模塊二-亞太財(cái)經(jīng)與發(fā)展中心課件

Chapter2:

IntroductiontoDevelopmentEvaluation

模塊2:

發(fā)展評價(jià)導(dǎo)言What?概念OECDDACCriteriaOECDDAC準(zhǔn)則DevelopmentEvaluationContext評價(jià)的發(fā)展背景Origin&History起源和歷史PrinciplesandStandards原則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ProfessionalAssociations專業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)1Chapter2:

IntroductiontoDeIntroduction導(dǎo)言Evaluation,WhatIsIt?什么是評價(jià)？OriginandHistoryoftheEvaluationDiscipline評價(jià)學(xué)科的起源和發(fā)展歷程EvaluationDevelopmentContext評價(jià)的發(fā)展背景PrinciplesandStandardsforDevelopmentEvaluation發(fā)展評價(jià)的原則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2Introduction導(dǎo)言Evaluation,WhaOECDDefinition

經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織（OECD）對評價(jià)的定義Evaluation評價(jià)Theprocessofdeterminingtheworthorsignificanceofanactivity,policy,orprogram確定一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)、政策或計(jì)劃的價(jià)值或者重要性的過程anassessment,assystematicandobjectiveaspossible,ofaplanned,on-going,orcompletedintervention對一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃中的、實(shí)施中的或者已經(jīng)完成的干預(yù)措施開展的盡可能系統(tǒng)客觀的評估3OECDDefinition

經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織（OECDEvaluation:WhatIsIt?

什么是評價(jià)？4Evaluation:WhatIsIt?

什么是評價(jià)？KindsofEvaluations

評價(jià)的種類Formative形成性評價(jià)focusonimprovedperformancebeforeandduringimplementation(project,programorpolicy)注重（項(xiàng)目、計(jì)劃或政策）執(zhí)行前和執(zhí)行中績效的提高Summative總結(jié)性評價(jià)focusonoutcomes(consequences)注重結(jié)果（成果）Prospective前瞻性評價(jià)

assesthelikelyoutcomesofproposedinterventions對建議的干預(yù)活動(dòng)后所產(chǎn)生的可能結(jié)果進(jìn)行評估Isthisprogram/project/policyworthevaluating?該計(jì)劃/項(xiàng)目/政策值得進(jìn)行評價(jià)嗎？Willthegainsbeworththeeffort/resourcesexpended?相對于付出的努力和資源，評價(jià)獲得的收益值得嗎？5KindsofEvaluations

評價(jià)的種類FormPurposeofEvaluation

評價(jià)的目的Ethical道德Managerial管理Decisional決策EducativeandMotivational教育和激勵(lì)6PurposeofEvaluation

評價(jià)的目的EthBenefitsofEvaluation

評價(jià)的益處Helpsanswerquestionsaboutinterventions有助于回答有關(guān)干預(yù)的問題Benefitsforpeople對人的益處directvs.indirect直接或間接intendedvs.unintended有意或無意short-termvs.long-term短期或長期7BenefitsofEvaluation

評價(jià)的益處HeWhattoEvaluate?

評價(jià)的對象Projects項(xiàng)目Programs計(jì)劃Policies政策Organizations組織Sectors部門Themes主題Countryassistance國家援助8WhattoEvaluate?

評價(jià)的對象ProjecUsesofEvaluations

評價(jià)的運(yùn)用Givefeedbackontheperformanceofpolicies,programs,andprojects對政策、計(jì)劃和項(xiàng)目的績效做出反饋Makepolicies,programs,andprojectsaccountableforhowtheyusepublicfunds使政策、計(jì)劃和項(xiàng)目能對公共資金的使用做出合理解釋Helpstakeholderslearnmoreaboutpolicies,programs,andprojects幫助利益相關(guān)者了解更多有關(guān)政策、計(jì)劃和項(xiàng)目的信息Carriedoutaroundtheneedsoftheprimaryintendeduser圍繞主要預(yù)期使用者的需求開展評價(jià)Clarifytheoryofchangeforprojects,programs,andpolicy明確項(xiàng)目、計(jì)劃和政策的變革理論

9UsesofEvaluations

評價(jià)的運(yùn)用GiveEvaluationProvidesInformationon:

評價(jià)提供以下幾方面的信息：Strategy–策略層面-Aretherightthingsbeingdone?是否在做正確的事？Operations–操作層面-Arethingsbeingdoneright?做事的方式是否正確？Learning–學(xué)習(xí)層面-Aretherebetterways?有無其它更好的方法？10EvaluationProvidesInformatioMonitoringandEvaluation

監(jiān)測和評價(jià)Monitoring監(jiān)測routine,ongoing,andinternalactivityoftrackingkeyindicators常規(guī)性持續(xù)性地跟蹤關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)internalactivity屬于內(nèi)部活動(dòng)usedtocollectinformationonaprogram’sactivities,outputsandoutcomestomeasureperformanceoftheprogram用于收集某個(gè)計(jì)劃的活動(dòng)、產(chǎn)出和成果的相關(guān)資料以衡量其績效Evaluation評價(jià)periodandtimebound具有一定的時(shí)限性canbeinternal,externalorparticipatory可以是內(nèi)部、外部或者參與式的periodicfeedbacktokeystakeholders定期向關(guān)鍵的利益相關(guān)者進(jìn)行反饋11MonitoringandEvaluation

監(jiān)測和評WhoConductstheEvaluation

評價(jià)的主體

Internalevaluators:內(nèi)部評價(jià)人員usuallyknowmore通常更加了解：history,organization,culture,problems,successes被評價(jià)對象的歷史、組織、文化、存在的問題及取得的成就maybetooclose可能與被評價(jià)對象的關(guān)系過于密切Externalevaluators:外部評價(jià)人員havemorecredibilityandspecializedskills具有更高的可信度和專業(yè)技能independentfromadministrationandfinancialdecisions不受管理和財(cái)務(wù)決策的影響12WhoConductstheEvaluation

評WhoConducts(cont.)

評價(jià)的主體（續(xù)）

ParticipatoryEvaluation參與式評價(jià)representativesofagenciesandstakeholders

(includingbeneficiaries)worktogetherindesigning,carryingoutandinterpretinganevaluation機(jī)構(gòu)和利益相關(guān)者（包括受益人）的代表共同設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施和解讀一項(xiàng)評價(jià)participatorymethodsmaybeusedininternalandexternalevaluations參與式方法可用于內(nèi)部和外部評價(jià)13WhoConducts(cont.)

評價(jià)的主體（續(xù)）ParticipatoryEvaluation

(vs.InternalorExternal)

參與式評價(jià)(與內(nèi)部或外部評價(jià)相比)Distinctionbetweenexpertsandlayperson,researcherandresearched,isde-emphasizedandredefined專家與外行、研究人員與研究對象之間的區(qū)別被淡化處理和重新定義Evaluatorsactasfacilitatorsandinstructors評價(jià)人員充當(dāng)推動(dòng)者和指導(dǎo)者Othersmaketheassessment由其他人進(jìn)行評價(jià)Amoreradicalstepawayfromthemodelofindependentevaluation與獨(dú)立評價(jià)模式存在根本性不同14ParticipatoryEvaluation

(vs.EvaluatorActivities

評價(jià)人員的活動(dòng)Consultwithmainclientandallkeystakeholders與主要客戶以及所有的關(guān)鍵利益相關(guān)者進(jìn)行磋商Reconstructorconstructtheoryofchange重建或建立變革理論Designtheevaluation設(shè)計(jì)評價(jià)活動(dòng)Manageevaluationbudgets管理評價(jià)預(yù)算Performorconducttheevaluation(orcontractstafftoperformtheevaluation)實(shí)施評價(jià)（或者雇用人員實(shí)施評價(jià)）Identifystandardsforeffectiveness確認(rèn)評價(jià)效果的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Collect,analyze,interpret,andreportondataandfindings收集、分析、解讀和匯報(bào)數(shù)據(jù)和評價(jià)結(jié)果15EvaluatorActivities

評價(jià)人員的活動(dòng)CProfessionstatus專業(yè)地位Educationand

SocialPrograms教育和社會(huì)計(jì)劃EgyptandChina埃及和中國Timeline時(shí)間表Expansionintoglobalactivity擴(kuò)張至全球活動(dòng)1980stonowmid1970-80Moreroutine(USandEurope)更加常規(guī)化（美國和歐洲）1950s-60s1957Sputnik（前蘇聯(lián)）人造地球衛(wèi)星1900MedicalSchools

(USandCanada)醫(yī)學(xué)院（美國和加拿大）1880ModernEvaluations

現(xiàn)代評價(jià)16002000BC公元前2000年1940ReconstructionafterWW–Banks世界大戰(zhàn)后的重建——銀行16ProfessionstatusEducationanOriginsofDevelopmentEvaluation

發(fā)展評價(jià)的起源Audittradition審計(jì)傳統(tǒng)Socialsciencetradition社會(huì)科學(xué)傳統(tǒng)17OriginsofDevelopmentEvaluatChangingDevelopmentConcepts

“發(fā)展”概念的變化Decade年代Objectives目標(biāo)Approaches方式Discipline學(xué)科1950s20世紀(jì)50年代1960s20世紀(jì)60年代1970s20世紀(jì)70年代1980s20世紀(jì)80年代1990s20世紀(jì)90年代2000s21世紀(jì)ReconstructionTechnicalassistanceEngineering戰(zhàn)后重建技術(shù)援助工程學(xué)Growth

Projects

Finance經(jīng)濟(jì)增長項(xiàng)目金融學(xué)Basicneeds

Sectorinvestment

Planning基本需求部門投資規(guī)劃Adjustment

AdjustmentlendingNeoclassicaleconomics調(diào)整調(diào)整貸款新古典主義經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Capacity CountryassistanceMulti-disciplinary能力國家援助多學(xué)科Povertyreduction

PartnershipsResults-basedmanagement減貧伙伴關(guān)系面向結(jié)果的管理18ChangingDevelopmentConcepts

SignificantChanges

重大變化Frompartialdevelopmenttomorecomprehensivedevelopment從局部發(fā)展到綜合性發(fā)展Towardglobalapproachestodevelopment尋求通過全球途徑來促進(jìn)發(fā)展Fromindividualeffortstocoordinated,participatorydevelopment從個(gè)體努力到協(xié)調(diào)的參與式發(fā)展Towardusingpartnershipsforlarge-scaledevelopmentchallenges尋求利用伙伴關(guān)系應(yīng)對巨大的發(fā)展挑戰(zhàn)19SignificantChanges

重大變化FromDevelopmentEvaluation:

發(fā)展評價(jià)：Asub-disciplineofclassicalevaluation傳統(tǒng)評價(jià)的一個(gè)分支學(xué)科Usesavarietyofmethodologiesandpractices運(yùn)用各類方法與實(shí)踐Mixedmethodologiesworkbest混合使用多種方法能獲得最佳效果20DevelopmentEvaluation:

發(fā)展評價(jià)：AGrowthofProfessionalEvaluationAssociations

專業(yè)評價(jià)協(xié)會(huì)的成長Increasingnumbersofassociationsaroundtheworld,especiallyinthelastfewyears全世界專業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的數(shù)量不斷增加，尤其是過去幾年來Demonstratemorevalueisbeinggiventodevelopmentevaluationasaprofession說明發(fā)展評價(jià)這個(gè)行業(yè)受到越來越多的重視Organizationscreateasupportsystemandallowforprofessionalism這些組織成立了一個(gè)支持系統(tǒng)，側(cè)重考慮專業(yè)性21GrowthofProfessionalEvaluatInternationalOrganizations

國際組織InternationalOrganizationforCooperationinEvaluation(IOCE)國際評價(jià)合作組織InternationalDevelopmentEvaluationAssociation(IDEAS)國際發(fā)展評價(jià)協(xié)會(huì)22InternationalOrganizations

國際DACCriteriaforEvaluatingDevelopmentAssistance

發(fā)展援助委員會(huì)發(fā)展援助評價(jià)準(zhǔn)則Relevance相關(guān)性Theextenttowhichtheobjectivesofadevelopmentinterventionareconsistentwithbeneficiaries’requirements,countryneeds,globalpriorities,andpartners’anddonors’policies.發(fā)展干預(yù)的目標(biāo)和受益人的要求、國家需求、全球重點(diǎn)以及合作伙伴和捐助方的政策相吻合的程度

Effectiveness成效Ameasureoftheextenttowhichanaidactivityattainsitsobjectives衡量一項(xiàng)援助活動(dòng)達(dá)成其目標(biāo)的程度Efficiency效率Measurestheoutputs–qualitativeandquantitative–inrelationtotheinputs.用來測度相對于投入的定性和定量的產(chǎn)出23DACCriteriaforEvaluatingDeDACCriteriaforEvaluatingDevelopmentAssistance(cont.)

發(fā)展援助委員會(huì)發(fā)展援助評價(jià)準(zhǔn)則（續(xù)）Impact影響Positiveandnegativechangesproducedbyadevelopmentintervention,directlyorindirectly,intendedorunintended發(fā)展干預(yù)活動(dòng)直接或間接地，有意或無意地產(chǎn)生的積極和消極變化Sustainability可持續(xù)性Thedegreetowhichthebenefitsofanactivityarelikelytocontinueafterdonorfundinghasbeenwithdrawn衡量一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)在援助者投資收回后，其收益可能繼續(xù)下去的程度24DACCriteriaforEvaluatingDeDACSpecificPrinciplesfortheEvaluationofDevelopmentAssistance

發(fā)展援助委員會(huì)（DAC）評價(jià)發(fā)展援助的具體原則Purpose目的Impartialityandindependence公正性與獨(dú)立性Credibility可信性Usefulness實(shí)用性Participationofdonorsandrecipients援助方和受援方的參與Donorcooperation援助方合作(continuedonnextslide)

(轉(zhuǎn)下頁)25DACSpecificPrinciplesforth

DACSpecificPrinciplesfortheEvaluationofDevelopmentAssistance(cont.)

發(fā)展援助委員會(huì)（DAC）評價(jià)發(fā)展援助的具體原則（續(xù)）Evaluationprogramming評價(jià)體系Designandimplementationofevaluations評價(jià)的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施Reporting,dissemination,andfeedback匯報(bào)、成果散發(fā)和反饋Applicationoftheseprinciples這些原則的應(yīng)用26DACSpecificPrinciplesWhyStandards?

為什么制定這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)？Promoteaccountability促進(jìn)問責(zé)制Facilitatecomparability提高可比性Enhancereliabilityandqualityofservicesprovided提高所提供服務(wù)的可靠性和質(zhì)量27WhyStandards?

為什么制定這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)？PromEvaluationStandards

評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)28EvaluationStandards

評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)28EvaluationStandards(cont.)

評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（續(xù)）29EvaluationStandards(cont.)

評EvaluationStandards(cont.)

評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（續(xù)）30EvaluationStandards(cont.)

評EvaluationandIndependence

評價(jià)和獨(dú)立性Independentevaluation獨(dú)立評價(jià)(OECDglossary):anevaluationcarriedoutbyentitiesandpersonsfreeofthecontrolofthoseresponsibleforthedesignandimplementationoftheevaluation由不受評價(jià)設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施人員控制的獨(dú)立實(shí)體和個(gè)人開展的評價(jià)thecredibilityofanevaluationdependsinpartonhowindependentlyithasbeencarriedout評價(jià)的可信度部分取決于評價(jià)實(shí)施的獨(dú)立程度31EvaluationandIndependence

評價(jià)CriteriaofEvaluationIndependence

評價(jià)獨(dú)立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Organizationalindependence機(jī)構(gòu)獨(dú)立Behavioralindependence行為獨(dú)立Avoidanceofconflictsofinterest避免利益沖突Protectionfromexternalinfluence免受外來影響32CriteriaofEvaluationIChapter2:

IntroductiontoDevelopmentEvaluation

模塊2:

發(fā)展評價(jià)導(dǎo)言What?概念OECDDACCriteriaOECDDAC準(zhǔn)則DevelopmentEvaluationContext評價(jià)的發(fā)展背景Origin&History起源和歷史PrinciplesandStandards原則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ProfessionalAssociations專業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)33Chapter2:

IntroductiontoDeIntroduction導(dǎo)言Evaluation,WhatIsIt?什么是評價(jià)？OriginandHistoryoftheEvaluationDiscipline評價(jià)學(xué)科的起源和發(fā)展歷程EvaluationDevelopmentContext評價(jià)的發(fā)展背景PrinciplesandStandardsforDevelopmentEvaluation發(fā)展評價(jià)的原則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)34Introduction導(dǎo)言Evaluation,WhaOECDDefinition

經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織（OECD）對評價(jià)的定義Evaluation評價(jià)Theprocessofdeterminingtheworthorsignificanceofanactivity,policy,orprogram確定一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)、政策或計(jì)劃的價(jià)值或者重要性的過程anassessment,assystematicandobjectiveaspossible,ofaplanned,on-going,orcompletedintervention對一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃中的、實(shí)施中的或者已經(jīng)完成的干預(yù)措施開展的盡可能系統(tǒng)客觀的評估35OECDDefinition

經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織（OECDEvaluation:WhatIsIt?

什么是評價(jià)？36Evaluation:WhatIsIt?

什么是評價(jià)？KindsofEvaluations

評價(jià)的種類Formative形成性評價(jià)focusonimprovedperformancebeforeandduringimplementation(project,programorpolicy)注重（項(xiàng)目、計(jì)劃或政策）執(zhí)行前和執(zhí)行中績效的提高Summative總結(jié)性評價(jià)focusonoutcomes(consequences)注重結(jié)果（成果）Prospective前瞻性評價(jià)

assesthelikelyoutcomesofproposedinterventions對建議的干預(yù)活動(dòng)后所產(chǎn)生的可能結(jié)果進(jìn)行評估Isthisprogram/project/policyworthevaluating?該計(jì)劃/項(xiàng)目/政策值得進(jìn)行評價(jià)嗎？Willthegainsbeworththeeffort/resourcesexpended?相對于付出的努力和資源，評價(jià)獲得的收益值得嗎？37KindsofEvaluations

評價(jià)的種類FormPurposeofEvaluation

評價(jià)的目的Ethical道德Managerial管理Decisional決策EducativeandMotivational教育和激勵(lì)38PurposeofEvaluation

評價(jià)的目的EthBenefitsofEvaluation

評價(jià)的益處Helpsanswerquestionsaboutinterventions有助于回答有關(guān)干預(yù)的問題Benefitsforpeople對人的益處directvs.indirect直接或間接intendedvs.unintended有意或無意short-termvs.long-term短期或長期39BenefitsofEvaluation

評價(jià)的益處HeWhattoEvaluate?

評價(jià)的對象Projects項(xiàng)目Programs計(jì)劃Policies政策Organizations組織Sectors部門Themes主題Countryassistance國家援助40WhattoEvaluate?

評價(jià)的對象ProjecUsesofEvaluations

評價(jià)的運(yùn)用Givefeedbackontheperformanceofpolicies,programs,andprojects對政策、計(jì)劃和項(xiàng)目的績效做出反饋Makepolicies,programs,andprojectsaccountableforhowtheyusepublicfunds使政策、計(jì)劃和項(xiàng)目能對公共資金的使用做出合理解釋Helpstakeholderslearnmoreaboutpolicies,programs,andprojects幫助利益相關(guān)者了解更多有關(guān)政策、計(jì)劃和項(xiàng)目的信息Carriedoutaroundtheneedsoftheprimaryintendeduser圍繞主要預(yù)期使用者的需求開展評價(jià)Clarifytheoryofchangeforprojects,programs,andpolicy明確項(xiàng)目、計(jì)劃和政策的變革理論

41UsesofEvaluations

評價(jià)的運(yùn)用GiveEvaluationProvidesInformationon:

評價(jià)提供以下幾方面的信息：Strategy–策略層面-Aretherightthingsbeingdone?是否在做正確的事？Operations–操作層面-Arethingsbeingdoneright?做事的方式是否正確？Learning–學(xué)習(xí)層面-Aretherebetterways?有無其它更好的方法？42EvaluationProvidesInformatioMonitoringandEvaluation

監(jiān)測和評價(jià)Monitoring監(jiān)測routine,ongoing,andinternalactivityoftrackingkeyindicators常規(guī)性持續(xù)性地跟蹤關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)internalactivity屬于內(nèi)部活動(dòng)usedtocollectinformationonaprogram’sactivities,outputsandoutcomestomeasureperformanceoftheprogram用于收集某個(gè)計(jì)劃的活動(dòng)、產(chǎn)出和成果的相關(guān)資料以衡量其績效Evaluation評價(jià)periodandtimebound具有一定的時(shí)限性canbeinternal,externalorparticipatory可以是內(nèi)部、外部或者參與式的periodicfeedbacktokeystakeholders定期向關(guān)鍵的利益相關(guān)者進(jìn)行反饋43MonitoringandEvaluation

監(jiān)測和評WhoConductstheEvaluation

評價(jià)的主體

Internalevaluators:內(nèi)部評價(jià)人員usuallyknowmore通常更加了解：history,organization,culture,problems,successes被評價(jià)對象的歷史、組織、文化、存在的問題及取得的成就maybetooclose可能與被評價(jià)對象的關(guān)系過于密切Externalevaluators:外部評價(jià)人員havemorecredibilityandspecializedskills具有更高的可信度和專業(yè)技能independentfromadministrationandfinancialdecisions不受管理和財(cái)務(wù)決策的影響44WhoConductstheEvaluation

評WhoConducts(cont.)

評價(jià)的主體（續(xù)）

ParticipatoryEvaluation參與式評價(jià)representativesofagenciesandstakeholders

(includingbeneficiaries)worktogetherindesigning,carryingoutandinterpretinganevaluation機(jī)構(gòu)和利益相關(guān)者（包括受益人）的代表共同設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施和解讀一項(xiàng)評價(jià)participatorymethodsmaybeusedininternalandexternalevaluations參與式方法可用于內(nèi)部和外部評價(jià)45WhoConducts(cont.)

評價(jià)的主體（續(xù)）ParticipatoryEvaluation

(vs.InternalorExternal)

參與式評價(jià)(與內(nèi)部或外部評價(jià)相比)Distinctionbetweenexpertsandlayperson,researcherandresearched,isde-emphasizedandredefined專家與外行、研究人員與研究對象之間的區(qū)別被淡化處理和重新定義Evaluatorsactasfacilitatorsandinstructors評價(jià)人員充當(dāng)推動(dòng)者和指導(dǎo)者Othersmaketheassessment由其他人進(jìn)行評價(jià)Amoreradicalstepawayfromthemodelofindependentevaluation與獨(dú)立評價(jià)模式存在根本性不同46ParticipatoryEvaluation

(vs.EvaluatorActivities

評價(jià)人員的活動(dòng)Consultwithmainclientandallkeystakeholders與主要客戶以及所有的關(guān)鍵利益相關(guān)者進(jìn)行磋商Reconstructorconstructtheoryofchange重建或建立變革理論Designtheevaluation設(shè)計(jì)評價(jià)活動(dòng)Manageevaluationbudgets管理評價(jià)預(yù)算Performorconducttheevaluation(orcontractstafftoperformtheevaluation)實(shí)施評價(jià)（或者雇用人員實(shí)施評價(jià)）Identifystandardsforeffectiveness確認(rèn)評價(jià)效果的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Collect,analyze,interpret,andreportondataandfindings收集、分析、解讀和匯報(bào)數(shù)據(jù)和評價(jià)結(jié)果47EvaluatorActivities

評價(jià)人員的活動(dòng)CProfessionstatus專業(yè)地位Educationand

SocialPrograms教育和社會(huì)計(jì)劃EgyptandChina埃及和中國Timeline時(shí)間表Expansionintoglobalactivity擴(kuò)張至全球活動(dòng)1980stonowmid1970-80Moreroutine(USandEurope)更加常規(guī)化（美國和歐洲）1950s-60s1957Sputnik（前蘇聯(lián)）人造地球衛(wèi)星1900MedicalSchools

(USandCanada)醫(yī)學(xué)院（美國和加拿大）1880ModernEvaluations

現(xiàn)代評價(jià)16002000BC公元前2000年1940ReconstructionafterWW–Banks世界大戰(zhàn)后的重建——銀行48ProfessionstatusEducationanOriginsofDevelopmentEvaluation

發(fā)展評價(jià)的起源Audittradition審計(jì)傳統(tǒng)Socialsciencetradition社會(huì)科學(xué)傳統(tǒng)49OriginsofDevelopmentEvaluatChangingDevelopmentConcepts

“發(fā)展”概念的變化Decade年代Objectives目標(biāo)Approaches方式Discipline學(xué)科1950s20世紀(jì)50年代1960s20世紀(jì)60年代1970s20世紀(jì)70年代1980s20世紀(jì)80年代1990s20世紀(jì)90年代2000s21世紀(jì)ReconstructionTechnicalassistanceEngineering戰(zhàn)后重建技術(shù)援助工程學(xué)Growth

Projects

Finance經(jīng)濟(jì)增長項(xiàng)目金融學(xué)Basicneeds

Sectorinvestment

Planning基本需求部門投資規(guī)劃Adjustment

AdjustmentlendingNeoclassicaleconomics調(diào)整調(diào)整貸款新古典主義經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Capacity CountryassistanceMulti-disciplinary能力國家援助多學(xué)科Povertyreduction

PartnershipsResults-basedmanagement減貧伙伴關(guān)系面向結(jié)果的管理50ChangingDevelopmentConcepts

SignificantChanges

重大變化Frompartialdevelopmenttomorecomprehensivedevelopment從局部發(fā)展到綜合性發(fā)展Towardglobalapproachestodevelopment尋求通過全球途徑來促進(jìn)發(fā)展Fromindividualeffortstocoordinated,participatorydevelopment從個(gè)體努力到協(xié)調(diào)的參與式發(fā)展Towardusingpartnershipsforlarge-scaledevelopmentchallenges尋求利用伙伴關(guān)系應(yīng)對巨大的發(fā)展挑戰(zhàn)51SignificantChanges

重大變化FromDevelopmentEvaluation:

發(fā)展評價(jià)：Asub-disciplineofclassicalevaluation傳統(tǒng)評價(jià)的一個(gè)分支學(xué)科Usesavarietyofmethodologiesandpractices運(yùn)用各類方法與實(shí)踐Mixedmethodologiesworkbest混合使用多種方法能獲得最佳效果52DevelopmentEvaluation:

發(fā)展評價(jià)：AGrowthofProfessionalEvaluationAssociations

專業(yè)評價(jià)協(xié)會(huì)的成長Increasingnumbersofassociationsaroundtheworld,especiallyinthelastfewyears全世界專業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的數(shù)量不斷增加，尤其是過去幾年來Demonstratemorevalueisbeinggiventodevelopmentevaluationasaprofession說明發(fā)展評價(jià)這個(gè)行業(yè)受到越來越多的重視Organizationscreateasupportsystemandallowforprofessionalism這些組織成立了一個(gè)支持系統(tǒng)，側(cè)重考慮專業(yè)性53GrowthofProfessionalEvaluatInternationalOrganizations

國際組織InternationalOrganizationforCooperationinEvaluation(IOCE)國際評價(jià)合作組織InternationalDevelopmentEvaluationAssociation(IDEAS)國際發(fā)展評價(jià)協(xié)會(huì)54InternationalOrganizations

國際DACCriteriaforEvaluatingDevelopmentAssistance

發(fā)展援助委員會(huì)發(fā)展援助評價(jià)準(zhǔn)則Relevance相關(guān)性Theextenttowhichtheobjectivesofadevelopmentinterventionareconsistentwithbeneficiaries’requirements,countryneeds,globalpriorities,andpartners’anddonors’policies.發(fā)展干預(yù)的目標(biāo)和受益人的要求、國家需求、全球重點(diǎn)以及合作伙伴和捐助方的政策相吻合的程度

Effectiveness成效Ameasureoftheextenttowhichanaidactivityattainsitsobjectives衡量一項(xiàng)援助活動(dòng)達(dá)成其目標(biāo)的程度Efficiency效率Measurestheoutputs–qualitativeandquantitative–inrelationtotheinputs.用來測度相對于投入的定性和定量的產(chǎn)出