左哈爾的PolysystemTheory(多元系統(tǒng)理論)課件

Chapter5PolysystemTheory1BGChapter5PolysystemTheory1BGIntroductionofItamarEven-ZoharProfessorEmeritusofCultureResearch,

ofUniversityofTelAvivCulturaltheorist,notatranslationtheorist.OneofforerunnersoftranslationstudiesItamarEven-Zohar(Picturetaken1993,

SantiagodeCompostela)Commandaworkingknowledgeof:Hebrew(mothertongue),Arabic,English,French,Swedish,Spanish,Norwegian,Danish,Italian,Russian,German,Icelandic,andafewotherlanguages.

2BGIntroductionofItamarEven-ZoSystemPolysystemSystem:ThisconceptisintroducedbyTynjanov.Elements,Tynjanovargued,donotexistinisolation,butalwaysinaninterrelationshipwithotherelementsofothersystems.

systemsLiterarystructureSemi-literarystructureExtraliterarystructureinterrelateddecidingSpecificelementfunction3BGSystemPolysystemSystem:SystemPolysystemEven-ZoharadoptedTynjanov’sconceptofsystem.HedevelopedthepolysystemhypothesiswhileworkingonamodelforIsraeliHebrewliterature.Inaseriesofpaperswrittenfrom1970to1977andcollectedin1978as“PapersinHistoricalPoetics”《歷史詩學(xué)論文集》,

hefirstintroducedtheterm“polysystem”torefertotheentirenetworkofcorrelatedsystemwithinsociety.Thusitisaglobaltermcoveringalloftheliterarysystem,bothmajorandminorexistinginagivenculture.4BGSystemPolysystemEven-ZoPolysystemLiterarySystemExtraliterarySystemCanonizedformNon-canonizedformesteemeddiscoursesandgenres:Poetry…‘lessworthy’genres:Children’sliteraturePopularfiction…PatronageSocialconditionsEconomicsInstitutionalmanipulation…5BGPolysystemLiterarySystemExtraHeisnotspecificallyatranslationtheorist,butaculturaltheorist.Buthispioneeringworkcontinuestoexertconsiderableinfluenceontranslation,particularlywhenstudyingtranslationinemergingculturesorculturesincrisis.Histhinkingabouttranslationsledhimtosomeofthemostprovocativehypothesesaboutliterarysystem.

6BGHeisnotspecificallyatransPolysytemwithtranslationtheories

“Itisnecessarytoincludetranslatedliteratureinthepolysystem.Thisisrarelydone,butnoobserverofthehistoryofanyliteraturecanavoidrecognizingasanimportantfacttheimpactoftranslationsandtheirroleinthesynchronyanddiachronyofacertainliterature”.

(Even-Zohar,1978)7BG“ItisnecessarytoincludeJustasthephilosopherChomskyuseslinguisticstostudyhowthehumanbrainfunctioninhisphilosophy,Even-Zoharregardstranslatedliteratureasaneffectivewaytostudyhowthepolysystemposeeffectontranslatedliterature.Hebelievesthroughtheanalysisoftherelationshipoftranslatedtooriginalliteraryworks,hecouldarriveatabetterunderstandingofthenatureofpolysystem.

Polysytemwithtranslationtheories8BGJustasthephilosopherChomskPolysystemtheoryEven-Zoharincorporatedthedatacollectedfromhisobservationsonhowtranslationsfunctioninvarioussocieties.Hedevelopedanapproach”Polysystemtheory”toexplainthefunctionofallkindsofwritingwithinagivenculture.Hisdatashowedthattranslatedliteraturefunctionsdifferentlydependingupontheage,strength,andstabilityoftheparticularliterarypolysystem.Polysystemdeterminesthepolysystemtheory9BGPolysystemtheoryEven-ZoharinEven-Zoharexploredtherelationshipbetweenthetranslatedtextsandtheliterarypolysysteminthreeaspects:Reclassificationsofthepositionoftranslationwithinvaryingculturalsystems.Howtextstobetranslatedareselectedbythereceivingculture.Howtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystem.10BGEven-ZoharexploredtherelatiReclassificationPreviousclassification:Allthetranslationswereinvariablyclassifiedassecondarysystem.Theliterarytranslationwasconsideredsecondaryactivity,mechanical,ratherthancreative,neitherworthyofseriouscriticalattention.Even-Zoharargued:Itdepends!Notallpolysystemsarethesame.Suchclassificationwasinaccurate.11BGReclassificationPreviousclassPolysystemsoflarger,olderculturesAnglo-American&FrenchLengthandself-sufficiencyoftheirtraditionsRelegatetranslatedliteraturetothemarginsofsocietySecondarysystemReason:HaveAll！Well-developedliterarytraditionsManydifferentkindsofwritingOriginalwritingproducesinnovationsinideasandformsindependentoftranslation12BGPolysystemsoflarger,oldercInthishistoricalsituation,translationoften(butnotnecessarilyalways)assumesformsalreadyestablishedasadominanttypewithinaparticulargenre,andthetranslatedliteraturetendstoremainfairlyconservative,adheringtonormswhichthe“higher”formshavealreadyrejected.Interestingly,despiteplayingasecondaryrole,translationsproducedunderthesecircumstancesmayparadoxicallyintroducenewideasintoaculturewhileatthesametimepreservingtraditionalforms.13BGInthishistoricalsituation,PolysytemofyoungerorsmallernationsIsrael&theLowCountriesThetranslatedliteratureplayedamorecentralroleReason:TolearnAll！拿來主義14BGPolysytemofyoungerorsmalleThreecircumstances:

Maintainingaprimaryposition

Whenaliteratureisyoung,orintheprocessofbeingestablished.i.e.Israel;Czechin19th

；我國清末明初Translationfulfillstheneedofayoungliteraturetouseitsnewlanguageforasmanydifferentkindsofwritingaspossible.Sinceitcannotcreateallformsandgenres,translatedtextsmayserveasthemostimportantforacertainamounttime.15BGThreecircumstances:

MaintainiThreecircumstances:

Maintainingaprimaryposition

2.Whenaliteratureis“peropheral”,or“weak”orboth.i.e.Israel;theLowCountries；我國文革期間Theycannotproduceallthekindsofwritingastronger,largersystemcan—thusitsinabilitytoproduceinnovationsandsubsequentdependencyupontranslationtointroduceprecedent-settingtexts.Insuchcircumstances,translatedtextsservenotonlyasamediumthroughwhichnewideascanbeimported,butalsoastheformofwritingmostfrequentlyimitatedby“creative”writersinthenativelanguage.16BGThreecircumstances:

MaintainiThreecircumstances:

Maintainingaprimaryposition

3.Whenaliteratureisexperiencinga“crisis”,orturningpoint.i.e.NorthAmericaninthe60s;五四前后,文革后Establishedliterarymodelsnolongerstimulatethenewgenerationofwriterswhothenturnelsewhereforideasandforms.17BGThreecircumstances:

MaintainiWhyIsraelattachessomuchimportancetotranslatedliterature?GeographicalcrossroadIsraelIntellectualcontactsSocialforcemultilingualismreligioneconomyWesterncultureDiplomaticforceMajorliteratureexiles“ThirdWorld”cultureCanonliterarySocialcrossroadHistoricalforce18BGWhyIsraelattachessomuchimGlobalizationof“Israeli’ssituation”TheabovesituationisnotonlytheIsraelwasin,butalsoallthenationsontheeartharein.Astheglobalizationsincommerce,cultureandotheraspects,nonationisanisland.Allthecountriesareatthecrossroads,allarethecenter,andallareexposedtothepoly-interactions.Sohighlighttheimportanceoftranslationiscrucial.19BGGlobalizationof“Israeli’ssiThefutureoftheworldmaydependupontheaccuratetranslationofoneword.--PallEngleTounderstandone’spast,one’sidentity,anunderstandingoftranslationinandofitselfiscrucial;translationceasestobeaneliteintellectual“game”,afootnotetoliteraryscholarship,butbecomesfundamentaltothelivesandlivelihoodofeveryoneintheentireregion(andmaybetheworld).--EdwinGentzler20BGThefutureoftheworldmayde我國學(xué)者張南峰先生對(duì)“多元系統(tǒng)理論”在翻譯學(xué)的建立方面所產(chǎn)生的影響也給予了極高的評(píng)價(jià)，認(rèn)為：“在西方，令翻譯研究取得學(xué)科地位并走到學(xué)術(shù)研究系統(tǒng)中心的，是多元系統(tǒng)理論以及其他文化學(xué)派的翻譯理論和研究模式”。21BG我國學(xué)者張南峰先生對(duì)“多元系統(tǒng)理論”在翻譯學(xué)的建立方面所產(chǎn)生Insummary,Even-Zoharrecognizedboththe“primary”(creatingnewitemsandmodels)aswell“secondary”(reinforcingitemsandmodels)importanceoftranslatedliteratureinliteraryhistory.Classificationofthepositionoftranslationwithincaringculturalsystems22BGInsummary,Even-ZoharrecogniHowtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystems.

（翻譯規(guī)范行為策略都是如何受其他相關(guān)系統(tǒng)影響的）

translatedliteratureisitselfasystemwithprimaryandsecondarypositionsoccupiedbydifferenttexts.Translationstrategiesdependonthepositionoftranslatedliteraturewithinthepolysystem.23BGHowtranslatedtextsadoptcerTranslatedliteratureresumes:Aprimaryposition:Function:Tointroduce“new”tothereceivingcultureResults:1.translatorsfeelfreertobreaktheliteratureconventionsofthereceivinglanguage;2.Translatedtextscloselyreproducetheoriginaltext’sformsandtextualrelations.Translatedtextisoftenamore“adequate”matchofthesourcetextwhichmayinturnleadtoinnovationstotherecievingculture.譯本更接近原著24BGTranslatedliteratureresumes:Translatedliteratureresumes:Asecondposition:Function:Tofindready-mademodelsinthereceivingculture.Results:1.translatorswillsticktoreceivingculture’sconventionalmodelsandtheywillconfromtheoriginalforminthesourcetextstopre-establishednormsinthereceivingculture.2.Translatedtextsmayreviseorchangetheoriginaltext’sformsandtextualrelations.Translatedtextwillshowlowerdegreeof‘a(chǎn)dequacy’ofthesourcetext.譯本與原著差異較大25BGTranslatedliteratureresumes:

Primary

adequate↓source

Introducingnewworkintoreceivingculture19thcenturyAnglo-Americantranslations

Secondarynon-adequate↓sourceFindingready-mademodelsattheexpenseoftheoriginalCertainmoderntranslations(Nida’sBibletranslation)

Thepositionoftranslationinfluenceontranslationnorms26BGPrimaryIntroducingnewCommentsonPolysystemAdvantages:Even-Zohar’spolysystemtheorydemonstratesanadvanceinthedevelopmentoftranslationstudiesspecificallyandtranslationtheoryingeneral.Itistheintegrationthestudyofliteraturewiththestudyofsocialandeconomicforcesofhistory.27BGCommentsonPolysystemAdvantagCommentsonPolysystemAdvantages:

1.Hisattentionandthoughtgiventotheroleoftranslationwithinaliterarysystem,istraditionallyignoredbyliterarytheorists.2.Byexpandingfrequentlyonlinguisticmodelsorundevelopedliterarytheories,andembeddingtranslatedliteratureintoalargerculturalcontext.3.Even-Zoharopenedthewayfortranslationtheorytoadvancebeyondprescriptiveaesthetics.28BGCommentsonPolysystemAdvantagCommentsonPolysystemProblems:

1.Hisworkandhypnosesfocusedprimarilyupontheliterary,theextraliterarywassignificantlyabsentfromhisanalysis.2.Histendencytoovergeneralizeandestablishuniversallawsbasedonverylittleevidencewhichneedsmoreanalysis.literarytheories,andembeddingtranslatedliteratureintoalargerculturalcontext.3.HismethodologyanddiscourseandhisuncriticaladoptionoftheFormalistframework

limitthescopeofhisinvestigation.4.Hisformulationofprinciplesoccasionallycontradictsthatwhichheistryingtoprove.29BGCommentsonPolysystemProblemsConclusion

Therefore,weshouldlookatZohar’spolysystemtheoryinadialecticalway.Eventhoughthereexistsomeweaknesses,hiscontributiontoliterarytheorycannotbeignored,especiallytothefieldoftranslationtheory.30BGConclusionTherefore,weshouHisworkishighlyinnovative,makingmanifestthetemporalnatureofaestheticpresuppositionsbylookingatactualtranslationswithinthelargersociologicalcontext.Hisworkmakesasignificantcontributionnotonlytothefieldoftranslationtheory,buttoliterarytheoryaswell,asitdemonstratestheimportanceoftranslationwithinthelagercontextofliterarystudiesspeciallyandintheevolutionofcultureingeneral.--EdwinGentzler31BGHisworkishighlyinnovative,

Thankyouverymuch!tust_nielulu@126.com32BGThankyouverymuch!tust_nieChapter5PolysystemTheory33BGChapter5PolysystemTheory1BGIntroductionofItamarEven-ZoharProfessorEmeritusofCultureResearch,

ofUniversityofTelAvivCulturaltheorist,notatranslationtheorist.OneofforerunnersoftranslationstudiesItamarEven-Zohar(Picturetaken1993,

SantiagodeCompostela)Commandaworkingknowledgeof:Hebrew(mothertongue),Arabic,English,French,Swedish,Spanish,Norwegian,Danish,Italian,Russian,German,Icelandic,andafewotherlanguages.

34BGIntroductionofItamarEven-ZoSystemPolysystemSystem:ThisconceptisintroducedbyTynjanov.Elements,Tynjanovargued,donotexistinisolation,butalwaysinaninterrelationshipwithotherelementsofothersystems.

systemsLiterarystructureSemi-literarystructureExtraliterarystructureinterrelateddecidingSpecificelementfunction35BGSystemPolysystemSystem:SystemPolysystemEven-ZoharadoptedTynjanov’sconceptofsystem.HedevelopedthepolysystemhypothesiswhileworkingonamodelforIsraeliHebrewliterature.Inaseriesofpaperswrittenfrom1970to1977andcollectedin1978as“PapersinHistoricalPoetics”《歷史詩學(xué)論文集》,

hefirstintroducedtheterm“polysystem”torefertotheentirenetworkofcorrelatedsystemwithinsociety.Thusitisaglobaltermcoveringalloftheliterarysystem,bothmajorandminorexistinginagivenculture.36BGSystemPolysystemEven-ZoPolysystemLiterarySystemExtraliterarySystemCanonizedformNon-canonizedformesteemeddiscoursesandgenres:Poetry…‘lessworthy’genres:Children’sliteraturePopularfiction…PatronageSocialconditionsEconomicsInstitutionalmanipulation…37BGPolysystemLiterarySystemExtraHeisnotspecificallyatranslationtheorist,butaculturaltheorist.Buthispioneeringworkcontinuestoexertconsiderableinfluenceontranslation,particularlywhenstudyingtranslationinemergingculturesorculturesincrisis.Histhinkingabouttranslationsledhimtosomeofthemostprovocativehypothesesaboutliterarysystem.

38BGHeisnotspecificallyatransPolysytemwithtranslationtheories

“Itisnecessarytoincludetranslatedliteratureinthepolysystem.Thisisrarelydone,butnoobserverofthehistoryofanyliteraturecanavoidrecognizingasanimportantfacttheimpactoftranslationsandtheirroleinthesynchronyanddiachronyofacertainliterature”.

(Even-Zohar,1978)39BG“ItisnecessarytoincludeJustasthephilosopherChomskyuseslinguisticstostudyhowthehumanbrainfunctioninhisphilosophy,Even-Zoharregardstranslatedliteratureasaneffectivewaytostudyhowthepolysystemposeeffectontranslatedliterature.Hebelievesthroughtheanalysisoftherelationshipoftranslatedtooriginalliteraryworks,hecouldarriveatabetterunderstandingofthenatureofpolysystem.

Polysytemwithtranslationtheories40BGJustasthephilosopherChomskPolysystemtheoryEven-Zoharincorporatedthedatacollectedfromhisobservationsonhowtranslationsfunctioninvarioussocieties.Hedevelopedanapproach”Polysystemtheory”toexplainthefunctionofallkindsofwritingwithinagivenculture.Hisdatashowedthattranslatedliteraturefunctionsdifferentlydependingupontheage,strength,andstabilityoftheparticularliterarypolysystem.Polysystemdeterminesthepolysystemtheory41BGPolysystemtheoryEven-ZoharinEven-Zoharexploredtherelationshipbetweenthetranslatedtextsandtheliterarypolysysteminthreeaspects:Reclassificationsofthepositionoftranslationwithinvaryingculturalsystems.Howtextstobetranslatedareselectedbythereceivingculture.Howtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystem.42BGEven-ZoharexploredtherelatiReclassificationPreviousclassification:Allthetranslationswereinvariablyclassifiedassecondarysystem.Theliterarytranslationwasconsideredsecondaryactivity,mechanical,ratherthancreative,neitherworthyofseriouscriticalattention.Even-Zoharargued:Itdepends!Notallpolysystemsarethesame.Suchclassificationwasinaccurate.43BGReclassificationPreviousclassPolysystemsoflarger,olderculturesAnglo-American&FrenchLengthandself-sufficiencyoftheirtraditionsRelegatetranslatedliteraturetothemarginsofsocietySecondarysystemReason:HaveAll！Well-developedliterarytraditionsManydifferentkindsofwritingOriginalwritingproducesinnovationsinideasandformsindependentoftranslation44BGPolysystemsoflarger,oldercInthishistoricalsituation,translationoften(butnotnecessarilyalways)assumesformsalreadyestablishedasadominanttypewithinaparticulargenre,andthetranslatedliteraturetendstoremainfairlyconservative,adheringtonormswhichthe“higher”formshavealreadyrejected.Interestingly,despiteplayingasecondaryrole,translationsproducedunderthesecircumstancesmayparadoxicallyintroducenewideasintoaculturewhileatthesametimepreservingtraditionalforms.45BGInthishistoricalsituation,PolysytemofyoungerorsmallernationsIsrael&theLowCountriesThetranslatedliteratureplayedamorecentralroleReason:TolearnAll！拿來主義46BGPolysytemofyoungerorsmalleThreecircumstances:

Maintainingaprimaryposition

Whenaliteratureisyoung,orintheprocessofbeingestablished.i.e.Israel;Czechin19th

；我國清末明初Translationfulfillstheneedofayoungliteraturetouseitsnewlanguageforasmanydifferentkindsofwritingaspossible.Sinceitcannotcreateallformsandgenres,translatedtextsmayserveasthemostimportantforacertainamounttime.47BGThreecircumstances:

MaintainiThreecircumstances:

Maintainingaprimaryposition

2.Whenaliteratureis“peropheral”,or“weak”orboth.i.e.Israel;theLowCountries；我國文革期間Theycannotproduceallthekindsofwritingastronger,largersystemcan—thusitsinabilitytoproduceinnovationsandsubsequentdependencyupontranslationtointroduceprecedent-settingtexts.Insuchcircumstances,translatedtextsservenotonlyasamediumthroughwhichnewideascanbeimported,butalsoastheformofwritingmostfrequentlyimitatedby“creative”writersinthenativelanguage.48BGThreecircumstances:

MaintainiThreecircumstances:

Maintainingaprimaryposition

3.Whenaliteratureisexperiencinga“crisis”,orturningpoint.i.e.NorthAmericaninthe60s;五四前后,文革后Establishedliterarymodelsnolongerstimulatethenewgenerationofwriterswhothenturnelsewhereforideasandforms.49BGThreecircumstances:

MaintainiWhyIsraelattachessomuchimportancetotranslatedliterature?GeographicalcrossroadIsraelIntellectualcontactsSocialforcemultilingualismreligioneconomyWesterncultureDiplomaticforceMajorliteratureexiles“ThirdWorld”cultureCanonliterarySocialcrossroadHistoricalforce50BGWhyIsraelattachessomuchimGlobalizationof“Israeli’ssituation”TheabovesituationisnotonlytheIsraelwasin,butalsoallthenationsontheeartharein.Astheglobalizationsincommerce,cultureandotheraspects,nonationisanisland.Allthecountriesareatthecrossroads,allarethecenter,andallareexposedtothepoly-interactions.Sohighlighttheimportanceoftranslationiscrucial.51BGGlobalizationof“Israeli’ssiThefutureoftheworldmaydependupontheaccuratetranslationofoneword.--PallEngleTounderstandone’spast,one’sidentity,anunderstandingoftranslationinandofitselfiscrucial;translationceasestobeaneliteintellectual“game”,afootnotetoliteraryscholarship,butbecomesfundamentaltothelivesandlivelihoodofeveryoneintheentireregion(andmaybetheworld).--EdwinGentzler52BGThefutureoftheworldmayde我國學(xué)者張南峰先生對(duì)“多元系統(tǒng)理論”在翻譯學(xué)的建立方面所產(chǎn)生的影響也給予了極高的評(píng)價(jià)，認(rèn)為：“在西方，令翻譯研究取得學(xué)科地位并走到學(xué)術(shù)研究系統(tǒng)中心的，是多元系統(tǒng)理論以及其他文化學(xué)派的翻譯理論和研究模式”。53BG我國學(xué)者張南峰先生對(duì)“多元系統(tǒng)理論”在翻譯學(xué)的建立方面所產(chǎn)生Insummary,Even-Zoharrecognizedboththe“primary”(creatingnewitemsandmodels)aswell“secondary”(reinforcingitemsandmodels)importanceoftranslatedliteratureinliteraryhistory.Classificationofthepositionoftranslationwithincaringculturalsystems54BGInsummary,Even-ZoharrecogniHowtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystems.

（翻譯規(guī)范行為策略都是如何受其他相關(guān)系統(tǒng)影響的）

translatedliteratureisitselfasystemwithprimaryandsecondarypositionsoccupiedbydifferenttexts.Translationstrategiesdependonthepositionoftranslatedliteraturewithinthepolysystem.55BGHowtranslatedtextsadoptcerTranslatedliteratureresumes:Aprimaryposition:Function:Tointroduce“new”tothereceivingcultureResults:1.translatorsfeelfreertobreaktheliteratureconventionsofthereceivinglanguage;2.Translatedtextscloselyreproducetheoriginaltext’sformsandtextualrelations.Translatedtextisoftenamore“adequate”matchofthesourcetextwhichmayinturnleadtoinnovationstotherecievingculture.譯本更接近原著56BGTranslatedliteratureresumes:Translatedliteratureresumes:Asecondposition:Function:Tofindready-mademodelsinthereceivingculture.Results:1.translatorswillsticktoreceivingculture’sconventionalmodelsandtheywillconfromtheoriginalforminthesourcetextstopre-establishednormsinthereceivingculture.2.Translatedtextsmayreviseorchangetheoriginaltext’sformsandtextualrelations.Translatedtextwillshowlowerdegreeof‘a(chǎn)dequacy’ofthesourcetext.譯本與原著差異較大57BGTranslatedliteratureresumes:

Primary

adequate↓source

Introducingnewworkintoreceivingculture19thcenturyAnglo-Americantranslations

Secondarynon-adequate↓source