中式英語之鑒

中式英語之鑒中式英語之鑒中式英語之鑒資料僅供參考文件編號(hào)：2022年4月中式英語之鑒版本號(hào)：A修改號(hào)：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：PartOne:UnnecessaryWordsAllauthoritiesonthestyleofEnglishproseagreethatgoodwritingisconcise.Carefulwriterssaywhattheymeaninasfewwordsaspossible.Vigorouswritingisconcise.Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords,aparagraphnounnecessarysentences,forthesamereasonthatadrawingshouldhavenounnecessarylinesandamachinenounnecessaryparts.Itfollowsthatanywordswhichperformnousefulfunctioninthesentence—thatis,whichaddnothingtothemeaning—shouldbeeditedout.AlmosteverytextthathasbeentranslatedintoEnglishfromChinese(orthathasbeenwrittendirectlyinEnglishbyanativespeakerofChinese)containsunnecessarywords.Drafttranslationsarecommonlyfullofthem,andevenpolishedfinalversionsareseldomfreeofthem.ReadanythingthathasbeenpublishedinEnglishforforeignreaders—amagazinearticle,anewsstory,anadvertisement,agovernmentreport—andyouarelikelytofindsuperfluouswords.ReadeventheshortestofEnglishtexts—thelabelonafoodproduct,abillboardonChang’an,thecompanynameonthefrontofabuilding—and,ifyouareonthealerttorecognizethem,chancesarethatyouwillfindwordsthatcouldandshouldhavebeenomitted.UnnecessarywordsarethehallmarkofChinglish.Unnecessarywordscanbeanypartofspeech—nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,articles,andsoon.Inthefollowingchaptersweshallconsiderthemostimportanttypes,startingwithunnecessarynounsandverbs,whichoftengohandinhand.I.UnnecessaryNounsandVerbsNounsMostunnecessarynounsinChinglishappearnotalonebutinshortphrases,combinedwitharticlesandprepositions.Whenyoueliminatethenouns,youeliminatethearticlesandprepositionsaswell.Manyofthesenounsareeasytorecognize.Theyareplainlyredundantbecausetheirsenseisalreadyincludedorimpliedinsomeotherelementofthesentence.Hereareafewexamples(A)withsuggestedrevisions(B)andcommentsinbrackets.加快經(jīng)濟(jì)改革步伐A:toacceleratethepaceofeconomicreformB:toaccelerateeconomicreform(Toaccelerate=toincreasethepaceof)農(nóng)業(yè)獲得大豐收A:Therehavebeengoodharvestsinagriculture.B:Therehavebeengoodharvests.[“Harvest”impliesagriculture:therearenoharvestsinindustry.]城鄉(xiāng)人民生活水平持續(xù)上升。A:Livingstandardsforthepeopleinbothurbanandruralareascontinuedtorise.B:Livingstandardsinbothurbanandruralareascontinuedtorise.【Thenotionoflivingstandardsappliesonlytopeople.】這些困難從本質(zhì)上說是暫時(shí)的。A：Thesehardshipsaretemporaryinnature.B:Thesehardshipsaretemporary.[Anyadjectivesdescribesthe“nature”or“character”ofthenounitmodifies.Tosaythathardshipsare“temporaryinnature”islikesayingthattheChineseflagisredincolor”orthatpandasarefewinnumber.”]我國(guó)未來的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展在很大程度上有賴于……A：Thedevelopmentofoureconomyinthefuturewill,toalargeextent,dependon…B:Thedevelopmentofoureconomywill,toalargeextent,dependon…[Thefuturetenseoftheverb(willdepend)issufficienttoexpressfuturity.]我們應(yīng)采取一系列措施來保證……A:weshouldadoptaseriesofmeasurestoensurethat….B:weshouldadoptmeasurestoensurethat….[Herethepluralformof“measures”coversthesenseofa“series”]Otherunnecessarynouns(orgerunds)maybelesseasytoidentify.Nevertheless,alittlethoughtwillrevealthattheyaddnothingtothemeaningofthesentence.Whentheyaredeleted,thesenseisnotdiminished,onlyclarified.Someexamples:在實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化和電氣化后……A：followingtherealizationofmechanizationandelectrificationofagricultureB：followingtheofmechanizationandelectrificationofagriculture必須加強(qiáng)國(guó)防建設(shè)。A:Itisessentialtostrengthenthebuildingofnationaldefense.B:Itisessentialtostrengthennationaldefense.這些構(gòu)成了努力實(shí)現(xiàn)過渡時(shí)期的偉大任務(wù)的重要條件。A:Theseconstituteimportantconditionsinstrivingforthefulfillmentofthegeneraltaskinthetransitionalperiod.B:Theseareimportantconditionsforfulfillingthegeneraltaskinthetransitionperiod.當(dāng)時(shí)，東北的形勢(shì)仍然是敵強(qiáng)我弱。A:AtthattimethesituationinnortheastChinawasstillonewheretheenemywasstrongerthanthepeople'sforces.B:Atthattimetheenemywasstillstrongerthanthepeople'sforcesinnortheastChina.["Situation"isaparticularlydangerousnoun.Notonlyisitgenerallyunnecessary,butitdragsotherunnecessaryelementsafterit(inthisinstance,"onewhere").解決問題的關(guān)鍵在于削減開支。A:Thekeytothesolutionliesinthecurtailmentofexpenditure.B:Thesolutionistocurtail(or.cutbackon)expenditure.["Key"issometimesuseful,butusuallyittoocanbedispensedwith.Andlike"situation,"itoftenleadstofurtherunnecessarycomplications(here,"liesin").]黨內(nèi)民主是已詳細(xì)討論過的問題。A:Inner-Partydemocracyisasubjectthathasbeendiscussedindetail.B:Inner-Partydemocracyhasbeendiscussedindetail.CategorynounsThereisonetypeofnounthatdeservesspecialmention,becauseitisthecommonestunnecessarywordinChinglish.Thisisthegeneralnounthatservesonlytointroduceaspecificnoun(orgerund)tofollow:“aseriousmistakeintheworkofplanning.計(jì)劃工作中的錯(cuò)誤。Insuchconstructions,thefirstnounannouncesthecategoryofthesecond;inthiscase,ittellsreadersthat“planning”fallsintothecategoryof“work”.Thatissomethingtheyalreadyknow.Accordingly,thefirstnounsshouldbedeletedaseriousmistakeinplanning.Otherexamples:促進(jìn)和平統(tǒng)一事業(yè)A:promotingthecauseofpeacefulreunificationB:promotingpeacefulreunification經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的改革A:reformsinthesphereoftheeconomyB:reformsintheeconomy(oreconomicreforms)保證雙方之間的親密合作關(guān)系A(chǔ)toensurearelationshipofclosecooperationbetween….Btoensureclosecooperationbetween…我們必須反對(duì)鋪張浪費(fèi)的行為。A:WemustopposethepracticeofextravaganceB:Wemustopposeextravagance.這些原則適應(yīng)于處理中外關(guān)系中的所有情況A:TheseprinciplesapplytoallcasesofrelationsbetweenChinaandothercountries.B:TheseprinciplesapplytorelationsbetweenChinaandallothercountries.這種情況，加上價(jià)格不穩(wěn)定的因素，引起….A:This,coupledwiththefactorofpriceinstability,caused….B:This,coupledwithpriceinstability,caused….WhateverfunctionthecategorynounservesinChinese,inEnglishitisgenerallyuseless.Allitaddstothesentenceisweightwithoutsubstance.VerbsLikeunnecessarynouns,mostunnecessaryverbsinChinglishoccurinphrases.Usuallytheyarecombinedwithnouns(plustheinevitablearticlesandprepositionsthatnounsbringwiththem).Thesephrasesareoftwoprincipaltypes:1.Unnecessaryverbsplusnoun2.Unnecessaryverbplusunnecessarynounplusthirdwordweshalllookatfirstoneandthentheother.Unnec.verb+nounThecommonesttypeisaphraselike“wemustmakeanimprovementinourwork.”Heretheverb(make)isaweak,colorless,all-purposewordhavingnoveryspecificmeaningofitsown,whiletherealactionisexpressedinthenoun(improvement).Sincetheverbisnotcontributinganythingtothesense,itcanbeeditedout.“Wemustimproveourwork.”Thebasicpatternisunnec.verb+noun.Bothtranslatorsandpolisherstendtooverlookconstructionsofthissort,becausetheyaregrammaticallycorrectandbecause—precisely—everyoneissoaccustomedtothem.Onceyoubecamealerttothepattern,however,itiseasyenoughtoeliminatetheunnecessarywordsbysubstitutingplainverbs.我們想在一夜之間完成整個(gè)社會(huì)的變革是不可能的。A：Itisimpossibleforustoaccomplishthetransformationofthewholesocietyovernight.B：Itisimpossibleforustotransformthewholesocietyovernight.他們應(yīng)該對(duì)….進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的檢查。A:Theyshouldconductacarefulexaminationof…..B:Theyshouldcarefullyexamine….試圖誘使朝鮮軍隊(duì)對(duì)他們發(fā)動(dòng)一場(chǎng)攻擊。A：tryingtoenticetheKoreanarmytolaunchanattackagainstthemB：tryingtoenticetheKoreanarmytoattackthem改變這種局面A:tobringaboutachangeinthisstateofaffairsB:tochangethisstateofaffairs他們必須下決心對(duì)現(xiàn)存體制進(jìn)行改革。A:Theymustmakeuptheirmindstoimplementthereformofthecurrentsystem.B:Theymustmakeuptheirmindstoreformthecurrentsystem.直到中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)現(xiàn)代化。A:untilChinarealizesindustrialmodernizationB:untilChinamodernizesitsindustryTheconstructionmayalsoappearinpassivevoice.Thatis,insteadof“wemustmakeimprovementinourwork,”wefind“animprovementmustbemadeinourwork.”Butthisisonlyavariationofthesamepattern,andthesolutionisthesametoo:substitutionaplainverb.Theresultisourworkmustbeimproved.(because“tomakeanimprovementin”=“toimprove”)Moreexamplesinpassivevoice:應(yīng)當(dāng)批準(zhǔn)所有這些項(xiàng)目。A:Approvalshouldbegiventoalltheseprojects.B:Alltheseprojectsshouldbeapproved.[because“togiveapprovalto”=“toapprove”]只有通過….才能找出解決這些問題的辦法。A:Solutionstotheseproblemscanbefoundonlythrough…B:Theseproblemscanbesolvedonlythrough…[because“tofindsolutionto”=“tosolve”]實(shí)行糧食配給A:GrainrationingwasimplementedB:Grainwasrationed.[Because“toimplementrationing”=“toration”]Theverbmostfrequentlyfoundinthesecombinationswithnounsistomake:Tomakeaninvestigationof=toinvestigateTomakeacarefulstudyof=tostudycarefullyTomakeadecisionto=todecidetoTomakeaproposalthat=toproposethatTomakeeffortsto=totry(attempt)toTomakeananalysisof=toanalyzeTherunner-upisdoubtlesstohaveTohaveadislikefor=todislikeTohaveaninfluenceon=toinfluenceTohaveadequateknowledgeof=toknowenoughaboutTohavetheneedof=toneedTohaverequestfor=torespectButmanyotherscanbeseenoneverypagesaswell:Togiveguidanceto=toguideToprovideassistanceto=toassistTocarryoutthestruggleagainst=tostruggleagainstToconductreformof=toreformToengageinfreediscussionof=todiscuss(it)freelyToachievesuccessin=tosucceedinToaccomplishthemodernizationof=tomodernizeTorealizethetransformationof=totransformTobringaboutanimprovementin=toimproveToplacestresson=tostressToexercisecontrolover=tocontrolToregisteranincrease=toincreaseYoushouldbeonwatchforallofthem.Unnec.verb+unnec.noun+thirdwordAswehaveseeninthefirsttypeofphraseavagueandgeneralverb,incapableofexpressingspecificaction,shiftstheresponsibilityforthattaskontoanoun.Inthesecondtype,however,thenouncannotperformthetaskeither.Consider“oureffortstoreachthegoalofmodernization”.Herethenoun(goal)isnomoreprecisethantheverb(reach).(Indeed,“thegoalof”isanotherexampleofthesuperfluouscategorynoun.)Thismeansthattheworkoftheverbhastobedonebystillanotherword,asecondnoun(“modernization”).Sincenowthefirstnounisnotdoinganythingusefulinthesentence,ittoocanbeeliminated,alongwiththeall-purposeverb.Theresultis,“oureffortstomodernize”Inthephrasesofthistype,thebasicpatternunnec.verb+nounhasbeenexpandedtounnec.Verb+unnec.Noun+thirdword.Asintheexampleabove,thethirdwordisusuallyanothernoun(orgerund).Sincethisnewnounisperformingthefunctionofaverb,itshouldbegiventheformofaverb.我軍緩慢前進(jìn)A:Ourtroopsusedthemethodofslowadvance.B:Ourtroopsadvancedslowly.需要三個(gè)師的駐軍來執(zhí)行守衛(wèi)倉(cāng)庫的任務(wù)。A:Threegarrisondivisionswerenecessarytoperformthetaskofguardingwarehouses.B:Threegarrisondivisionswerenecessarytoguardwarehouses.我們決定后撤。A:Weadoptedthepolicyofwithdrawal.B:Wewithdrew.(ordecidedtowithdraw.)[Thiswasaparticulartacticalretreat,notageneralmilitarypolicy.]在所有問題上我們都要采取“知之為知之，不知為不知”的態(tài)度。A:Inallmatterswemustassumetheattitudeofadmittingwhatwedoanddonotknow.B: