城市廣場景觀設(shè)計的創(chuàng)作實踐-英文-

LandscapeDesignPracticesforUrbanSquaresMENGJin1,CHENLiang21．TianjinInstituteofUrbanConstruction,Tianjin300384;2．TianjinInstituteofLandscapePlanning＆Design,Tianjin300223AbstractUrbansquaresaresignificantnodesofurbanspaces,whichshouldbeabletoimproveurbanecologicalenvironmentandprovideresi-dentswithoutdooractivityspaces．TheauthorsstudiedsomeexcellentsquaredesignsinInnerMongolia,Chinaandevenoverseascountries,sum-marizedthestandardsof“besturbansquares”invision,culture,craft,human-concerneddesign,scienceandtechnology,andthenappliedsuchstandardsinthelandscapedesignofCentralPlazainZhungeerBanner．Throughanalyzingsurroundingenvironmentandconstructions,designschemeswithregionalandculturalfeatureswerecreatedtoprovidereferencesfordesigningbettergreensquarelandscapeswhichcandemonstratelocalculturalcontextandregionalcultures,aremoderateinsize,diversifiedinspatialformandcloselyintegratedwiththesociallifeofcitizens．KeywordsUrbansquare,Landscapedesign,InnerMongolia,ZhungeerBannerReceived:March1,2010Accepted:May25,2010SupportedbyTianjinMunicipalArtisticandScientificPlanningFounda-tion(C08054．E-mail:88238025@sohu．comUrbansquareisthehallofacityandalsoasignificantnodeinurbanspace[1]．WiththeacceleratingurbanizationinChina,guidedbyurbandevelopmentconceptslikeeco-city,eco-constructions,humansettlementsandhuman-centered,theconstructionofurbansquareinChinahasgraduallybeencombinedwithurbangreenspaces,parksandnaturalscener-ies,toimproveecologicalenvironmentofthecityandprovidecitizenswithfavorablespacesforoutdooractivities[2]．Theau-thorsanalyzethelandscapedesignconceptsofCentralPlazainZhungeerBanner,toprovidereferencesforthelandscapede-signofurbansquaresinChina．1ProjectcontextBeinglocatedinsouthwesternInnerMongoliaAutonomousRegionandeasternendofOrdosPlateau,ZhungeerBannerisontheveryborderzoneofInnerMongolia,ShanxiandShaanxi,coveringatotalareaof7539km2withatotalpopula-tionof278000．TheCentralPlazaissituatedinNewDaluDis-trict,withageographicalcoordinateof111?10'－111?20'E,40?04'－40?08'N,borderingonCentralParkinthesouthandForestParkinthenorthandshowinganirregularoblong．Thewholeplazais950mwidefromsouthtonorth,500mfromeasttowest,withatotalareaabout41．1hm2．Mostoftheplazaiscoveredbysandylandwitharelativelygreataltitudedifference．BeingseparatedbyWei’erRoadinthecenter,administrationofficeareaislocatedinthenorthernpartanddominatedbyof-ficebuildings,recreationalareainthesouthernpartwithcultur-alandartisticcenter,library,museum,radioandtelevisionex-hibitioncenter,whicharealllandmarksofthecitywiththeirdis-tinctivestyles(Fig．1．2Planninganalysis2．1FullunderstandingabouttheoverallplanningUrbanplaza,justlikethecardofacity,isincessantlydemonstratingitsspiritualimage,aswellasthethemeofharmoniouscoexis-tenceofhumanandnature,humanandsociety,humanandcity[3]．LandscapedesignisconductedaccordingtothedetailconstructionplanningofNewDaluDistrict,thewholeregionisdividedinto6plotsbyplanningroads(Fig．1c,withdifferentfunctionsandsignificance．Wei’erRoadseparatestheprojectintotwosub-regions,recreationalareainthesouthpart,officeareainthenorth．Amongwhich,Plot1istheCitizenSquareforallkindsofrecreationalactivitiesandgatherings;Plot2,3and4arerecreationalgreenspacesneartheculturalconstruc-tions．Plot5isanopenrecreationalsquarewithgreenareaasthedominantpart,withrelativelyfewerpavementsandrecrea-tionalfacilities,byutilizingtheconstrainingforceofenvironmenttohumanbeings,fewerpeoplegatherinthissite．Plot6isanopengreenareaaffiliatedtoadministrationofficecenteroflocalgovernment,mainlyservesgovernmentstaff．2．2DesignobjectiveThedesignistoconstructanurbancenterandcreateagreenblock．ThetargetregionistheverycoreontheaxisofNewDaluDistrict,andtheplanningistobuildalandmarkforthecity,amemorableareaandtoshowdistinctspiritofthecity．Asforthefast-grownregionindesertslikeNewDaluDistrict,regionalcentralplazaplaysasignificantrole,whichsurelywillbecomepsychologicalsupportforpeoplegatherherefromallotherareas,aswellasanincubatorandresonatortocultureandinspirespiritoflocals．Beinglocatedinthedesert,itisthecorestrategyforNewDaluDistricttoim-provethesustainabledevelopmentcapacityofenvironment[4]．Theaxisofthisdistrictisalsoacriticalecologicalcorridor,bysucha“green”plaza,connectstheForestParkandtheCen-tralParkinbothends,andrealizestheconnectionandtransi-tionofecologicalenergy．Theplazaistobedesignedintoagreenblock,apublicurbanspaceforpeoplefreelyenjoyingthenature,andagatheringsiteofcitizenswhichiscloselycon-nectedwithnaturalenvironment．2．3DesignbasisTheclientrequiresthatthetargetregionbeconstructedintothebestplazainInnerMongolia．Thusde-signersthroughinvestigatingcasesofexcellentsquaredesignsinChinaandabroadconcludedthefollowing5criteriaforthebesturbanplaza．①Visual:highlightingvisualeffects;②Cul-tural:showingregionalcultures,realizingsenseofbelonging-nessandsitespirits;③Crafts:creatingelegantandhigh-gradelandscapes;④Human-centered:withhumanbeingsasthecoreofdesigning;⑤Technological:highlightingintelli-gence,energy-saving,emissionreductionandhighscientificandtechnologicalcontent．Such5aspectsareoriginsofforceanddevelopmentorientations,thustakenasthebasisforde-signingthebesturbanplazainInnerMongolia．3Planningscheme3．1ConceptionByfullyunderstandingactualconditionsofthesite,anurbanplazawithacirclecenterisdesigned,throughadoptingthesimpleformofconcentriccircle,4groupsoflarge-scaleculturalconstructionswithdifferentstylesarein-tegratedintoawhole,soastounifytheconstructionimagesandestablishlinksbetweenthose4buildinggroups．Byutilizingaltitudedifferenceofthesiteinconcentriccircleandafewearthwork,senseofconcentrationisstressedonbothplaneandverticalfaces．OnthesouthernpartofWei’erRoad,morepavementsshouldbeaddedtoservethegathering,whilethenorthernpartshouldechowiththeoppositeone,Plot2,3and4shouldconnectwiththeCentralPlazainstreamlineandspace．3．2FunctionaldivisionCentralPlazaofZhungeerBannershouldbeagreenlandmarkinthecentralcity,andthedesignistocreateasplendid,gracefulandcomfortableurbanplazawithpureconfigurationandpleasantsize．ThePlazaisdividedinto6subareasasFig．2shows:①Plot1,CentralPlazaofGathering,asaspaceforpeoplegatheringfromallovertheworld,throughadoptingtheconcentricplanelayout,canbeformedbyenclosingthespace．②Plot2,tranquilrecreationalarea,bycombiningwiththeatmosphereoflibrary,formsanoutdoorreadingarea,whosespatiallayoutisechoingwiththeplanedesignoflibrary．③Plot3,plazawithgreenareasandshadesincludeslibraryandmuseum,connectswithPlot1,2and4,requiresmoreentrancestocontroltouristflow,providesrestandcommunicationspacesunderwood．Alsomorebench-esaresetuptosupplementtherestfunctionofPlot1,2and4．④Plot4,tranquilrecreationalarea,bycombiningwiththemu-seum,isdesignedwithmanyspacesunderwoodwhichareco-ordinatedwithmuseuminspatiallayout,andalsoequippedwithsculpturesandornamentsofregionalandhumanisticfeatures．Plot4andPlot2echowitheachotherinlayout,thusformanasymmetricrecreationalspace．⑤Plot5,lawnandsquare,ismainlytodemonstratetheopennessofgovernment,alsoatransitionalzonefromdynamictostatic．⑥Plot6,administra-tionofficearea,istocreateanelegantandundisturbedworkenvironment．3．3StructurallayoutofthePlaza(1ThespatialstructureofPlazaofGatheringis“oneax-is,multiplerings,onecenter,threesubcenters”,whichhigh-lightsthe5regionalhumanisticelementsofZhungeerBanner,thatis,communicationbetweenMongolianNationalityandHanNationality,coal,YellowRiver,gully,dune．“Oneaxis”ex-pressesthecommunicationbetweenMongolianNationalityandHanNationalitybytheformofgroundsculpture;“multiplerings”aretocreateregressive-stylerecreationalspacesbyfullyutilizingaltitudedifferenceandlessearthwork,setupcafe,bookstore,internetbar,drinkingbarandothersuchkindsofserviceandculturalfacilities,soastoenrichcitylifeanden-hancevitalityofthePlaza．“Onecenter”indicatesthecenterofthePlazaofGathering,whichisthecoreofthewholedesign,andplaystheroleofenhancingcentripetalforceasthevisualcenter,todemonstratethethemeofpeoplegatheringfromallovertheworld;beingpavedintheformofwaterchannel,loca-tionofYellowRiverinZhungeerBannerissignified．“Threesubcenters”indicaterespectivelysculpturesof“coal”,sandyardandgullyyard．Sculpturesof“coal”integratecoalandlandscapesbyusingacoustic,opticalandelectronictech-niques,asthesymbolofthePlaza,istodemonstratetheim-portanceofcoalforthiscity;sandyardistorecallthepublic’smemoriesaboutparabolicdunesinthedeserts;gullyyardisakindofsuggestivelandscapetorefreshpeople’smemoriesa-boutthelandformofthiscity．OnthesouthpartofthePlaza,thepavedareaisenlargedtosatisfythedemandsoflarge-scalegatheringandalsotoholdgrandeveningshows．(2AdministrationofficeareaisdesignedwithPineYard,BambooYardandPlumYard(Fig．2a,toinspiregovernmentstafftopursuehigherspiritualandpersonalitylevelwithland-scapeenvironment．PineyardislocatedatnorthsideofCon-ferenceBuilding,whichcombinesthealtitudedifferenceoffor-estpark,stepsandpinewoodtoshowthehonestandcleanimageofgovernmentstaff．Thesculptureof“willingox”canbesetintheyardtoinspirestafftoservethepubliclikeawillingox．BambooYardissituatedatnorthsideofNo．1OfficeBuild-ing,withbamboo-shapedpavements,showsthegentlemen’spersonalityofgovernmentstaff．PlumYardislocatedinthenorthofNo．2OfficeBuilding,throughplantingPrunustrilobaLindl．a(chǎn)ndpavingplum-shapedmaterials,showsthehonestandcleanimageofgovernmentstaff．3．4PlantingdesignPlantisasignificantelementofurbansquare,whichisofgreatimportancetoimproveurbanecologi-calenvironmentandconstructsustainedurbanpublicspaces．(1Applyinglocalspecies,highlightingregionalfeaturesofthePlaza．Localspeciesareprincipalcharacterinformingregionalplantlandscapes,whichcanalsoconstructstableplantcommunitystructure．LocalspeciesappliedonthePlazaaremainlyPinustabulaeformisCarr．,Keteleeriafortunei(Murr．Carr．,Larixprincipis-rupprechtii,PinusthunbergiiParl．,So-phorajaponicaLinn．,Acerelegantulum,SophoraxanthanthaC．Y．Ma,GinkgobilobaL．,PopulusbolleanaLauche,UlmuspumilaL．,Amygdalusmongolica,Prunusarmeniaca,Salixmatsudana,Syzygiumaromaticum,Amygdalustriloba,For-sythiasuspense,Cornusalba,Sorbariakirilowii(ReqelMax-im,Weigelafloridacv．RedPrince,Caryopterisclandonensis‘WorcesterGold’,Loniceramaackii(Rupr．Maxim．,Amor-phafruticosaL．,Euonymuskiautschovicus,Fraxinuschinen-sis,Zizyphusjujube,RhustyphinaNutt,CaraganaKorshinskiiKom．,SabinavulgarisAnt．,Irislacteavar．chinensis,Iristec-torumMaxim,Hemerocallisfulva,SedumaizoonL．,Asterno-vi-belgiiL．,DianthuschinensisL．,Cannaindica,Lythrumsali-cariaLinn．,ScirpusvalidusVahl．,TyphaorientalisPresl．a(chǎn)ndsoon．Throughplantinglocalspecies,naturalfeaturesofthelocalareacanbedemonstrated．Note:a．LocationofNewDaluDistict;b．RelationshipbetweenZhungeerBanneranditssurroundings;c．Surroundingsofthetargetre-gion．Fig．1LocationanalysisandfunctionaldivisionNote:a．Plot5and6inthenorthernpartofWei’erRoad;b．Plot1,2,3,4inthesouthernpart．Fig．2PlanelayoutofthePlaza(2Payingattentiontotheapplicationofarbors．ArborsaredominatedplantlandscapesonthePlaza,greeningforgreatershadeisattachedmoreimportancetotakethosehardpavementsunderitscover,soastoprovidecitizensrelaxingspaceswithbeautifulsceneries,fullgreeningandpleasanten-vironmenttogetclosewiththenature．(3Strengtheningtheplantcommunity,creatingrichland-scapelayers．PlantlandscapesonthePlazashouldbedomina-tedbylocalplants,plantcommunitiescanbeappliedtocreatediversifiedlandscapes,righttreeandgrassspeciesshouldbeselectedforrightlands,localconditionsshouldberespected,verticalvisuallandscapeswithrichlayersandvividformscanbeformedbycombiningarbors,shrubs,flowersandgrasses．Inthisway,theoveralllandscapelayeronsquarescanbeen-riched,anddistinctiveseasonalfeaturescanbeformed．(4Plantingmorewater-savingvegetation．Perennialrootflowersandgroundcoverscanbeadoptedforthemostofgreenspacesonsquare,suchasDianthuschinensisL．,Irislacteavar．chinensis,IristectorumMaxim,Asternovi-belgiiL．,Hemerocallisfulva,LythrumsalicariaL．,TrifoliumrepensLinn．,creepingrose,ground-coverchrysanthemumandsoon,butnotpurelawns,forsavingwaterandimprovingphoto-synthesisefficiencyandreducingmaintenancefee．3．5LightdesignNightscapelightingisahighlightofthisdesign,diversifiedlightingformsareappliedsuchasbasiclighting,decorativelightingandspeciallighting,modernlightsourcessuchasLEDandsolarlampareusedtocreateafan-tasticnightplaza．3．6TrafficflowInthedesign,dynamicareastressestheinteractionwithitssurroundingblockstoattractmorevisitors;staticareapaysmoreattentionontheprivacyofofficeareatokeepvisitorsoff．Accordingtosuchspecificrequirements,theconstrainingforceofenvironmentonhumanbeingscanbeuti-lizedtodesignpathways,meanwhile,connectionbetweenpla-zaandparksonbothofitsendsshouldbeensuredtobuildagreencorridorforCentralParkandForestPark．4ConclusionsTheCentralPlazaofZhungeerBannerisdesignedaccord-ingtoitsactuallandformsanditsfunctionaldivisioniscomple-tedaccordingtotheexistingconstructions,allitssceneriesarelocatedonbothsidesofagreencorridorasymmetrically．Thisplanningistoconstructthecenterofanurbanplaza,enhancesenseofidentityandbelongingnessoflocalstothenewdistrict,setuplinksbetween5landmarkgroupsbyintegratingalltheseconstructionsofdifferentstylesintoawhole,showculturesofstrongregionalcharacteristicsandlayasolidfoundationforthehumanisticatmosphereofthenewdistrict,pursuevisualeffectsanddemonstratestrengthaswellasconnotationofthecity．Thedevelopmentofacityisalwaysadynamicprocess,whichshouldbeunceasinglyandorganicallycombinedwiththecon-structionofurbanplaza,thusdesignersshouldfullyutilizetheuniquefeaturesofacitytocreatespecialenvironmentandat-mosphereofurbanplaza,andshowthevitalityandhopeofacity[5]．References[1]WANGK,XIAJ,YANGXH．Citysquaredesign[M]．Nanjing:SoutheastUniversityPress,1999．(inChinese．[2]SHULR．Integratedmodalityandemotionalspace[M]．HongKong:KexunInternationalpublishingCo．Ltd．ofHongKong,2005．(inChinese．[3]SUNFQ．Constructinghumanizedurbanplazaofhighspacialquality[J]．ArchitecturalJournal,2003(5:31－33．(inChinese．[4]LYNCHK．Theimageofthecity[M]．TranslatedbyLINQY,CHENZH,DENGH．Beijing:HuaxiaPulishingHouse,2002．(inChi-nese．[5]HUB．Moderncitysquaredesign[J]．TheArchitect,1999(90:61－69．(inChinese．[6]CHENGCX．ApplicationofEasternRivercultureonsquaresofYunchengCity[J]．JournalofLandscapeResearch,2009,1(11:23－26．[7]WUGR,GUOQY,WANGCF．Expressionofindigenousland-scapesinthedesignofmodernurbansquares[J]．JournalofAnhuiAgriculturalS