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醫(yī)學科學研究概述醫(yī)學科學研究概述1GRADEAPASTEURIZEDHOMOGEVITAMINDMILFigure1.3ThegrowthofKnowledgeJamesD.WatsonandFrancisw.Crickaretheoreticalscientistswho,Figure1.51953,determinedthestructureofthedNamolecule,whichcontainsthegeneticinformationofacell.ThisphotographshowsLouisPasteurandPasteurizedMilkthemodelofDNAtheyconstructed.ThediscoveryofthestructureLouisPasteur(1822-1895)performedmanyexperimentswhileheoftheDNAmoleculewasfollowedbymuchresearchintohowthestudiedthequestionoftheoriginoflife,oneofwhichleddirectlytomoleculecodesinformation,howitmakescopiesofitself,andhowthefood-preservationmethodnowknownaspasteurizationtheinformationisputintoaction.GRADEAPASTEURIZEDHOMOGE2figure1.7NineoutofTenDoctorsSurveyedRecommendBrandXItisbviousthattherearemanythingswrongwiththisstatementFirstofall,isthepersoninthewhitecoataphysician?Second,ifonlyFigure1.410doctorswereasked,thesamplesizeistoosmall.Third,onlyselecteddoctorsmighthavebeenaskedtoparticipate.Finally,thequestioncouldhavebeenaskedinsuchawayastoobtainthedesiredanswer:WouldyourecommendbrandXoverDr.Pete'sthemixtureinthevatsnakeoil?ofigure1.73科學的定義與特征◆么是科學分科的專門知識是運用系統(tǒng)的方法處理問題,發(fā)現事實變化的真相,探求其原理原則的學問映自然、社會、思維的客觀規(guī)律的利的知識體系《河科學的定義與特征4個要項(1)問題是科學研究的對象(2)方法是科學研究的手段(3)目的是科學研究的目標個要項5◆科學研究的特征是從科學方法上表現出來的采用的工具實施的程序資料的分析結果的呈現測體溫◆科學研究的特征6◆科學方法的特征(1)客觀性objectivity(2)驗證性veritication(3)系統(tǒng)性systematization采用的工具;實施的程序;資料的分結果的呈現(湯默)◆科學方法的特征7◆科學的有限性手段重復系統(tǒng)◆科學的有限性8EarthEarthstationaryScientiststhoughtthattheSunrevolvedaroundtheEarth.WenowknowthattheEarthrotatesonitsaxisandalsorevolvesaroundtheSunFigure1.8ScienceMustBeWillingtoChallengePreviousBeliefsSciencealwaysmustbeawarethatnewdiscoveriesmayforceareinterpretationofpreviouslyheldbeliefs.EarlyscientiststhoughtthattheSurrevolvedaroundtheEarthinadockwisedirection.Thiswascertainlyareasonabletheoryatthetime.Subsequently,wehavelearnedthattheEarthrevolvesaroundtheSuninacounterclockwisedirection,atthesametimerotatingonitsaxisinacounterclockwisedirection.ThisrotationoftheEarthonitsaxisgivesustheimpressionthattheSunismoving.Earth9◆科學目的:發(fā)現問題;認識真相;探求原理原則;控制、解決問題;就是創(chuàng)造知識和整理知識;本質特征是創(chuàng)造性與非重復性◆科學目的:10醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件11醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件12醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件13醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件14醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件15醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件16醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件17醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件18醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件19醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件20醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件21醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件22醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件23醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件24醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件25醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件26醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件27醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件28醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件29醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件30醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件31醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件32醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件33醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件34醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件35醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件36醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件37醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件38醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件39醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件40醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件41醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件42醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件43醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件44醫(yī)學科學研究概述醫(yī)學科學研究概述45GRADEAPASTEURIZEDHOMOGEVITAMINDMILFigure1.3ThegrowthofKnowledgeJamesD.WatsonandFrancisw.Crickaretheoreticalscientistswho,Figure1.51953,determinedthestructureofthedNamolecule,whichcontainsthegeneticinformationofacell.ThisphotographshowsLouisPasteurandPasteurizedMilkthemodelofDNAtheyconstructed.ThediscoveryofthestructureLouisPasteur(1822-1895)performedmanyexperimentswhileheoftheDNAmoleculewasfollowedbymuchresearchintohowthestudiedthequestionoftheoriginoflife,oneofwhichleddirectlytomoleculecodesinformation,howitmakescopiesofitself,andhowthefood-preservationmethodnowknownaspasteurizationtheinformationisputintoaction.GRADEAPASTEURIZEDHOMOGE46figure1.7NineoutofTenDoctorsSurveyedRecommendBrandXItisbviousthattherearemanythingswrongwiththisstatementFirstofall,isthepersoninthewhitecoataphysician?Second,ifonlyFigure1.410doctorswereasked,thesamplesizeistoosmall.Third,onlyselecteddoctorsmighthavebeenaskedtoparticipate.Finally,thequestioncouldhavebeenaskedinsuchawayastoobtainthedesiredanswer:WouldyourecommendbrandXoverDr.Pete'sthemixtureinthevatsnakeoil?ofigure1.747科學的定義與特征◆么是科學分科的專門知識是運用系統(tǒng)的方法處理問題,發(fā)現事實變化的真相,探求其原理原則的學問映自然、社會、思維的客觀規(guī)律的利的知識體系《河科學的定義與特征48個要項(1)問題是科學研究的對象(2)方法是科學研究的手段(3)目的是科學研究的目標個要項49◆科學研究的特征是從科學方法上表現出來的采用的工具實施的程序資料的分析結果的呈現測體溫◆科學研究的特征50◆科學方法的特征(1)客觀性objectivity(2)驗證性veritication(3)系統(tǒng)性systematization采用的工具;實施的程序;資料的分結果的呈現(湯默)◆科學方法的特征51◆科學的有限性手段重復系統(tǒng)◆科學的有限性52EarthEarthstationaryScientiststhoughtthattheSunrevolvedaroundtheEarth.WenowknowthattheEarthrotatesonitsaxisandalsorevolvesaroundtheSunFigure1.8ScienceMustBeWillingtoChallengePreviousBeliefsSciencealwaysmustbeawarethatnewdiscoveriesmayforceareinterpretationofpreviouslyheldbeliefs.EarlyscientiststhoughtthattheSurrevolvedaroundtheEarthinadockwisedirection.Thiswascertainlyareasonabletheoryatthetime.Subsequently,wehavelearnedthattheEarthrevolvesaroundtheSuninacounterclockwisedirection,atthesametimerotatingonitsaxisinacounterclockwisedirection.ThisrotationoftheEarthonitsaxisgivesustheimpressionthattheSunismoving.Earth53◆科學目的:發(fā)現問題;認識真相;探求原理原則;控制、解決問題;就是創(chuàng)造知識和整理知識;本質特征是創(chuàng)造性與非重復性◆科學目的:54醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件55醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件56醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件57醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件58醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件59醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件60醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件61醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件62醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件63醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件64醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件65醫(yī)學科學研究概述課件66醫(yī)學科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