知識(shí)管理是21世紀(jì)的管理趨勢(shì)(ppt40)

KnowledgeManagementResearch:APersonalExperienceT.P.LiangNationalSunYat-senUniversityNovember7,2006培訓(xùn)專用ImportanceofKMResearchTheimportanceofknowledgeinbusinessManagingknowledgeisadifficultandcontinuingprocessAchallengingquestion:Howcanknowledgebemanagedproperlytoimprovefirmperformance?培訓(xùn)專用知識(shí)管理是21世紀(jì)的管理趨勢(shì)培訓(xùn)專用資料、資訊、知識(shí)、智慧關(guān)係培訓(xùn)專用內(nèi)隱知識(shí)與外顯知識(shí)的比較項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)隱知識(shí)外顯知識(shí)特點(diǎn)難以書面化表達(dá)難以系統(tǒng)化持續(xù)性強(qiáng)，不易被人改變例如：經(jīng)驗(yàn)、秘訣、信念、感覺、習(xí)慣可量化或書面化較系統(tǒng)化固定的資訊，其運(yùn)用視人而異例如：業(yè)務(wù)手冊(cè)、企劃案、作業(yè)指導(dǎo)規(guī)範(fàn)、物理定律儲(chǔ)存方式人的心智資料庫、電腦、文件分享方式由於難以表達(dá)，故分享困難度視個(gè)人表達(dá)能力而定，通常只能意會(huì)，並透過師徒制來學(xué)習(xí)可透過視覺、聲音或動(dòng)作來呈現(xiàn)、或透過書籍、影片等來傳遞培訓(xùn)專用不同的知識(shí)特性個(gè)人組織內(nèi)隱藝術(shù)IC設(shè)計(jì)外顯(SOP)大學(xué)生產(chǎn)製造培訓(xùn)專用知識(shí)、智慧資本與企業(yè)價(jià)值企業(yè)價(jià)值員工的觀念型知識(shí)員工的經(jīng)驗(yàn)型知識(shí)內(nèi)含於組織文化的知識(shí)內(nèi)含於組織文化的知識(shí)可編碼的知識(shí)人力資本顧客資本組織資本有形資產(chǎn)無形資產(chǎn)財(cái)務(wù)性資產(chǎn)知識(shí)分類企業(yè)潛力內(nèi)隱知識(shí)外顯知識(shí)＝培訓(xùn)專用個(gè)人知識(shí)與組織知識(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換個(gè)人知識(shí)透過分享後，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻M織的知識(shí)組織的知識(shí)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)供個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)、吸收後，強(qiáng)化個(gè)人知識(shí)個(gè)人知識(shí)創(chuàng)意經(jīng)驗(yàn)人脈組織知識(shí)作業(yè)程序

Know-How

工作手冊(cè)合作方式培訓(xùn)專用Nonaka的知識(shí)成長(zhǎng)模式

內(nèi)隱知識(shí)外顯知識(shí)內(nèi)隱知識(shí)社會(huì)化外部化外顯知識(shí)內(nèi)部化組合培訓(xùn)專用知識(shí)管理的基本工具創(chuàng)造分類/儲(chǔ)存索引/檢索過濾/篩選導(dǎo)覽使用分析知識(shí)推薦培訓(xùn)專用ResearchinKnowledgeManagementConceptualKnowledgemanagementcyclesFrameworkofknowledgemanagementTechnicalKMSdevelopmentKnowledgerecommendationManagerialKnowledgemanagementimplementationKMandperformance培訓(xùn)專用MajorconstructsofKMNatureofknowledgeOrganizationalenvironmentNatureoforganizationKnowledgemanagementactivitiesandprocesses(cycles)KMplatform:infrastructureandKMSNatureofusersandintermediariesEffectofKMonorganizations培訓(xùn)專用SampleStudiesEffectofKnowledgeDiversityonFirmPerformanceCapabilityandTaskTechnologyFitonIndividualPerformancePersonalizationandCustomer-CentricSystems培訓(xùn)專用EffectofKnowledgeDiversityonFirmPerformance培訓(xùn)專用ResearchProblemShouldanindustryfocusonafewkeycategoriesofknowledgeorabroadcoverageofallknowledgeinordertobecompetitive?DoestheadoptionofIThaveanyrelationshipwiththevalueofknowledgeandfirmperformance?培訓(xùn)專用EcologicalmodelinOrganizationHannonandFreeman(1989)proposedtheecologicalviewoforganizationthatseekstounderstandhowsocialconditionsaffecttheratesinwhichneworganizationsandneworganizationalformsarises,theratesatwhichorganizationschangeforms,andtheratesatwhichorganizationsdieout.培訓(xùn)專用何謂生態(tài)學(xué)？生態(tài)學(xué)（Ecology）是研究生物與其周圍環(huán)境相互關(guān)係的科學(xué)。亦即，生態(tài)學(xué)是研究在某一特定範(fàn)圍內(nèi)，生物與生物之間、生物與環(huán)境之間相互影響關(guān)係的科學(xué)。生態(tài)學(xué)亦可以被視為是一種巨觀的生物學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué)以不同層次的角度觀察生物，包含：個(gè)體（Organism）物種（Species）族群（Population）群落（Community）生態(tài)系統(tǒng)（Ecosystem）培訓(xùn)專用生態(tài)學(xué)的DICE模式基於生態(tài)學(xué)理論的歸納，生物族群在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的關(guān)係，主要可以分成分佈、互動(dòng)、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、演化四個(gè)階段，並形成一個(gè)循環(huán)，命名為DICE模式。培訓(xùn)專用分佈（Distribution）在研究的本質(zhì)上，生態(tài)學(xué)探討、描述生物體之間及生物體與環(huán)境之間的相互關(guān)係。如何去描繪目前生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的狀況便是生態(tài)研究

的基礎(chǔ)。生物分佈狀況或空間塑模（SpatialModeling）：以數(shù)學(xué)方法對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行描述，包含對(duì)於各個(gè)生物族群數(shù)量的計(jì)數(shù)、地理區(qū)域的分佈狀況。生態(tài)研究的第一步工作。培訓(xùn)專用分佈構(gòu)面的子構(gòu)面族群的強(qiáng)度族群強(qiáng)度在衡量不同族群之間的相對(duì)強(qiáng)度，藉以分析族群間的強(qiáng)弱關(guān)係並可定義它們之間的行為關(guān)係。一般而言，族群的強(qiáng)度可以利用族群的種類、族群內(nèi)生物體的個(gè)數(shù)、分佈區(qū)域、及在食物鏈上的關(guān)係等構(gòu)面來衡量，可用來描繪群落內(nèi)族群的分佈輪廓。物種的多樣性衡量群落內(nèi)物種的豐富程度，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)重要觀察

指標(biāo)。多樣性與穩(wěn)定性關(guān)係法則（Diversity-stabilityprinciple）培訓(xùn)專用AKnowledgeEcologyBasicspeciesinaknowledgeecologyisdifferenttypesofknowledgethatbelongtotheorganization.ThegoalofKMistobuildamechanismbywhichahealthybalanceofknowledgecanbemaintainedforachievingsuperiorperformance.培訓(xùn)專用Diversityvs.StabilityInecologicalrules,thediversity-stabilityrelationshipisamajorprincipal,whichsaysanecologyismorestableifitmaintainsacertainlevelofdiversity.Similarly,wewouldliketoexaminewhetherthesameruleholdsinaknowledgeecology,ie,organizationswithmorediversifiedknowledgearemorestableinperformance.培訓(xùn)專用ResearchFramework培訓(xùn)專用Hypotheses(1)H1:RelationshipBetweenITandKnowledgeEcologyH11:HigherITcapabilitiessupporthigherknowledgeecologyH12:HigherITcapabilitiessupporthigherknowledgediversity培訓(xùn)專用Hypotheses(2)RelationshipbetweenKnowledgediversityandfirmperformanceH21:HigherknowledgeintensityresultsinhigheraverageperformanceH22:Higherknowledgeintensityresultsinlowerperformancevariations培訓(xùn)專用Hypotheses(3)RelationshipbetweenknowledgediversityandfirmperformanceHigherknowledgediversityresultsinloweraverageperformanceHigherknowledgediversityresultsinlowerperformancevariations培訓(xùn)專用CriteriaforChoosingIndustriesFourindustrieswerechosenbasedontheirknowledgeintensityandenvironmentaluncertainty.Knowledgeintensityismeasuredastheratioofproductpricebythetangiblecosts(includingmaterialcostsanddepreciationoffixedassets).Environmentaluncertaintyismeasuredbythechangesintechnology(measuredbythenumberandimportanceofpatents)andproductlifecycle.培訓(xùn)專用TheChosenIndustriesEnv.UncertaintyKnowledgeIntensityLowHighHighBankingICDesignLowSteelSemi-conductorFoundry培訓(xùn)專用TwelveKnowledgeTypesTwentycompanieswerechosen(fiveineachcategory)forstudy.Valuechainactivitiesareusedtodifferentiate12categoriesofknowledge,suchasrawmaterialacquisition,productmanufacturing,distribution,marketing,customerservices,strategicplanning,generalmanagement,financialmanagement,qualitymanagement,humanresourcemanagement,R&D,andISmanagement.培訓(xùn)專用DataCollectionAgroupofexpertswasinvitedtofilloutthequestionnaireforassessingtherelativeimportanceofaparticularknowledgeinanindustryandtherelativestrengthofthetwelvetypesofknowledgeamongthecompaniesAtotalof58responseswerecollected,amongwhich17forsemiconductor,16forICDesign,15forbanks,and10forsteel.培訓(xùn)專用DatameasurementITcapabilities:meanscoreontheITcapabilityquestionfromexpertsKnowledgeintensity:meanscoreoftheother11typesofknowledgeKnowledgediversity:usingtheentropytomeasureitFirmperformance:Earningspershareinthepastfiveyears(meansandvariance)培訓(xùn)專用RelativeImportancesK.TypeICDesignSemiconductorBankSteelMeanRankMeanRankMeanRankMeanRankR&D6.6916.7116.2716.401Acquisition6.5625.41105.7355.909Strategy6.5036.0645.6075.8011Production6.4446.3526.1326.203Marketing6.1955.4785.8035.8012Qualitymgt6.1965.8855.2096.302Distribution5.9474.71124.87116.204ITappl.5.6985.8265.5385.8010Service5.6986.1835.8046.007Generalmgt5.63105.6575.6766.106HRM5.63104.82114.53126.008Finance5.44125.4195.20106.205培訓(xùn)專用DataReliability

ICdesignSemiconductorfoundryBankingSteelRawmaterialacquisition0.89770.86080.72740.7401Production0.71800.76860.79210.8023Distribution0.79010.94890.74070.9265Marketing0.66000.83570.70960.8247Customerservices0.80080.74460.10270.7342Strategicplanning0.67040.63900.83880.8106Generalmgmt0.78660.86250.84150.7020Financemgmt0.50800.78690.87110.7803Qualitymgmt0.79610.58220.92490.8780Humanresourcesmgmt0.77500.73340.91200.8691R&D0.77090.84710.80130.6753ITapplications0.93920.76170.91300.8231Allconstructs0.95760.94590.95080.9627培訓(xùn)專用ResultsfromPathAnalysis培訓(xùn)專用IndustrialDifferencesHypothesesIndustryH11H12H21H22H31H32ICDesign0.675***0.326**0.630***0.565***ns-0.25*Semiconductor0.718***0.375***0.732***ns-0.375***-0.195Banking0.621***0.436**nsns-0.283*-0.272Steel0.724***0.364***0.502***-0.351*-0.429**ns培訓(xùn)專用EffectofKnowledgeBreadthWechoosedifferentnumberofknowledgetypesandseehowknowledgebreadthwouldaffectthehypothesesStepwiseanalysisthatremovedoneknowledgecategoryrankedtheleastimportantbyexpertsatatime,andrepeatedthepathanalysisfor9times.培訓(xùn)專用ModelswithDifferentKnowledgeSpread

HypothesesKnowledgeH11H12H21H22H31H32Top100.740***0.414***0.619***0.502***-0.204***-0.127**Top90.719***0.387***0.617***0.505***-0.195***-0.137**Top80.743***0.422***0.603***0.499***-0.192***-0.155*Top70.700***0.365***0.602***0.514***-0.183**-0.170**Top60.711***0.368***0.635***0.511***-0.196***-0.157*Top50.699***0.338***0.636***0.510***-0.163**-0.145**Top40.697***0.339***0.608***0.477***-0.162**-0.142*Top30.705***0.322***0.535***0.433***nsnsTop20.669***0.184**0.491***0.392***ns-0.154**培訓(xùn)專用EffectsofKnowledgeBreadthbyIndustry

Hypotheses

KnowledgecategoryICdesignSem