政治風險credibleinstitutions可靠的機構foundationforevaluation:評價的基礎basicstatisticalsystemsanddata基礎統(tǒng)計體系與數(shù)據(jù)appropriatequalityandquantityofdata數(shù)據(jù)的質量與數(shù)量適當baselinedata基線數(shù)據(jù)12EvaluatingSystemsinDevelopiCapacityDevelopmentforEvaluation

評價的能力發(fā)展DevelopingCountries:發(fā)展中國家：needtechnicalandsocialscience-basedevaluation需要基于技術和社會科學的評價developmentorganizationscreatingdevelopmentnetworks建立發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡的發(fā)展機構13CapacityDevelopmentforEvaluOtherProblemsforEvaluationin

DevelopingCountries

發(fā)展中國家進行評價的其它問題Twobudgetsystems:兩個預算系統(tǒng)：recurrentexpenditures經(jīng)常性開支capital/investmentexpenditures資本/投資支出Whole-of-Governmentapproachmaybetoodifficultatoutset政府整體法在剛開始時可能過于困難14OtherProblemsforEvaluationPatton’sRecentTrends

巴頓的最近趨勢Evaluationasaglobalprofession評價，作為一種全球性的職業(yè)Studiestostreams(Rist)對趨勢的研究（瑞斯特）Newcomplexityinevaluation(commandandcontrol）評價的新復雜性（命令與控制）Movetomoreformative-likesituations朝著更加格式化的形勢發(fā)展15Patton’sRecentTrends

巴頓的最近趨勢ChangesinResponsetoEmergingIssues

隨著新出現(xiàn)的問題發(fā)生的變化Globalization全球化Growingincidenceofconflict沖突的發(fā)生率增加Terrorismandmoneylaundering恐怖主義和洗錢Wideninggapbetweenrichandpoor貧富差距加大Moredevelopmentplayers更多的發(fā)展參與者Drivetowarddebtreduction目標是減少債務Focusonimprovedgovernance重點是改進治理Drivetowardcomprehensive,coordinated,participatorydevelopmentwithresults努力實現(xiàn)以結果為導向的全面、協(xié)調、參與性的發(fā)展16ChangesinResponsetoEmerginItemsatTopofInternational

DevelopmentAgenda

國際發(fā)展議程中的重點項目Thirteenitemsattopofdevelopmentagenda發(fā)展議程中有13個重點項目BeginwithMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)從千年發(fā)展目標開始17ItemsatTopofInternationalMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDG)

千年發(fā)展目標（MDG）Eradicateextremepovertyandhunger消除極端貧困與饑餓Achieveuniversalprimaryeducation普及全球基礎教育Promotegenderequalityandempowerwomen促進兩性平等，并賦予婦女權力Reducechildmortality降低兒童死亡率Improvematernalhealth改善產(chǎn)婦保健CombatHIV/AIDs,malaria,andotherdiseases抑制艾滋病、瘧疾及其它疾病Ensureenvironmentalsustainability確保環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)展Developaglobalpartnershipfordevelopment在全球開展發(fā)展方面的合作18MillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDG’sandM&E

千年發(fā)展目標和監(jiān)測與評價Drivingdevelopingcountriestobuildevaluationcapacityandsystems推動發(fā)展中國家建設評價能力與體系Developmentorganizationscalledupontoprovidetechnicalassistance呼吁發(fā)展組織提供技術援助19MDG’sandM&E

千年發(fā)展目標和監(jiān)測與評價DriMonterreyConsensus

蒙特雷共識Financingfordevelopment為發(fā)展提供資金March2002—170countries,50headsofstate2002年3月，170個國家，50名國家首腦Recognizedtheneedforgreaterfinancialassistancetoraisestandardsofthepoorestcountries達成共識：需要為提高最貧窮國家的生活水平提供更大的資金援助DidNOTsetanyfirmgoals未設定任何硬性目標20MonterreyConsensus

蒙特雷共識FinaMonterreyConsensusandM&E

蒙特雷共識和監(jiān)測與評價StressedmutualresponsibilitiesinthequestforMDGs強調了實現(xiàn)千年發(fā)展目標的共同責任Calledondevelopingcountriestoimprovetheirpoliciesandgovernance呼吁發(fā)展中國家改進政策和改善治理Askeddevelopedcountriestostepuptheirsupport-openmarkets,more,betteraid要求發(fā)達國家加大支持力度——開放市場，更多更好的援助21MonterreyConsensusandM&E

蒙特ParisDeclarationonAidEffectiveness

《援助實效問題巴黎宣言》Agreementtoincreaseeffortsformanagingaidtodevelopingcountries同意加強對發(fā)展中國家援助的管理March2005—morethan100ministers,headsofagenciesandotherseniorofficials2005年3月，100多位部長、機構負責人和其他高級官員Monitorableactionsandindicatorstotrackprogresstowardseffectiveaid設立可監(jiān)測的行動和指標來追蹤援助成效Fivekeyprinciples五個關鍵原則:ownership,alignment,harmonization,managingforresults,andmutualaccountability所有權，結盟，和諧，成果管理，互相負責22ParisDeclarationonAidEffecParisDeclarationandM&E

巴黎宣言和監(jiān)測與評價2007surveyfound:

2007年的調查發(fā)現(xiàn):increasedawarenessandpromoteddialoguetoimprovedeliveryofaid意識增強，加強了有關改善援助提供的對話costofaidhigh,slowpacetochangedevelopmentorganizationattitudes援助成本高，改變發(fā)展機構態(tài)度的步伐緩慢needtostrengthendevelopmentstrategies需要加強發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略changeinvolvesnewcosts進行變革就需要新的成本shoulduseperformanceassessmentframeworksandresults-orientedreporting應該使用績效評估框架和以結果為導向的匯報needmoremonitoringsystems需要更多的監(jiān)測體系23ParisDeclarationandM&E

巴黎宣言DebtInitiativeforHIPC

重債窮國減債計劃Proposedin1996byWorldBankandIMF由世界銀行和國際貨幣基金組織于1996年提出Intendedtoreduceexternaldebttosustainablelevelsforcountriesthatpursueeconomicandsocialpolicyreform旨在使進行經(jīng)濟和社會政策改革的國家的外債減少到可承受的水平Endorsedby180countries,27countriesreceivingHIPC(2006)得到180個國家的通過，27個國家列為重債窮國（2006年）Linkedtolargercomprehensivenationalpovertyreductionstrategies與更大范圍的全面的國家減貧戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)系在一起24DebtInitiativeforHIPC

重債窮國減HIPCandM&E

重債窮國和監(jiān)測與評價Drivingcreationofevaluationcapacity推動評價能力的形成Countriesmustcommittoaccountabilityandtransparencythrough:monitoring,evaluation,andachievements國家必須通過監(jiān)測、評價和成就致力于責任機制和透明化Providinggrantsraisesnewissuesandquestionsforevaluators救助金的提供給評價人員提出了新的問題25HIPCandM&E

重債窮國和監(jiān)測與評價DrivinEmergenceofNewActors

新參與者的出現(xiàn)Largefoundations:大型基金會：TheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation比爾及梅林達.蓋茨基金會TheFordFoundation福特基金會TheBuffetFoundation巴菲特基金會SorosFoundation/OpenSociety

索羅斯基金會/開放社會基金Nowapartofthedialogueoverglobal/country/sector-wideprojects,programs,andpolicies現(xiàn)在是全球/國家/部門范圍內的項目、計劃和政策對話的一部分Mustbecomepartoftheprocesstodesignanddevelopevaluations必須成為評價設計和發(fā)展過程的一部分26EmergenceofNewActors

新參與者的出ConflictPreventionandPost-ConflictReconstruction

沖突預防和沖突后的重建Currentlyconflictaffectsover1billionpeople目前沖突影響了10億多人Mostconflictsdifficulttoend大多數(shù)沖突很難結束Globalcostsgreat全球代價巨大Povertyacauseandconsequenceofconflict貧困是沖突的一個原因和后果Post-conflictreconstructionrequirescoordinationoflargenumbersofdonors沖突后的重建需要很多捐助方的協(xié)調努力infrastructure,institutionbuilding,technicalassistance,democracy&elections,NGOsandcivilsociety,civilianpolice,etc.基礎設施、機構建設、技術援助、民主和選舉、非政府組織和民間社團、民警，等27ConflictPreventionandPost-CConflictPrevention

沖突的預防Conflictanalysisandsensitivity沖突分析與敏感性Greateremphasison:更加強調social,ethnic,andreligiouscommunitiesandrelations社會、種族和宗教社區(qū)與關系governanceandpoliticalinstitutions治理與政治制度humanrights人權Security安全economicstructuresandperformance經(jīng)濟結構與績效theenvironmentandnaturalresources環(huán)境與自然資源externalfactors外部因素28ConflictPrevention

沖突的預防ConflPost-ConflictReconstructionandM&E

沖突后的重建與評價Newlevelofdifficulty新的困難程度Multi-sectorprogramsfundedby50-80bilateralandmultilateraldevelopmentorganizations由50-80個雙邊和多邊發(fā)展機構資助的多部門計劃Evaluatorsmustexaminetheimpactanddonorcoordinationprocess評價人員必須考察沖突的影響和援助方的協(xié)調進程Untraditionalareas:非傳統(tǒng)領域：de-mining,demobilization,reintegrationofex-combatants清除地雷，復員，前戰(zhàn)斗人員的重整Waystopreventconflictsfromerupting預防沖突爆發(fā)的方法29Post-ConflictReconstructionaGovernance

治理Governanceprogramsseektopromote:治理計劃尋求促進：anti-corruption,publicexpendituremanagement,civilservicereform,judicialreform,administration,decentralization,e-governmentandpublicservicesdelivery反腐敗、公共支出管理、公務員體制改革、司法改革、行政管理、分權化、電子政務和公共服務的提供Measuresofcorruption:TransparencyInternational(TI)“CorruptionPerceptionIndex”腐敗的衡量：國際透明組織（TI）的“腐敗感知指數(shù)”Developmentorganizationsandevaluatorscanusethesetomeasureaideffectiveness發(fā)展機構和評價人員可以利用它們來衡量援助效果30Governance

治理GovernanceprograAnti-MoneyLaunderingandTerroristFinancing

反洗錢和恐怖主義融資Convertingortransferringproceedsofcriminalactivitywiththeintenttoconcealordisguisetheoriginoftheproperty對犯罪活動的收益進行兌換或轉賬，旨在隱瞞或掩飾財產(chǎn)來源Seriousandgrowinginternationalproblem成為嚴重的國際問題，問題還越來越多TheOECD’sFinancialActionTaskForce(FATF)onMoneyLaundering經(jīng)合組織反洗錢金融行動特別工作組MonitoringandevaluationisapartoftheFATFmandatecarriedoutmultilaterally,bypeerreview,andbymutualevaluation監(jiān)測和評價是反洗錢金融行動特別工作組綱領的一部分，通過同行評議和相互評價多邊開展31Anti-MoneyLaunderingandTerrWorker’sRemittances

勞工匯款Definition:moneysentbyworkersatadistancetosomeoneathome定義：遠方工作的人匯給家人的錢Risingtrend:globalremittancetotalgreaterthanODAassistance上升趨勢：全球匯款總額大于官方發(fā)展援助Tendtobemorestablethanprivatecapitalflows往往比私人資本流動更加穩(wěn)定Strongimpactonpovertyreduction對減貧有強烈影響Developmentorganizationsseekingtofindwaystotrackthesetrendsandcapitalizeonthem發(fā)展機構旨在尋找某些方法來跟蹤并利用這些趨勢Evaluatorsneedwaystostudytheimpact評價者需要研究這些影響的方法32Worker’sRemittances

勞工匯款DefinGender

性別Gender:sociallyconstructedrolesascribetofemalesandmales性別：屬于女性和男性的社會角色Genderanalysis:accessandcontrolmenandwomenhaveoverresourcesandsystematicwaytodetermineneeds,preferences,andimpact性別分析：男性和女性對資源的使用權和控制權以及決定需求、偏好及影響的系統(tǒng)方法TrendfromWID—toGenderandDevelopment—toGenderMainstreaming從婦女參與發(fā)展（WID）到社會性別與發(fā)展（GAD）到性別觀點主流化33Gender

性別Gender:sociallyconsGenderandM&E

性別和監(jiān)測與評價ProgressingenderequalityandempowermentofwomenincludedintheMDGs千年發(fā)展目標包括促進性別平等和給婦女賦予權利specificgoals,targets,indicators具體目標和指標OECD’sDACoutlinesguidingquestions經(jīng)合組織的發(fā)展援助委員會概述了指導性問題Genderbudgeting性別預算34GenderandM&E

性別和監(jiān)測與評價ProgresPSDandInvestmentClimate

私營部門的發(fā)展（PSD）與投資環(huán)境Manyissueswithinprivatesectordevelopment(PSD)andinvestmentclimateinpovertyreduction私營部門的發(fā)展（PSD）和減貧投資環(huán)境存在許多問題povertyreduction減貧Privatization私有化privateparticipationininfrastructureservices私營部門參與基礎設施服務creationofmicro-,small-,andmedium-sizedenterprises(SME)創(chuàng)辦微型和中小型企業(yè)（SME）supportformicroandSMEfinance支持微型和中小型企業(yè)融資stimulatingentrepreneurship激發(fā)企業(yè)家精神35PSDandInvestmentClimate

私營部PSD,Investment,andM&E

私營部門的發(fā)展、投資和監(jiān)測與評價Evaluateusingfourpossibleindicators:使用四種可能的指標評價：businessperformance企業(yè)績效economicsustainability經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)性environmentaleffects環(huán)境影響privatesectordevelopment私營部門的發(fā)展DoingBusinessDatabase:objectivemeasuresofbusinessregulationsandtheirreinforcement營商數(shù)據(jù)庫：是對企業(yè)規(guī)章制度及其執(zhí)行的客觀衡量36PSD,Investment,andM&E

私營部門的EnvironmentalandSocialSustainability

環(huán)境和社會可持續(xù)性Corporatesocialresponsibility(CSR):activelytakingintoaccounttheeconomic,environmentalandsocialimpacts,andconsequencesofbusinessactivities企業(yè)社會責任（CSR）：積極考慮商業(yè)活動對經(jīng)濟、環(huán)境和社會的影響和后果EquatorPrinciples(2003):赤道原則（2003）：commonbaselineandframework,andstandardsforfinancingactivities活動融資遵循共同的基線、框架和標準outlinewaystodetermine,assess,andmanagerisk(environmentalandsocial)概述決定、評估和管理（環(huán)境和社會）風險的方法commitmenttosociallyresponsiblefinancing致力于對社會負責的融資37EnvironmentalandSocialSustaEnvironmentalandSocialSustainabilityandM&E

環(huán)境和社會可持續(xù)性以及監(jiān)測與評價Standardscover:標準涵蓋：Environmental環(huán)境healthandsafety健康與安全indigenouspeoples土著人民naturalhabitats自然棲息地resettlement重新定居38EnvironmentalandSocialSustaGlobalPublicGoods

全球公共產(chǎn)品Goodsthatarethereforalltoconsume能夠讓所有人消費Goodswhereconsumptionbyonepersondoesnotreducetheamountforothers一個人的消費不會減少其他人消費的數(shù)量Evaluationofglobalpublicgoodsislargelyabsent對它的評價基本上還不存在Lackclearobjectivesandverifiableperformanceindicators缺乏明確的目標和可核查的績效指標39GlobalPublicGoods

全球公共產(chǎn)品GoodChapter1:

UnderstandingIssuesDrivingDevelopmentEvaluation

模塊1：了解推動發(fā)展評價的問題OECDDevelopedCountries經(jīng)合組織發(fā)達國家DevelopingCountries發(fā)展中國家Today今天Wherearewe?我們處于什么水平?40Chapter1:

UnderstandingIssIntroduction

導言EvaluationinDevelopedCountriesandDevelopingCountries:AnOverview發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家的評價概覽

EmergingDevelopmentIssues:WhatAretheEvaluationImplications?

新出現(xiàn)的發(fā)展問題：評價的意義是什么？41Introduction

導言EvaluationiEvaluationinOECDDevelopedCountries

經(jīng)合組織發(fā)達國家的評價Largemajorityofthe30OECDcountriesnowhavematureM&Esystems30個經(jīng)合組織國家中，大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在都有了成熟的監(jiān)測與評價體系Manyoftheearliestadoptershad:很多最早的采納國有democraticpoliticalsystems民主的政治體制strongempiricaltraditions強大的實證傳統(tǒng)civilservantstrainedinthesocialscience受過社會科學培訓的公務員efficientadministrativesystemsandinstitutions高效的行政管理系統(tǒng)和制度42EvaluationinOECDDevelopedCEvaluationCulture:

9Criteria

評價文化的9條準則Evaluationtakesplaceinmanypolicydomains評價出現(xiàn)在許多政策領域Evaluatorsspecializingindifferentdisciplineswhohavemasteredmethodsandconductdisciplines評價人員有不同學科領域的專業(yè)背景，精通方法，行為紀律良好Nationaldiscourseonevaluationadjustedtothespecificnationalenvironment各國對評價的論述應視各國具體環(huán)境而定(continuedonnextslide)（轉下頁）43EvaluationCulture:

9CriteriaEvaluationCulture:

9Criteria(cont.)

評價文化的9條準則（續(xù)）Thereisaprofessionwithsocietiesorfrequentattendanceatmeetingsofinternationalsocietiesfordiscussionofnormsandethicsoftheprofession能形成一個職業(yè)，經(jīng)常出席國際協(xié)會的會議，討論職業(yè)規(guī)范和職業(yè)道德Institutionalarrangementsingovernmentforconductingevaluationsanddisseminatingtodecisionmakers有開展評價和向決策者傳播的政府制度安排(continuedonnextslide)（轉下頁）44EvaluationCulture:

9CriteriaEvaluationCulture:

9Criteria(cont.)

評價文化的9條準則（續(xù)）Institutionalarrangementspresentinlegislativebodyforconductingevaluationsanddisseminatingtodecisionmakers立法機關有進行評價和向決策者傳播的制度安排ElementofPluralismwithinpolicydomainsexists政策領域存在多元化要素EvaluationactivitiestakeplacewithinSupremeAuditInstitution評價活動在最高審計機構里進行Focusonprogramorpolicyoutcomesaswellasinput/outputortechnicalproduction注重計劃或政策結果和投入/產(chǎn)出或者技術生產(chǎn)45EvaluationCulture:

9CriteriaApproaches

方法Whole-of-Government政府整體法Enclave局部法Mixed混合法SkipApproachDetails

跳過方法細節(jié)46Approaches

方法Whole-of-GovernmeWhole-of-GovernmentApproach

政府整體法AdoptedinsomeearlyM&Epioneercountries被一些早期的監(jiān)測與評價先驅國家采用Broad-based,comprehensiveM&Eatalllevelsofgovernment在政府的所有層面進行全面廣泛的監(jiān)測與評價MillenniumDevelopmentGoalshavecreatedimpetusinmanydevelopingcountries千年發(fā)展目標為許多發(fā)展中國家提供了動力Challengingincountrieswheredifferentministriesareatdifferentstages對于不同部委處于不同階段的國家來說具有挑戰(zhàn)性47Whole-of-GovernmentApproach

政EnclaveApproach

局部法Focusedononepartorsectorofthegovernment(oneministryorcabinet)重點關注政府的一部分或一個部門（一個部委或內閣）Strategy:戰(zhàn)略：beginwithlocal,state,orregionalgovernmentallevel從地方、州或地區(qū)政府層面開始pilotingevaluationsystemsinafewkeyministriesoragencies在幾個關鍵部委或機構進行評價試點48EnclaveApproach

局部法FocusedonMixedApproach

混合法Blendedwhole-of-governmentandenclave將政府整體法與局部法結合起來Someareashavecomprehensiveapproach;othersmoresporadicattention有些地區(qū)需要全面的方法；其它則需要部分關注49MixedApproach

混合法BlendedwholEvaluationinDevelopingCountries

發(fā)展中國家的評價Facechallengessimilaranddifferentfromdevelopedcountries面臨與發(fā)達國家既相似又不同的挑戰(zhàn)Weakpoliticalwillmayslowprogress薄弱的政治意愿可能會減緩進展Difficultiesininter-ministerialcooperationandcoordinationcanimpedeprogresstowardstrategicplanning部委間合作協(xié)調的困難會妨礙向戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃的進展50EvaluationinDevelopingCountEvaluatingSystemsinDevelopingCountries

發(fā)展中國家的評價體系Newevaluationsystemsneed:新的評價體系需要：highlyplacedchampionswillingtoassumepoliticalrisks位居要職的支持者愿意承擔政治風險credibleinstitutions可靠的機構foundationforevaluation:評價的基礎basicstatisticalsystemsanddata基礎統(tǒng)計體系與數(shù)據(jù)appropriatequalityandquantityofdata數(shù)據(jù)的質量與數(shù)量適當baselinedata基線數(shù)據(jù)51EvaluatingSystemsinDevelopiCapacityDevelopmentforEvaluation

評價的能力發(fā)展DevelopingCountries:發(fā)展中國家：needtechnicalandsocialscience-basedevaluation需要基于技術和社會科學的評價developmentorganizationscreatingdevelopmentnetworks建立發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡的發(fā)展機構52CapacityDevelopmentforEvaluOtherProblemsforEvaluationin

DevelopingCountries

發(fā)展中國家進行評價的其它問題Twobudgetsystems:兩個預算系統(tǒng)：recurrentexpenditures經(jīng)常性開支capital/investmentexpenditures資本/投資支出Whole-of-Governmentapproachmaybetoodifficultatoutset政府整體法在剛開始時可能過于困難53OtherProblemsforEvaluationPatton’sRecentTrends

巴頓的最近趨勢Evaluationasaglobalprofession評價，作為一種全球性的職業(yè)Studiestostreams(Rist)對趨勢的研究（瑞斯特）Newcomplexityinevaluation(commandandcontrol）評價的新復雜性（命令與控制）Movetomoreformative-likesituations朝著更加格式化的形勢發(fā)展54Patton’sRecentTrends

巴頓的最近趨勢ChangesinResponsetoEmergingIssues

隨著新出現(xiàn)的問題發(fā)生的變化Globalization全球化Growingincidenceofconflict沖突的發(fā)生率增加Terrorismandmoneylaundering恐怖主義和洗錢Wideninggapbetweenrichandpoor貧富差距加大Moredevelopmentplayers更多的發(fā)展參與者Drivetowarddebtreduction目標是減少債務Focusonimprovedgovernance重點是改進治理Drivetowardcomprehensive,coordinated,participatorydevelopmentwithresults努力實現(xiàn)以結果為導向的全面、協(xié)調、參與性的發(fā)展55ChangesinResponsetoEmerginItemsatTopofInternational

DevelopmentAgenda

國際發(fā)展議程中的重點項目Thirteenitemsattopofdevelopmentagenda發(fā)展議程中有13個重點項目BeginwithMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)從千年發(fā)展目標開始56ItemsatTopofInternationalMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDG)

千年發(fā)展目標（MDG）Eradicateextremepovertyandhunger消除極端貧困與饑餓Achieveuniversalprimaryeducation普及全球基礎教育Promotegenderequalityandempowerwomen促進兩性平等，并賦予婦女權力Reducechildmortality降低兒童死亡率Improvematernalhealth改善產(chǎn)婦保健CombatHIV/AIDs,malaria,andotherdiseases抑制艾滋病、瘧疾及其它疾病Ensureenvironmentalsustainability確保環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)展Developaglobalpartnershipfordevelopment在全球開展發(fā)展方面的合作57MillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDG’sandM&E

千年發(fā)展目標和監(jiān)測與評價Drivingdevelopingcountriestobuildevaluationcapacityandsystems推動發(fā)展中國家建設評價能力與體系Developmentorganizationscalledupontoprovidetechnicalassistance呼吁發(fā)展組織提供技術援助58MDG’sandM&E

千年發(fā)展目標和監(jiān)測與評價DriMonterreyConsensus

蒙特雷共識Financingfordevelopment為發(fā)展提供資金March2002—170countries,50headsofstate2002年3月，170個國家，50名國家首腦Recognizedtheneedforgreaterfinancialassistancetoraisestandardsofthepoorestcountries達成共識：需要為提高最貧窮國家的生活水平提供更大的資金援助DidNOTsetanyfirmgoals未設定任何硬性目標59MonterreyConsensus

蒙特雷共識FinaMonterreyConsensusandM&E

蒙特雷共識和監(jiān)測與評價StressedmutualresponsibilitiesinthequestforMDGs強調了實現(xiàn)千年發(fā)展目標的共同責任Calledondevelopingcountriestoimprovetheirpoliciesandgovernance呼吁發(fā)展中國家改進政策和改善治理Askeddevelopedcountriestostepuptheirsupport-openmarkets,more,betteraid要求發(fā)達國家加大支持力度——開放市場，更多更好的援助60MonterreyConsensusandM&E

蒙特ParisDeclarationonAidEffectiveness

《援助實效問題巴黎宣言》Agreementtoincreaseeffortsformanagingaidtodevelopingcountries同意加強對發(fā)展中國家援助的管理March2005—morethan100ministers,headsofagenciesandotherseniorofficials2005年3月，100多位部長、機構負責人和其他高級官員Monitorableactionsandindicatorstotrackprogresstowardseffectiveaid設立可監(jiān)測的行動和指標來追蹤援助成效Fivekeyprinciples五個關鍵原則:ownership,alignment,harmonization,managingforresults,andmutualaccountability所有權，結盟，和諧，成果管理，互相負責61ParisDeclarationonAidEffecParisDeclarationandM&E

巴黎宣言和監(jiān)測與評價2007surveyfound:

2007年的調查發(fā)現(xiàn):increasedawarenessandpromoteddialoguetoimprovedeliveryofaid意識增強，加強了有關改善援助提供的對話costofaidhigh,slowpacetochangedevelopmentorganizationattitudes援助成本高，改變發(fā)展機構態(tài)度的步伐緩慢needtostrengthendevelopmentstrategies需要加強發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略changeinvolvesnewcosts進行變革就需要新的成本shoulduseperformanceassessmentframeworksandresults-orientedreporting應該使用績效評估框架和以結果為導向的匯報needmoremonitoringsystems需要更多的監(jiān)測體系62ParisDeclarationandM&E

巴黎宣言DebtInitiativeforHIPC

重債窮國減債計劃Proposedin1996byWorldBankandIMF由世界銀行和國際貨幣基金組織于1996年提出Intendedtoreduceexternaldebttosustainablelevelsforcountriesthatpursueeconomicandsocialpolicyreform旨在使進行經(jīng)濟和社會政策改革的國家的外債減少到可承受的水平Endorsedby180countries,27countriesreceivingHIPC(2006)得到180個國家的通過，27個國家列為重債窮國（2006年）Linkedtolargercomprehensivenationalpovertyreductionstrategies與更大范圍的全面的國家減貧戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)系在一起63DebtInitiativeforHIPC

重債窮國減HIPCandM&E

重債窮國和監(jiān)測與評價Drivingcreationofevaluationcapacity推動評價能力的形成Countriesmustcommittoaccountabilityandtransparencythrough:monitoring,evaluation,andachievements國家必須通過監(jiān)測、評價和成就致力于責任機制和透明化Providinggrantsraisesnewissuesandquestionsforevaluators救助金的提供給評價人員提出了新的問題64HIPCandM&E

重債窮國和監(jiān)測與評價DrivinEmergenceofNewActors

新參與者的出現(xiàn)Largefoundations:大型基金會：TheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation比爾及梅林達.蓋茨基金會TheFordFoundation福特基金會TheBuffetFoundation巴菲特基金會SorosFoundation/OpenSociety

索羅斯基金會/開放社會基金Nowapartofthedialogueoverglobal/country/sector-wideprojects,programs,andpolicies現(xiàn)在是全球/國家/部門范圍內的項目、計劃和政策對話的一部分Mustbecomepartoftheprocesstodesignanddevelopevaluations必須成為評價設計和發(fā)展過程的一部分65EmergenceofNewActors

新參與者的出ConflictPreventionandPost-ConflictReconstruction

沖突預防和沖突后的重建Currentlyconflictaffectsover1billionpeople目前沖突影響了10億多人Mostconflictsdifficulttoend大多數(shù)沖突很難結束Globalcostsgreat全球代價巨大Povertyacauseandconsequenceofconflict貧困是沖突的一個原因和后果Post-conflictreconstructionrequirescoordinationoflargenumbersofdonors沖突后的重建需要很多捐助方的協(xié)調努力infrastructure,institutionbuilding,technicalassistance,democracy&elections,NGOsandcivilsociety,civilianpolice,etc.基礎設施、機構建設、技術援助、民主和選舉、非政府組織和民間社團、民警，等66ConflictPreventionandPost-CConflictPrevention

沖突的預防Conflictanalysisandsensitivity沖突分析與敏感性Greateremphasison:更加強調social,ethnic,andreligiouscommunitiesandrelations社會、種族和宗教社區(qū)與關系governanceandpoliticalinstitutions治理與政治制度humanrights人權Security安全economicstructuresandperformance經(jīng)濟結構與績效theenvironmentandnaturalresources環(huán)境與自然資源externalfactors外部因素67ConflictPrevention

沖突的預防ConflPost-ConflictReconstructionandM&E

沖突后的重建與評價Newlevelofdifficulty新的困難程度Multi-sectorprogramsfundedby50-80bilateralandmultilateraldevelopmentorganizations由50-80個雙邊和多邊發(fā)展機構資助的多部門計劃Evaluatorsmustexaminetheimpactanddonorcoordinationprocess評價人員必須考察沖突的影響和援助方的協(xié)調進程Untraditionalareas:非傳統(tǒng)領域：de-mining,demobilization,reintegrationofex-combatants清除地雷，復員，前戰(zhàn)斗人員的重整Waystopreventconflictsfromerupting預防沖突爆發(fā)的方法68Post-ConflictReconstructionaGovernance

治理Governanceprogramsseektopromote:治理計劃尋求促進：anti-corruption,publicexpendituremanagement,civilservicereform,judicialreform,administration,decentralization,e-governmentandpublicservicesdelivery反腐敗、公共支出管理、公務員體制改革、司法改革、行政管理、分權化、電子政務和公共服務的提供Measuresofcorruption:TransparencyInternational(TI)“CorruptionPerceptionIndex”腐敗的衡量：國際透明組織（TI）的“腐敗感知指數(shù)”Developmentorganizationsandevaluatorscanusethesetomeasureaideffectiveness發(fā)展機構和評價人員可以利用它們來衡量援助效果69Governance

治理GovernanceprograAnti-MoneyLaunderingandTerroristFinancing

反洗錢和恐怖主義融資Convertingortransferringproceedsofcriminalactivitywiththeintenttoconcealordisguisetheoriginoftheproperty對犯罪活動的收益進行兌換或轉賬，旨在隱瞞或掩飾財產(chǎn)來源Seriousandgrowinginternationalproblem成為嚴重的國際問題，問題還越來越多TheOECD’sFinancialActionTaskForce(FATF)onMoneyLaundering經(jīng)合組織反洗錢金融行動特別工作組MonitoringandevaluationisapartoftheFATFmandatecarriedoutmultilaterally,bypeerreview,andbymutualevaluation監(jiān)測和評價是反洗錢金融行動特別工作組綱領的一部分，通過同行評議和相互評價多邊開展70Anti-MoneyLaunderingandTerrWorker’sRemittances

勞工匯款Definition:moneysentbyworkersatadistancetosomeoneathome定義：遠方工作的人匯給家人的錢Risingtrend:globalremittancetotalgreaterthanODAassistance上升趨勢：全球匯款總額大于官方發(fā)展援助Tendtob