國際商法簡(jiǎn)答題

Whatisinternationallaw?Defined:ThebodyofrulesandnormsthatregulatesactivitiescarriedonoutsidethelegalboundariesofnationsItregulatesthreeinternationalrelationships:ThosebetweenstatesandstatesThosebetweenstatesandpersonsThosebetweenpersonsandpersonsSourcesofinternationallaw?AuthorizedSources:1)Internationalconventions,2)Internationalcustom,3)Generalprinciplesoflaw.4)JudicialdecisionsandTeachingsofpublicists.TreatiesandConventions條約，公約？Treatiesarelegallybindingagreementsbetweentwoormorenations.Conventionsarebindingagreementsbetweenstatessponsoredbyinternationalorganizations.CustomRulesthathavebeenaroundforalongtimeorwhicharegenerallyaccepted.GeneralPrinciplesGeneralprinciplesoflawthatarecommontoboth(orall)thestatepartiestoadispute3.Productliabilitylaws?產(chǎn)品責(zé)任法Productliabilitylawsattempttodiscouragemanufacturersfromputtingdefectiveproductsintothemarketplacebyrequiringthemtoassumeliabilityfortheinjuriestheirproductscause.Theretheoriesarecommonlyreliedupontodothis:(依據(jù))1).breadofcontract2).negligence3).strictliabilityCopyrights,Patents,Trademarks?Acopyrightisastatutoryrightthatgivestheauthorofanartisticwork,foralimitedperiod,theexclusiveprivilegeofmakingcopiesoftheworkandpublishingandsellingthecopies.A].PecuniaryRights B]MoralRights C]WorksCovered D]NeighboringRightsAstatutoryprivilegegrantedbytheGovernmenttoinventors,andtoothersderivingtheirrightsfromtheinventor,forafixedperiodofyears,toexcludeotherpersonsfrommanufacturing,using,orsellingapatentedproduct,orfromutilizingapatentedmethodorprocess.A]Designpatents B]Plantpatents C]UtilitypatentsAnyword,name,symbol,ordevicethatmerchantsandothersusetoidentifythemselvesandtheirproductsA]trademarksB]tradenames;C]servicemarks;D]collectivemarks;E]certificationmarksDumpingSubsidy？?jī)A銷？補(bǔ)貼？Theanti-dumpingduty?Theanti-Subsidyduty?反傾銷稅？反補(bǔ)貼稅？Theexportpriceoftheproductexportedfrom onecountrytoanotherislessthanthecomparableprice,intheordinarycourseoftrade,forthelikeproductdefinesdumping.Thesubsidyisafinancialcontributionmadebyagovernmentorotherpublicbodythat confersabenefitonanenterprise,groupofenterprises,oranindustry.Theanti-dumpingdutyusedtocounterthedumpingofimports.Ifsubsideshaveanunreasonableimpactonanothercountry’sinternalmarket,thatcountrycanimposecountervailingdutiestooffsettheirimpact.Nationalmonetarysystems?Therearethreetypesoforganizationsthatoperateonthenationalplanetoimplementnationalmonetarypolicies.1).Thehighestlevelisapoliticalagencyofthenationalgovernmentthatsetsnationalfiscalpolicyandcarriesonfinancialfunctionsofthegovernment.2).Thenextlevelisacentralbank.3).Thethirdlevelarethecommercialbanksthatacceptandmanagedeposits,makeloans,andoffertrustservices.ThreemethodsofDiplomcaytosettlementofdisputes?Negotiation談判istheprocessofreachinganagreementbydiscussion.Mediation調(diào)解involvestheuseofathirdpartywhotransmitsandinterpretstheproposalsoftheprincipalpartiesandsometimesadvancesindependentproposals.(調(diào)解可以解決全部爭(zhēng)議)Inquiry調(diào)查isaprocessusedtodetermineadisputedfactorfacts.(針對(duì)某一特定事件)WhatistheIntellectualProperty知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)?Defined:UsefulinformationorknowledgeArtisticproperty:Artistic,literaryandmusicalworks.Industrialproperty:A]Inventions;B]TrademarksWhatisfreetradetypes?VirtuallyallstatesencouragemultinationalenterprisestoinvestintheireconomiesbysettingFreezones.ThelargestFreezonesarecalledfreetradeareas(FTAs)andaremadeupoftwoormorestates.②Exportprocessingzones(EPZs)出口加工區(qū)②Freeretailzones免稅零售區(qū)ThemainprinciplesofGATT1947?（GATT1947的主要原則）Tradediscriminationforbidden.Eachstatehadtoaffordmostfavored-nationstatustoallothercontractingstatesequally;foreigngoodstreatedthesameasdomesticgoodsaccordingtothenationaltreatmentprinciple.Onlybarriersthatonecontractingstatecouldusetolimittheimportationofgoodsfromanothercontractingstatewerecustomstariffs.ThetraderegulationsofcontractingstateshadtobetransparentCustomsunionsandfreetradeagreementsbetweencontractingstateswereacceptableforliberalizingtradesolongastheydidnotdiscriminateagainstthird-partyGATTstates.GATTstateswereonlyallowedcertainchargesa]ImporttaxequaltointernaltaxesAntidumpingdutiesCountervailingdutiestocounteractforeignexportdutiesd]FeesandproperchargesforservicesrenderedBankforinternationalsettlement(BIS)國際清算銀行Theoldestinternationalorganizationinvolvedinmonetarycooperation.Its3mainpurposes:1_toactasabankfortheworld’scentralbanks.2_topromoteinternationalmonetarycooperation3_toactasanagentforinternationalsettlements.What’sdoctrineofimputability?Astateisonlyresponsibleforactionsthatareimputableorattributabletoit.Themostlycommonlyacceptedinterpretationofthistheoryisthatthestateisresponsibleforactsdonebyofficialswithintheirapparentauthority.Thisincludes(1)actswithinthescopeofofficials’authority.(2)actsoutsidetheirscopeofauthorityifthestateprovidedthemeansorfacilitiestoaccomplishtheact.Internationalpersons(主體)? 13.Whatisstate?Thetypesofstate? {}Statesandtheirsubdivisions,internationalorganizations,businesses,andindividuals.{1.Statesarepoliticalentitiesthathaveaterritory,apopulation,agovernmentcapableofenteringintointernationalrelations,andagovernmentcapableofcontrollingitsterritoryandpeoples.Threekindofstates:independentstates（獨(dú)立國家）,dependentstates(附屬國),inchoatestates.}2.Internationalorganizations:(1)publicorintergovernmentalorganizations(IGOs);(2)privateornongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)Whatiscorporation？Types?公司？種類？Acorporationisacompanyofcapitalwhoseownershavelimitedliability;investorsareresponsibleonlytotheextentoftheirfinancialinvestment.Incivillawstates:1）shockcorporation股份公司2)limitedliabilitycompanies有限責(zé)任公司Incommonlawstates:publiccorporation公眾公司,privatecorporation私人公司,andlimitedliabilitycompanies有限責(zé)任公司.Homestateregulationofmultinationalenterprises?跨國公司的母國規(guī)制Totheextentthatamultinationalenterprisesoperateswithinthedomesticmarketplaceofitshomecountry,thehomecountryregulatesitinthesamewaythatnationalenterprisesareregulated.Theformsofhomestate