聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易發(fā)展委員會(huì)-2022年統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)（英）-104正式版

UNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTRADEANDDEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS2022Geneva,20222022HandbookofStatistics?2022,UnitedNationsAllrightsreservedworldwideRequeststoreproduceexcerptsortophotocopyshouldbeaddressedtotheCopyrightClearanceCenterat.Allotherqueriesonrightsandlicences,includingsubsidiaryrights,shouldbeaddressedto:UnitedNationsPublications405East42ndStreetNewYork,NewYork10017UnitedStatesofAmericaEmail:publications@Website:/ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonanymapinthisworkdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.AdisputeexistsbetweentheGovernmentsofArgentinaandtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandconcerningsovereigntyovertheFalklandIslands(Malvinas).ThefinalboundarybetweentheSudanandSouthSudanhasnotyetbeendetermined.Thispublicationhasnotbeenformallyedited.UnitedNationspublicationissuedbytheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentTD/STAT.47ISBN:978-92-1-113076-8eISBN:978-92-1-002178-4ISSN:1992-8408eISSN:2225-3270SalesNo.E.22.II.D.452HandbookofStatistics 20221NotesThetablesinthishandbookrepresentextractionsfromoranalyticalsummariesofdatasetscontainedintheUNCTADstatDataCentre,availableat:/UNCTADstatiscontinuouslyupdatedandenhanced,thusprovidinguserswiththelatestavailablestatistics.Consequently,thefiguresfromthishandbook,whichpresentsstatisticsatapointintime,maynotalwayscorrespondwiththelatestfiguresinUNCTADstat.Basicinformationonconcepts,definitionsandcalculationmethodsofthepresentedstatisticsareprovidedintheboxestitled“Conceptsanddefinitions”ineachsectionandinannex6.3ofthishandbook.MoredetailedinformationonthesourcesandmethodsusedforproductionofdataavailableinUNCTADstatcanbefoundinthedocumentationattachedtotherespectiveUNCTADstatdataset(UNCTAD,2022a).Wherethedesignation“economy”appears,itreferstoacountry,territoryorarea.TheassignmentofeconomiestospecificgroupsisdoneforstatisticalconvenienceanddoesnotimplyanyassumptionregardingthepoliticalorotheraffiliationoftheseeconomiesbytheUnitedNations.Likewise,thedesignations“developing”and“developed”areintendedforstatisticalconvenienceanddonotnecessarilyexpressajudgementaboutthestagereachedbyaparticulareconomyinthedevelopmentprocess.Duetotheremovalofthegroupofthe“transitioneconomies”inthe2021edition,andduetoareclassificationofthedevelopmentstatusoftheRepublicofKoreain2022,theclassificationofeconomiesinto“developing”and“developed”appliedinthishandbookisdifferentfromtheclassificationusedinearliereditions.Also,abroaderdefinitionofsmallislanddevelopingStates(SIDS)asdefinedbytheUnitedNationsOfficeoftheHighRepresentativefortheLeastDevelopedCountries,LandlockedDevelopingCountriesandSmallIslandDevelopingStates(UN-OHRLLS)isappliedsince2021.Thecorrespondinggroupaggregatesarethereforenotcomparablewithdatapresentedinearlierhandbooks.Formoredetails,seeannex6.2ofthishandbook.ThepopulationdatausedinthiseditionhavebeensubstantiallyrevisedbytheUnitedNationsPopulationDivisioninsummer2022.TheyreflectforthefirsttimetheeffectsoftheCOVID-19pandemic.Thishadanimpactonthefiguresofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)percapita.Unlessotherwisespecified,thevaluesofgroupsofeconomiesrepresentthesumsofthevaluesoftheindividualeconomiesincludedinthegroup.CalculationoftheseaggregatesmaytakeintoaccountdataestimatedbytheUNCTADsecretariatthatarenotnecessarilyreportedseparately.Whendatacoverageisinsufficientwithinagroupofeconomies,noaggregationisundertakenandthesymbol(-)isassigned.Duetorounding,valuesdonotnecessarilyaddupexactlytotheircorrespondingtotals.UnitedStatesdollars(US$)areexpressedincurrentUnitedStatesdollarsoftheyeartowhichtheyrefer,unlessotherwisespecified.“Ton”meansmetricton(1000kg).Duetospaceconstraints,thenamesofthefollowingcountriesmayappearinabbreviatedform:thePlurinationalStateofBolivia,theDemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea,theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,theIslamicRepublicofIran,LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic,theFederatedStatesofMicronesia,theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,andtheBolivarianRepublicofVenezuela.TheUNCTADHandbookofStatistics2022isavailableinPDFformatfromtheUNCTADwebsite,at/HandbookOfStatistics.Thee-handbookisavailableat.32022HandbookofStatisticsTheworldbydevelopmentstatusDevelopingeconomiesDevelopedeconomiesLeastdevelopedcountries(LDCs)TheboundariesandnamesshownandthedesignationsusedonthismapdonotimplyofficialendorsementoracceptancebytheUnitedNations.4HandbookofStatistics 202215HandbookofStatistics2022TABLEOFCONTENTSListofmapsandfigures8Listoftables10Introduction 11AbcAbbreviationsandsymbols121.Internationalmerchandisetrade142.Internationaltradeinservices323.Economictrends424.Population605.Maritimetransport706.Annexes8472022HandbookofStatisticsMapsandFiguresMapsMap1.1Merchandiseexportsasaratiotogrossdomesticproduct,202116Map1.2Mainworldimportflows,202120Map1.3Mainexportproducts,202124Map1.4Tradeopennessindex,202128Map2.1Exportsofservicesasaratiotogrossdomesticproduct,202134Map2.2Growthinservicesexportsbycategory,2016–202138Map3.1Grossdomesticproductpercapita,202144Map3.2Currentaccountbalanceasaratiotogrossdomesticproduct,202148Map3.3Foreigndirectinvestmentinflowsasaratiotogrossfixedcapitalformation,202152Map3.4Annualgrowthofconsumerprices,202156Map4.1Annualpopulationgrowth,202162Map4.2Dependencyratio,202166Map5.1Tonnageloadedanddischarged,202172Map5.2Building,ownership,registrationandrecyclingofships,202176Map5.3Linershippingconnectivity,2021-202280FiguresFigure1.1.1Worldmerchandiseexports16Figure1.1.2Merchandisetradeannualgrowthrates,202117Figure1.1.3Merchandisetradebalance17Figure1.2.1Intra-andextra-regionalexports,202120Figure1.2.2Globaltradeflows,202121Figure1.2.3Developingeconomies’mainexportdestinations,202121Figure1.3.1Exportstructureofdevelopingeconomiesbyproductgroup,202124Figure1.3.2Annualgrowthrateofexportsbyproductgroup,202125Figure1.3.3Developingeconomies’extra-tradestructure,202125Figure1.4.1Termsoftradeindex28Figure1.4.2Marketconcentrationindexofexports29Figure1.4.3Productconcentrationindexofexports,202129Figure2.1.1Worldservicesexports34Figure2.1.2Servicestradeannualgrowthrates,202135Figure2.1.3Topfiveservicesexporters,202135Figure2.2.1Annualgrowthrateofservicesexports,202138Figure2.2.2Structureofservicesexports,202139Figure2.2.3Growthofexportsoftelecommunications,computer,andinformationservices,bygroupofeconomies,2019–202139Figure3.1.1Worldrealgrossdomesticproduct,annualgrowthrate44Figure3.1.2Growthofrealgrossdomesticproductbygroupofeconomies,202145Figure3.1.3Distributionofworldgrossdomesticproduct458HandbookofStatistics 20221FiguresFigure3.2.1Balancesinthecurrentaccount48Figure3.2.2Balancesinleastdevelopedcountries’currentaccount49Figure3.3.1Worldforeigndirectinvestmentinflows52Figure3.3.2Foreigndirectinvestmentinflowsandoutflows,202153Figure3.3.3Selectedforeigndirectinvestmentflows53Figure3.4.1ExchangeratesagainsttheUnitedStatesdollar56Figure3.4.2UNCTADCommodityPriceIndex57Figure3.4.3Year-on-yeargrowthofpricesbycommoditygroup57Figure4.1.1Annualgrowthrateofworldpopulation62Figure4.1.2Worldpopulationbygroupofeconomies63Figure4.1.3Urbanpopulationbygroupofeconomies63Figure4.2.1Worldpopulationbyagegroup66Figure4.2.2Populationpyramids,202167Figure4.2.3Dependencyratiobyagestructure67Figure5.1.1Goodsloadedworldwide72Figure5.1.2Seabornetradeofdevelopingeconomies73Figure5.1.3Seabornetradebalance73Figure5.2.1Worldfleetbyprincipalvesseltype76Figure5.2.2Fleetmarketbyregionofbeneficialownership,202277Figure5.2.3Vesselscapacityintopfiveregistries77Figure5.3.1Linershippingconnectivityindex,topfiveeconomies80Figure5.3.2Worldcontainerportthroughput81Figure5.3.3Containerizedporttrafficbygroupofeconomies,20208192022HandbookofStatisticsTablesTable1.1.1Merchandisetradebygroupofeconomies18Table1.1.2Merchandisetradeofleastdevelopedcountries,mainexporters18Table1.1.3Leadingexportersandimportersindevelopingeconomies,bygroupofeconomies,202119Table1.2.1Exportsbyoriginanddestination,202122Table1.2.2Exportsbyoriginanddestination,selectedyears22Table1.2.3Topdestinationsofdevelopingeconomies’exports23Table1.2.4Toporiginsofdevelopingeconomies’imports23Table1.3Exportsbyproductgroup,originanddestination,202126Table1.4.1Selectedtradeindicesbygroupofeconomies30Table1.4.2Selectedtradeindices,landlockeddevelopingcountries31Table2.1.1Tradeinservicesbygroupofeconomies36Table2.1.2Leadingservicesexportersandimportersbygroupofeconomies,202136Table2.2.1Tradeinservicesbyservicecategoryandgroupofeconomies40Table2.2.2Exportsofselectedservices,byregion,202141Table3.1.1Grossdomesticproductandgrossdomesticproductpercapita46Table3.1.2Nominalgrossdomesticproductbytypeofexpenditure,202046Table3.1.3Nominalgrossvalueaddedbyeconomicactivity47Table3.1.4Economieswithhighestgrossdomesticproductpercapita47Table3.2.1Currentaccountbalancebygroupofeconomies50Table3.2.2Currentaccountbalanceinlargestsurplusanddeficiteconomies50Table3.2.3Currentaccountsofleadingexporters(goodsandservices)bygroupofeconomies,202150Table3.3.1Foreigndirectinvestmentflowsbygroupofeconomies54Table3.3.2Foreigndirectinvestmentstockbygroupofeconomies54Table3.3.3Foreigndirectinvestmentinflows,top20hosteconomies,202155Table3.3.4Foreigndirectinvestmentoutflows,top20homeeconomies,202155Table3.4.1Consumerpricesbygroupofeconomies58Table3.4.2Exchangerateandconsumerpricesamongmainexportingeconomies58Table3.4.3Priceindicesofselectedprimarycommodities59Table3.4.4Monthlypriceindicesofmaincommoditygroups59Table4.1.1Totalpopulationbygroupofeconomies64Table4.1.2Urbanpopulationbygroupofeconomies64Table4.1.3Mostpopulatedeconomies65Table4.2.1Agestructureanddependencyratiobygroupofeconomies68Table4.2.2Agestructurebygroupofeconomies,202169Table4.2.3Femalepopulationbyageclass,202169Table5.1.1Totalseabornetradebygroupofeconomies74Table5.1.2Seabornetradebycargotypeandgroupofeconomies74Table5.1.3Developmentofgoodsloadedworldwidebytypeofcargo75Table5.2.1Merchantfleetregistrationbygroupofeconomies78Table5.2.2Fleetownershipandregistration,maineconomies,1January202279Table5.3.1Linershippingconnectivityindexofmostconnectedeconomies,byregion82Table5.3.2Timeatport,bymarketsegment,inthetop20economiesbyportcall,202183Table5.3.3Linershippingconnectivityoftheworld’ssevenmostconnectedeconomies83Table6.1Keyindicatorsbyeconomy,202186Table6.2GroupingofservicecategoriesonthebasisofEBOPS20109910HandbookofStatistics 20221IntroductionTheUNCTADHandbookofStatistics2022providesawiderangeofstatisticsandindicatorsrelevanttotheanalysisofinternationaltrade,economy,investment,maritimetransport,anddevelopmentoverall.Itcomesatatimeofcascadingcrisesthatoverlapandcompoundeachother.Inuncertaintimes,reliablestatisticalinformationbecomesevenmoreindispensableforeffectivepolicyresponsesanddecisions,aidingcountriestorecoverfromthecrisesandbuildamorejust,inclusive,andsustainableeconomy.TheUNCTADHandbookofStatisticsandtheUNCTADstatDataCentremakeinternationallycomparabledatasetsavailabletopolicymakers,specialists,researchers,officialsofnationalGovernments,representativesofinternationalorganizations,journalists,executivemanagers,andexpertsofnon-governmentalorganizations.Inaddition,thesestatisticsunderpinallUNCTADactivities.Whetherforresearch,policyadviceortechnicalcooperation,UNCTADneedsreliableandinternationallycomparabletrade,financialandmacroeconomicdatawithglobalcoverage,spanningseveraldecades.The2021datashowastrongreboundofGDP,internationaltrade,maritimetransport,foreigndirectinvestment(FDI)andotherspheresofglobaleconomicactivity.Whileglobalmerchandisetradeexceededitspre-pandemiclevelbyfar,fortradeinservicestherecoveryin2021wasnotstrongenoughtocompensatethedramaticfallin2020experiencedduringtheoutbreakoftheCOVID-19pandemic,especiallyintravel.However,UNCTADnowcastssuggestthatthereboundiscontinuingin2022,albeitataslightlymoderatedspeed,leadingtonewrecordhighsinbothgoodsandservicestradevalues.The2022nowcastsonglobalmerchandiseandservicestradeincludedinthishandbookrepresentannualizedsnapshotsofUNCTAD’squarterlynowcasts,whichareupdatedweekly.NewthisyearistheirpublicationtoadedicateddashboardonUNCTADstat,whichallowstrackingthedevelopmentofthenowcastandtheirdriversinalmost‘realtime’;see/EN/Nowcasts.html.Thisyearagain,theonlineeditionofthehandbook,thee-handbook,incorporatesinteractivechartsandmapsat:/.Thee-handbook,includingitsmapsandcharts,isaninteractivetoolandprovidesreaderswithdirectaccesstothedataattheUNCTADstatDataCentrefromeachtable,mapandchart.112022HandbookofStatisticsAbbreviationsBPM6 BalanceofPaymentsandInternationalInvestmentPositionManual,SixthEditionBRICS Brazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfricaCIF cost,insuranceandfreightCPI consumerpriceindexDem.Rep. DemocraticRepublicdwt dead-weighttonsEBOPS2010 2010ExtendedBalanceofPaymentsServicesClassificationFDI foreigndirectinvestmentFOB freeonboardG20 GroupofTwentyGDP grossdomesticproductGFCF grossfixedcapitalformationgt grosstonsHIPCs heavilyindebtedpoorcountriesHS HarmonizedCommodityDescriptionandCodingSystemIMF InternationalMonetaryFundISIC InternationalStandardIndustrialClassificationofAllEconomicActivitiesLDCs leastdevelopedcountriesLLDCs landlockeddevelopingcountriesLNG liquefiednaturalgasLPG liquefiedpetroleumgasLSBCI linershippingbilateralconnectivityindexLSCI linershippingconnectivityindexRep. RepublicSAR SpecialAdministrativeRegionSIDS smallislanddevelopingStatesSITC StandardInternationalTradeClassificationTEU twenty-footequivalentunitUCPI UNCTADCommodityPriceIndexUN-OHRLLS UnitedNationsOfficeoftheHighRepresentativefortheLeastDevelopedCountries,LandlockedDevelopingCountriesandSmallIslandDevelopingStatesUS$ UnitedStatesdollarsWTO WorldTradeOrganization12HandbookofStatistics 20221Symbols0 Zeromeansthattheamountisnilornegligible._ Thesymbolunderscoreindicatesthattheitemisnotapplicable... Twodotsindicatethatthedataarenotavailableorarenotseparatelyreported.Theuseofahyphenondataareameansthatdataisestimatedandincludedintheaggregationsbutnotpublished.Anendashbetweenyears(e.g.“1985–1990”)signifiesthefullperiodinvolved,includingtheinitialandfinalyears.EstimatePreliminaryestimate131INTERNATIONALMERCHANDISETRADEInternationalmerchandisetrade1KEYFIGURES2021ValueofworldmerchandiseexportsUS$22.3trillionChangeofworldmerchandiseexports+26.5%LDCs’shareinglobalexports1.05%NOWCAST2022Growthofglobalmerchandiseexports+13.8%151Internationalmerchandisetrade1.1TotalmerchandisetradeMap1.1Merchandiseexportsasaratiotogrossdomesticproduct,2021(Percentage)50andmore30tolessthan5020tolessthan3010tolessthan200tolessthan10NodataConceptsanddefinitionsThefiguresoninternationalmerchandisetradeinthischaptermeasurethevalueofgoodswhichaddorsubtractfromthestockofmaterialresourcesofaneconomybyenteringorleavingitsterritory(UnitedNations,2011).Thisdefinitionisslightlydifferentfromthedefinitionoftradeingoodsinthebalance-of-paymentsframework(seesection3.2).Thevalueofexportsismostlyrecordedasthefree-on-board(FOB)value,whereasthevalueofimportsincludescost,insuranceandfreight(CIF).Thetradebalanceiscalculatedasthedifferencebetweenthevaluesofexportsandimports.Merchandisetradefiguresfrom2014to2021,attotalproductlevelwithpartnerworld,arejointlyproducedbyUNCTADandtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO).

Strongpost-pandemicrecoveryIn2021,thevalueofworldmerchandiseexportsincreasedstrongly,by26.5percent,aftertwoconsecutiveyearsofdecline.GlobalexportsamountedtoUS$22.3trillion,US$3.3trillionhigherthanthepre-pandemicvaluerecordedtwoyearsbefore,in2019.In2022,theexportsvalueisnowcasttocontinuegrowing,atarateof13.8percentfrom2021.Highermerchandiseexportswererecordedinthe‘North’thaninthe‘South’,in2021.DevelopingeconomiescontributedUS$9.9trillionanddevelopedeconomiesUS$12.4trilliontotheworldtotal.AsiaandOceaniaaccountedfor45percentofglobalmerchandiseexports,followedbyEuropewith37percentandAmericawith16percent.Africaremainedunderrepresented,capturingonly2percentoftheglobalmarket.Figure1.1.1Worldmerchandiseexports(TrillionsofUnitedStatesdollars)2622181410200620082010201220142016201820202022Note:ThedottedlineindicatesUNCTADnowcasts.Fortheweeklyupdateofthenowcastanditsmethodology,seeUNCTAD(2022b).16Internationalmetradechandiinservicestrade 121TradeupswinginallregionsIn2021,merchandiseexportsandimportsincreasedconsiderablyinallgroupsofeconomiesclassifiedbydevelopmentstatus:between23and42percent.DevelopingeconomiesinAfricaexperiencedthehighestriseinexports(+42.2percent),followedbydevelopedeconomiesinAsiaandOceania(+30.2percent).Intermsofimports,developingeconomiesintheAmericasregisteredthehighestincrease(+38.1percent).TheywerefollowedbydevelopingeconomiesinAsiaandOceania(+30.2percent).Figure1.1.2Merchandisetradeannualgrowthrates,2021(Percentage)DevelopedeconomiesDevelopingeconomiesDevelopingeconomies:AfricaDevelopingeconomies:AmericasDevelopingeconomies:AsiaandOceania051015202530354045ExportsImportsDevelopmentoftradeimbalancesDevelopingeconomiesregisteredaconsiderableincreaseintheirtradesurplusin2021forthesecondconsecutiveyear.Theirtradebalancestoodat+US$535in2020andreached+US$650billionin2021.Bycontrast,developedeconomieswitnessedacontinuouslyrisingmerchandisetradedeficitoverrecentyears.ItwasrecordedatUS$909billionin2021.Duringthatyear,thedevelopedworld’sexportsdeclinedmorethanimports.Figure1.1.3Merchandisetradebalance(BillionsofUnitedStatesdollars)Developedeconomies Developingeconomies7505002500-250-500-750-1000201620172018201920202021Note:TradebalancesdonotadduptozeroatworldlevelduetoCIFincludedinimportsandcross-countrydifferencesincompilationmethods.

Increaseinexportsof13.8%nowcastfor2022In2021,worldmerchandisetradeincreasedstrongly:by26.5%Developingeconomies'importsin2021followedtheglobaltrend.Upby31%US$909billiontradedecitrecordedbydevelopedeconomiesin2021171 InternationalmerchandisetradeTable1.1.1MerchandisetradebygroupofeconomiesExportsImportsTradebalanceValueAnnualValueAnnualValueRatiotogrowthrategrowthrateimportsGroupofeconomies(MillionsofUS$)(Percentage)(MillionsofUS$)(Percentage)(MillionsofUS$)(Percentage)20202021202120202021202120212021World176482232826.5178792258726.3-258-1.1Developedeconomies100451241023.6108101331923.2-909-6.8Developingeconomies7604991830.47069926731.16507.0Developingeconomies:Africa39456142.249162928.1-68-10.8Developingeconomies:Americas951120827.0917126738.1-58-4.6Developingeconomies:AsiaandOceania6258814930.25660737230.277710.5SelectedgroupsDevelopingeconomiesexcludingChina5014655430.75003657931.5-25-0.4DevelopingeconomiesexcludingLDCs7419968330.56823895631.37278.1LDCs18523526.924631126.6-76-24.5LLDCs16821930.320625021.7-31-12.4SIDS(UN-OHRLLS)41953126.741851523.2163.1HIPCs(IMF)13617629.416420423.9-27-13.5BRICS3495465733.32929391433.674319.0G20135691706725.8137991736825.9-301-1.7Table1.1.2Merchandisetradeofleastdevelopedcountries,mainexportersExportsImportsTradebalanceValueAnnualValueAnnualValueRatiotogrowthrategrowthrateimportsEconomya(MillionsofUS$)(Percentage)(MillionsofUS$)(Percentage)(MillionsofUS$)(Percentage)20202021202120202021202120212021LDCs18521023510326.924592431142626.6-76323-24.5LDCs:AfricaandHaiti10770814545935.012702015198219.7-6523-4.3Angola209373358160.495431179523.621787184.7Congo,Dem.Rep.ofthe14122(e)23500(e)66.46663(e)10300(e)54.6(e)13200(e)128.2Zambia78211114142.45323709633.3404557.0Guinea8931(e)10433(e)16.83727(e)4094(e)9.8(e)6339(e)154.8Tanzania,UnitedRepublicof606163915.484391002418.8-3634-36.2LDCs:Asia768168859215.311721415730534.2-68713-43.7Bangladesh336054422331.652804(e)80448(e)52.4(e)-36225(e)-45.0Cambodia1771617362-2.0191142836948.4-11007-38.8Myanmar1669215145-9.31794714322-20.28235.7LaoPeople'sDem.Rep.6115769525.85370627516.8141922.6Nepal856168496.898561589361.3-14208-89.4LDCs:Islands686105153.21689213926.6-1087-50.8Timor-Leste264616133.662587339.5-257-29.5SolomonIslands379371-2.0(e)479(e)562(e)17.3(e)-191(e)-34.0Comoros213466.828032817.0-293-89.5SaoTomeandPrincipe142149.213816620.5-145-87.5Kiribati99-1.613317632.2-167-94.8Rankedbyvalueofexports2021.18Internationalmerchandisetrade1Table1.1.3Leadingexportersandimportersindevelopingeconomies,bygroupofeconomies,2021Developingeconomies:AfricaValueShareinAnnualValueShareinAnnualExporterImporterworldtotalgrowthrateworldtotalgrowthrate(Rankedbyvalue)(BillionsofUS$)(Percentage)(Percentage)(Rankedbyvalue)(BillionsofUS$)(Percentage)(Percentage)SouthAfricaSouthAfrica1240.5544.0(e)114(e)0.50(e)35.6Nigeria470.2131.7Egypt840.3739.5Egypt440.2063.8Morocco580.2632.4Algeria(e)37(e)0.16(e)54.2Nigeria520.2345.3Morocco360.1632.0Algeria(e)36(e)0.16(e)4.7DevelopingAfrica5612.5142.2DevelopingAfrica6292.7828.1Developingeconomies:AmericasExporterValueShareinAnnualworldtotalgrowthrate(Rankedbyvalue)(BillionsofUS$)(Percentage)(Percentage)Mexico4952.2218.6Brazil2811.2634.2Chile950.4227.8Argentina780.3542.0Peru590.2750.1DevelopingAmericas12085.4127.0ImporterValueShareinAnnualworldtotalgrowthrate(Rankedbyvalue)(BillionsofUS$)(Percentage)(Percentage)Mexico5222.3132.8Brazil2351.0441.1Chile920.4155.7Argentina630.2849.2Colombia610.2740.5DevelopingAmericas12675.6138.1Developingeconomies:AsiaandOceaniaExporterValueShareinAnnualworldtotalgrowthrate(Rankedbyvalue)(BillionsofUS$)(Percentage)(Percentage)China336415.0729.9China,HongKongSAR6703.0022.1Singapore4572.0526.2China,TaiwanProvinceof4482.0128.9UnitedArabEmirates4251.9026.8DevelopingAsiaandOceania814936.5030.2ImporterValueShareinAnnualworldtotalgrowthrate(Rankedbyvalue)(BillionsofUS$)(Percentage)(Percentage)China268911.9030.1China,HongKongSAR7123.1525.0India5732.5453.5Singapore4061.8023.2China,TaiwanProvinceof3821.6932.6DevelopingAsiaandOceania737232.6430.2191Internationalmerchandisetrade1.2TradestructurebypartnerMap1.2Mainworldimportflows,2021(BillionsofUnitedStatesdollars)CanadaGermanyRepublicofKoreaUnitedStatesofAmericaChinaJapanMexicoTaiwanProvinceofChinaHongKongSAR500250125Note:BilateralimportsofUS$125billionormoreareshown.ConceptsanddefinitionsIntra-tradeisthetradebetweeneconomiesbelongingtothesamegroup.Extra-tradeisthetradeofeconomiesofthesamegroupwithalleconomiesoutsidethegroup.Itrepresentsthedifferencebetweenagroup’stotaltradeandintra-trade.TheexportsfromaneconomyAtoaneconomyBdonotalwaysequaltheimportsofeconomyBfromeconomyArecordedFOB.Thereasonsforthesetradeasymmetriesinclude:aconceptualdifferencebetweenexportingeconomyandcountryoforigin;differenttimesofrecordingforexportsandimports;differenttreatmentoftransittrade;underreporting;measurementerrors;mis-pricingandmis-invoicing.Theexportsto(importsfrom)alleconomiesoftheworlddonotalwaysexactlyadduptototalexports(imports).Thedifferenceiscausedbyshipstores,bunkersandotherexportsofminorimportance.

MainglobaltradepatternsTheworld’slargestbilateralflowsofmerchandisetraderunbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,andbetweentheirrespectiveneighbouringeconomies.In2021,goodsworthUS$542billionwereimportedbytheUnitedStatesfromChinaandUS$181billionbyChinafromtheUnitedStates.China’strade–exportsandimports–withHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion(SAR),Japan,Taiwan,ProvinceofChina,andtheRepublicofKoreatotalledUS$1.58trillion.TheUnitedStates’tradewithMexicoandCanadawasworthUS$1.34trillion.Intra-regionaltradewasmostpronouncedinEurope.In2021,68percentofallEuropeanexportsweretotradingpartnersonthesamecontinent.InAsia,thisratewas59percent.Bycontrast,inOceania,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,Africa,andNorthernAmerica,mosttradewasextra-regional.Figure1.2.1Intra-andextra-regionalexports,2021(Percentageoftotalexports)AfricaNorthernAmericaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanAsiaEuropeOceania0255075100IntraExtra20Internationalmerchandisetradeinservicestrade 121Tradewithinandbetween‘hemispheres’In2021,goodsworthUS$8.5trillionwereexchangedbetweendevelopedeconomies(North-Northtrade),whereasmerchandisetradeamongdevelopingeconomies(South-Southtrade)amountedtoU