2018考研英語閱讀練習(xí)題(附答案)

2018考研英語閱讀練習(xí)題(附答案)2018考研英語閱讀練習(xí)題(附答案)2018考研英語閱讀練習(xí)題(附答案)資料僅供參考文件編號(hào)：2022年4月2018考研英語閱讀練習(xí)題(附答案)版本號(hào)：A修改號(hào)：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：2018考研英語閱讀練習(xí)題（附答案）Text1Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennis’D.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face;becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould”reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patienttrendatthesupremecourt”,saysHaroleC.wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratJorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.1.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization選C.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。文章第二段首句指出，“……準(zhǔn)備對(duì)商業(yè)方法專利進(jìn)行縮減，而該類專利從其合法化的那天開始就一直充滿了爭(zhēng)議?！睆拇说贸?，現(xiàn)在對(duì)其進(jìn)行縮減必將引起人們的“關(guān)注”。2.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.選B.推理題。該題可以采用排除法。A、C、D選項(xiàng)都不符合文意。3.Theword“about-face”mostprobablymeans[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdignity選C.詞匯題?！癮bout-face”在這里是承前啟后的作用，because引導(dǎo)的從句是對(duì)于該詞所述現(xiàn)象的解釋，“當(dāng)初就是聯(lián)邦組通過的此類專利……”，而第二段提到了“現(xiàn)在……要縮減商業(yè)方法專利”，因此是“態(tài)度”的巨大轉(zhuǎn)變。4.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks選B.假推理題：同義替換。從“toomanypatentswerebeingupheld”中可以找到答案，而其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在最后兩段都沒有被提及。5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents選D.主旨題。文章首段介紹了“過去10年”商業(yè)方法的專利授予狀況，從第二段開始轉(zhuǎn)到“現(xiàn)狀”，同時(shí)，之后的各段均表述了聯(lián)邦成員組對(duì)“商業(yè)方法專利”變化的立場(chǎng)。Text2InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebringinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobe.6.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics[B]discussinfluentials’functioninspreadingideas[C]exemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.選B.推理題。文章開頭作者介紹TheTippingPoint這本書的中心思想是“一小部分名人引領(lǐng)了社會(huì)潮流”，但是在段末又表示“書作者的想法并不能解釋思想是如何傳播的”，由此引出對(duì)名人在思想傳播中作用的討論。7.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity選D.細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段的首句作者使用“aplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheory”來修飾“two-step-flowtheory”，同時(shí)第三段整段都是對(duì)名人思想傳播論的否定。8.whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia[C]infl