哈佛大學課程Positive-Psycholog課件

Psychology1504PositivePsychologyPsychology15041HousekeepingFeedbackorquestionsIncaseofanemergency……we’lltakeaPP-breakPowerpointsandvideotapeonwebsiteActivenote-takingOverlapwith1508?HousekeepingFeedbackorquest2TheRoadtoPositivePsychologyHumanisticPsychology(50’s)

TheThirdForceReactiontobehaviorismReactiontopsychoanalysisLackedrigorousmethodologyTheRoadtoPositivePsycholog3AbrahamMaslow(1908-1970)KarenHorney(1885-1952)MeettheGrandparentsAbrahamMaslow(1908-1970)Kare4MeettheParentsMartinSeligmanEllenLangerPhilipStoneMeettheParentsMartinSeligma5Meet1504Meet15046ItisnotmerelyaboutinformationItisalsoabouttransformationCoveringless;uncoveringmoreItisnotmerelyaboutinforma7“Inpursuitofknowledge,everydaysomethingisacquired;inpursuitofwisdom,everydaysomethingisdropped.” LaoTzu“Thesoulgrowsbysubtraction,notaddition.” Thoreau“Inpursuitofknowledge,ever8Informationisnotenough“Whatiswrongisnotthegreatdiscoveriesofscience—informationisalwaysbetterthanignorance,nomatterwhatinformationorwhatignorance.Whatiswrongisthebeliefbehindtheinformation,thebeliefthatinformationwillchangetheworld.Itwon’t.”

ArchibaldMaCleishInformationisnotenough“What9Informationisnotenough“Humanisticphilosophy[offers]anewconceptionoflearning,ofteaching,andofeducation.Statedsimply,suchaconceptholdsthatthefunctionofeducation,thegoalofeducation—thehumangoal,thehumanisticgoal,thegoalsofarashumanbeingsareconcerned—isultimatelythe‘self-actualization’ofaperson,thebecomingfullyhuman,thedevelopmentofthefullestheightthatthehumanspeciescanstanduptoorthattheparticularindividualcancometo.Inalesstechnicalway,itishelpingthepersontobecomethebestthatheisabletobecome.”

AbrahamMaslowInformationisnotenough“Huma10ItisnotaboutprovidingdefinitiveanswersconcerningthegoodlifeItisaboutidentifyingtherightquestions“Childrenenterschoolasquestionmarksandleaveasperiods.” NeilPostman

Educationisthequestforinformationandtransformation,andthereforemustbeginwithaquestion.Itisnotaboutprovidingdefi11哈佛大學課程Positive-Psycholog課件12“Theonerealobjectofeducationistoleaveamanintheconditionofcontinuallyaskingquestions.” BishopCreighton“Theonerealobjectofeducat13TheQuestionofQuestionsHowcanwehelpourselvesandothers—individuals,communities,andsociety—becomehappier?TheQuestionofQuestionsHowc14ItisnotasurveyofpositivepsychologyItisaselectiveexplorationofthe‘questionofquestions.’CrossculturalpsychologyEclecticStudyingothersandourselvesItisnotasurveyofpositive15ItisnotEnglish10aorMath55Itisaboutrigorousfun“Iwouldnotgiveafigforthesimplicityonthissideofcomplexity,butIwouldgivemylifeforthesimplicityontheothersideofcomplexity.”

OliverWendellHolmesAdifferentkindofeffortChangeishardRigorousfun???ItisnotEnglish10aorMath16FinalProject20-30minutePresentationAnytopicwithinpositivepsychologyWrittentext(10-15pagesdoublespaced)Slides(wordorpowerpoints)Include:ReferencetoresearchOptional:stories,filmclips,exercises,etcWhyapresentation?TeachingaslearningSpreadgoodness…FinalProject20-30minutePre17哈佛大學課程Positive-Psycholog課件18WhyPositivePsychology?WhyPositivePsychology?19Anger:5,584Anxiety:41,416Depression:54,040PsychologicalAbstracts(1967-2000)Joy:415Happiness:1,710Lifesatisfaction:2,582Ratio:21/1Anger:5,584PsychologicalAbst20FocusingontheNegative“Thescienceofpsychologyhasbeenfarmoresuccessfulonthenegativethanonthepositiveside;ithasrevealedtousmuchaboutman’sshortcomings,hisillnesses,hissins,butlittleabouthispotentialities,hisvirtues,hisachievableaspirations,orhispsychologicalheight.Itisasifpsychologyhadvoluntarilyrestricteditselftoonlyhalfitsrightfuljurisdiction,andthatthedarker,meanerhalf.”

AbrahamMaslowFocusingontheNegative“Thes21AccentuatingthePositive“TheaimofPositivePsychologyistocatalyzeachangeinpsychologyfromapreoccupationonlywithrepairingtheworstthingsinlifetoalsobuildingthebestqualitiesinlife.”

MartinSeligmanAccentuatingthePositive“The22PsychologyNeedsHelp21/1ratioisunhealthy……butitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14.5(comparedto29.5in1960)PsychologyNeedsHelp21/1rati23哈佛大學課程Positive-Psycholog課件24DoesPsychologyNeedHelp?21/1ratioofstudiesisunhealthy……butitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14.5(comparedto29.5in1960)80%ofHarvardstudentsdepressedatleastoncelastyear45%ofcollegestudentsnationwidedepressed;94%overwhelmed(Kadison,2005)DoesPsychologyNeedHelp?21/125WhyMore“Positive”Research?PsychologyascreativeratherthanmerelyreactiveHappinessisnotthenegationofunhappinessPreventionthroughcultivatingthepositiveWhyMore“Positive”Research?P26“Negative”ResearchNegativeExperiencesUnhappinessSpiral“Negative”ResearchNegativeEx27“Positive”ResearchPositiveExperiencesHappinessSpiralHeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple“Positive”ResearchPositiveEx28“Humansystemsgrowinthedirectionofwhattheypersistentlyaskquestionsabout.”

CooperriderandWhitney“Humansystemsgrowinthedir29Happinessisn’ttheNegationofUnhappinessDiseaseModel HealthModelFocusonweaknesses FocusonstrengthsOvercomingdeficiencies BuildingcompetenciesAvoidingpain SeekingpleasureRunningfromunhappiness PursuinghappinessNeutralstate(0)asceiling NoceilingTensionlessasideal Creativetensionasideal_______________________0____________________+neurosis,anger,anxiety, wellbeing,satisfaction,joydepression,psychosis excitement,happinessHappinessisn’ttheNegationo30PreventionthroughcultivatingpositiveIllnessastheabsenceofhealth(vs.healthastheabsenceofillness)“It[neurosis]isafallingshortofwhatonecouldhavebeen,andeven,onecouldsay,ofwhatoneshouldhavebeen,biologicallyspeaking,thatis,ifonehadgrownanddevelopedinanunimpededway.Humanandpersonalpossibilitieshavebeenlost.Theworldhasbeennarrowed,andsohasconsciousness.Capacitieshavebeeninhibited.” AbrahamMaslowPreventionthroughcultivating31“Wehavediscoveredthattherearehumanstrengthsthatactasbuffersagainstmentalillness:courage,future-mindedness,optimism,interpersonalskill,faith,workethic,hope,honesty,perseverance,thecapacityforflowandinsight,tonameseveral...Wehaveshownthatlearningoptimismpreventsdepressionandanxietyinchildrenandadults,roughlyhalvingtheirincidenceoverthenexttwoyears...Similarly,Ibelieve,thatifwewishtopreventdrugabuseinteenagerswhogrowupinaneighborhoodthatputsthematrisk,thattheeffectivepreventionisnotremedial.Ratheritconsistsofidentifyingandamplifyingthestrengthsthattheseteensalreadyhave.”

MartinSeligman“Wehavediscoveredthatthere32PreventionthroughcultivatingpositiveIllnessastheabsenceofhealth(vs.healthastheabsenceofillness)“It[neurosis]isafallingshortofwhatonecouldhavebeen,andeven,onecouldsay,ofwhatoneshouldhavebeen,biologicallyspeaking,thatis,ifonehadgrownanddevelopedinanunimpededway.Humanandpersonalpossibilitieshavebeenlost.Theworldhasbeennarrowed,andsohasconsciousness.Capacitieshavebeeninhibited.” AbrahamMaslowStronger“psychologicalimmunesystem”MentalhealthatHarvardPreventionthroughcultivating33ThePowerofPositivePsychology:

StudyingAt-RiskPopulationTraditionalpsychology(Post-WWII)“Whydotheseindividualsfail?”Positivepsychologicalapproach(1980s-)“Whatmakessomeindividualssucceeddespiteunfavorablecircumstances?”ThePowerofPositivePsycholo34Resilience“Aclassofphenomenacharacterizedbypatternsofpositiveadaptationinthecontextofsignificantadversityorrisk.” Masten&ReedSuperkids?Ordinarycharacteristics,extraordinaryresultsSocialsupportResilience“Aclassofphenomen35哈佛大學課程Positive-Psycholog課件36Resilience“Aclassofphenomenacharacterizedbypatternsofpositiveadaptationinthecontextofsignificantadversityorrisk.” Masten&ReedSuperkids?Ordinarycharacteristics,extraordinaryresultsSocialsupportOptimismandself-esteemFaithandasenseofmeaningProsocialbehaviorFocusingonstrengthsSetgoalsArolemodelResilience“Aclassofphenomen37哈佛大學課程Positive-Psycholog課件38RolemodelsOptimismandfaithBlametoresponsibilityDeficienciesfocustostrengthsfocusRolemodels39PassiveVictimVs.ActiveAgentselfpityblamefrustrationanger___________________________________________confidenceresponsibilityhopeandoptimismforgive/forgetPassiveVictimVs.40“ThemessageofthePositivePsychologymovementistoremindourfieldthatithasbeendeformed.Psychologyisnotjustthestudyofdisease,weakness,anddamage;italsoisthestudyofstrengthandvirtue.Treatmentisnotjustfixingwhatiswrong;italsoisbuildingwhatisright.Psychologyisnotjustaboutillnessorhealth;itisaboutwork,education,insight,love,growth,andplay.Andinthisquestforwhatisbest,PositivePsychologydoesnotrelyonwishfulthinking,self-deceptionorhand-waving;insteadittriestoadaptwhatisbestinthescientificmethodtotheuniqueproblemsthathumanbehaviorpresentsinallitscomplexity.”

MartinSeligman“ThemessageofthePositiveP41BibliographyandRecommendationsExcellentwebsite:Antonovsky(1979).Health,Stress,andCoping.SanFransisco:Jossey-Bass.Masten,A.S.&Reed,M.J.(2002).Resilienceindevelopment.InC.R.SnyderandS.J.Lopez(Eds.),HandbookofPositivePsychology,528-540.OxfordUniversityPress.Seligman,M.E.P.,&Csikszentmihalyi,M.(2000).PositivePsychology.AmericanPsychologist,55,5-14.Sheldon,K.M.&King,L(2001).WhyPositivePsychologyIsNecessary.AmericanPsychologist,56,216-217.Snyder,C.R.&Lopez,S.J.(Eds.)(2002).HandbookofPositivePsychology,528-540.OxfordUniversityPress.Collins,M.&Tamarkin,C.(1990).MarvaCollins’Way.Putnam:NewYork.Werner,E.&Smith,R.(2001).JourneysfromChildhoodtoMidlife:Risk,ReilienceandRecovery.CornellUniversityPress.BibliographyandRecommendatio42經常不斷地學習,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量StudyConstantly,AndYouWillKnowEverything.TheMoreYouKnow,TheMorePowerfulYouWillBe寫在最后經常不斷地學習,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量寫43ThankYou在別人的演說中思考，在自己的故事里成長ThinkingInOtherPeople‘SSpeeches，GrowingUpInYourOwnStory講師：XXXXXXXX年XX月XX日ThankYou44Psychology1504PositivePsychologyPsychology150445HousekeepingFeedbackorquestionsIncaseofanemergency……we’lltakeaPP-breakPowerpointsandvideotapeonwebsiteActivenote-takingOverlapwith1508?HousekeepingFeedbackorquest46TheRoadtoPositivePsychologyHumanisticPsychology(50’s)

TheThirdForceReactiontobehaviorismReactiontopsychoanalysisLackedrigorousmethodologyTheRoadtoPositivePsycholog47AbrahamMaslow(1908-1970)KarenHorney(1885-1952)MeettheGrandparentsAbrahamMaslow(1908-1970)Kare48MeettheParentsMartinSeligmanEllenLangerPhilipStoneMeettheParentsMartinSeligma49Meet1504Meet150450ItisnotmerelyaboutinformationItisalsoabouttransformationCoveringless;uncoveringmoreItisnotmerelyaboutinforma51“Inpursuitofknowledge,everydaysomethingisacquired;inpursuitofwisdom,everydaysomethingisdropped.” LaoTzu“Thesoulgrowsbysubtraction,notaddition.” Thoreau“Inpursuitofknowledge,ever52Informationisnotenough“Whatiswrongisnotthegreatdiscoveriesofscience—informationisalwaysbetterthanignorance,nomatterwhatinformationorwhatignorance.Whatiswrongisthebeliefbehindtheinformation,thebeliefthatinformationwillchangetheworld.Itwon’t.”

ArchibaldMaCleishInformationisnotenough“What53Informationisnotenough“Humanisticphilosophy[offers]anewconceptionoflearning,ofteaching,andofeducation.Statedsimply,suchaconceptholdsthatthefunctionofeducation,thegoalofeducation—thehumangoal,thehumanisticgoal,thegoalsofarashumanbeingsareconcerned—isultimatelythe‘self-actualization’ofaperson,thebecomingfullyhuman,thedevelopmentofthefullestheightthatthehumanspeciescanstanduptoorthattheparticularindividualcancometo.Inalesstechnicalway,itishelpingthepersontobecomethebestthatheisabletobecome.”

AbrahamMaslowInformationisnotenough“Huma54ItisnotaboutprovidingdefinitiveanswersconcerningthegoodlifeItisaboutidentifyingtherightquestions“Childrenenterschoolasquestionmarksandleaveasperiods.” NeilPostman

Educationisthequestforinformationandtransformation,andthereforemustbeginwithaquestion.Itisnotaboutprovidingdefi55哈佛大學課程Positive-Psycholog課件56“Theonerealobjectofeducationistoleaveamanintheconditionofcontinuallyaskingquestions.” BishopCreighton“Theonerealobjectofeducat57TheQuestionofQuestionsHowcanwehelpourselvesandothers—individuals,communities,andsociety—becomehappier?TheQuestionofQuestionsHowc58ItisnotasurveyofpositivepsychologyItisaselectiveexplorationofthe‘questionofquestions.’CrossculturalpsychologyEclecticStudyingothersandourselvesItisnotasurveyofpositive59ItisnotEnglish10aorMath55Itisaboutrigorousfun“Iwouldnotgiveafigforthesimplicityonthissideofcomplexity,butIwouldgivemylifeforthesimplicityontheothersideofcomplexity.”

OliverWendellHolmesAdifferentkindofeffortChangeishardRigorousfun???ItisnotEnglish10aorMath60FinalProject20-30minutePresentationAnytopicwithinpositivepsychologyWrittentext(10-15pagesdoublespaced)Slides(wordorpowerpoints)Include:ReferencetoresearchOptional:stories,filmclips,exercises,etcWhyapresentation?TeachingaslearningSpreadgoodness…FinalProject20-30minutePre61哈佛大學課程Positive-Psycholog課件62WhyPositivePsychology?WhyPositivePsychology?63Anger:5,584Anxiety:41,416Depression:54,040PsychologicalAbstracts(1967-2000)Joy:415Happiness:1,710Lifesatisfaction:2,582Ratio:21/1Anger:5,584PsychologicalAbst64FocusingontheNegative“Thescienceofpsychologyhasbeenfarmoresuccessfulonthenegativethanonthepositiveside;ithasrevealedtousmuchaboutman’sshortcomings,hisillnesses,hissins,butlittleabouthispotentialities,hisvirtues,hisachievableaspirations,orhispsychologicalheight.Itisasifpsychologyhadvoluntarilyrestricteditselftoonlyhalfitsrightfuljurisdiction,andthatthedarker,meanerhalf.”

AbrahamMaslowFocusingontheNegative“Thes65AccentuatingthePositive“TheaimofPositivePsychologyistocatalyzeachangeinpsychologyfromapreoccupationonlywithrepairingtheworstthingsinlifetoalsobuildingthebestqualitiesinlife.”

MartinSeligmanAccentuatingthePositive“The66PsychologyNeedsHelp21/1ratioisunhealthy……butitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14.5(comparedto29.5in1960)PsychologyNeedsHelp21/1rati67哈佛大學課程Positive-Psycholog課件68DoesPsychologyNeedHelp?21/1ratioofstudiesisunhealthy……butitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14.5(comparedto29.5in1960)80%ofHarvardstudentsdepressedatleastoncelastyear45%ofcollegestudentsnationwidedepressed;94%overwhelmed(Kadison,2005)DoesPsychologyNeedHelp?21/169WhyMore“Positive”Research?PsychologyascreativeratherthanmerelyreactiveHappinessisnotthenegationofunhappinessPreventionthroughcultivatingthepositiveWhyMore“Positive”Research?P70“Negative”ResearchNegativeExperiencesUnhappinessSpiral“Negative”ResearchNegativeEx71“Positive”ResearchPositiveExperiencesHappinessSpiralHeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple“Positive”ResearchPositiveEx72“Humansystemsgrowinthedirectionofwhattheypersistentlyaskquestionsabout.”

CooperriderandWhitney“Humansystemsgrowinthedir73Happinessisn’ttheNegationofUnhappinessDiseaseModel HealthModelFocusonweaknesses FocusonstrengthsOvercomingdeficiencies BuildingcompetenciesAvoidingpain SeekingpleasureRunningfromunhappiness PursuinghappinessNeutralstate(0)asceiling NoceilingTensionlessasideal Creativetensionasideal_______________________0____________________+neurosis,anger,anxiety, wellbeing,satisfaction,joydepression,psychosis excitement,happinessHappinessisn’ttheNegationo74PreventionthroughcultivatingpositiveIllnessastheabsenceofhealth(vs.healthastheabsenceofillness)“It[neurosis]isafallingshortofwhatonecouldhavebeen,andeven,onecouldsay,ofwhatoneshouldhavebeen,biologicallyspeaking,thatis,ifonehadgrownanddevelopedinanunimpededway.Humanandpersonalpossibilitieshavebeenlost.Theworldhasbeennarrowed,andsohasconsciousness.Capacitieshavebeeninhibited.” AbrahamMaslowPreventionthroughcultivating75“Wehavediscoveredthattherearehumanstrengthsthatactasbuffersagainstmentalillness:courage,future-mindedness,optimism,interpersonalskill,faith,workethic,hope,honesty,perseverance,thecapacityforflowandinsight,tonameseveral...Wehaveshownthatlearningoptimismpreventsdepressionandanxietyinchildrenandadults,roughlyhalvingtheirincidenceoverthenexttwoyears...Similarly,Ibelieve,thatifwewishtopreventdrugabuseinteenagerswhogrowupinaneighborhoodthatputsthematrisk,thattheeffectivepreventionisnotremedial.Ratheritconsistsofidentifyingandamplifyingthestrengthsthattheseteensalreadyhave.”

MartinSeligman“Wehavediscoveredthatthere76PreventionthroughcultivatingpositiveIllnessastheabsenceofhealth(vs.healthastheabsenceofillness)“It[neurosis]isafallingshortofwhatonecouldhavebeen,andeven,onecouldsay,ofwhatoneshouldhavebeen,biologicallyspeaking,thatis,ifonehadgrownanddevelopedinanunimpededway.Humanandpersonalpossibilitieshavebeenlost.Theworldhasbeennarrowed,andsohasconsciousness.Capacitieshavebeeninhibited.” AbrahamMaslowStronger“psychologicalimmunesystem”MentalhealthatHarvardPreventionthroughcultivating77ThePowerofPositivePsychology:

StudyingAt-RiskPopulationTraditionalpsychology(Post-WWII)“Whydotheseindividualsfail?”Positivepsychologicalapproach(1980s-)“Whatmakessomeindividualssucceeddespiteunfavorablecircumstances?”ThePowerofPositivePsycholo78Resilience“Aclassofphenomenacharacterizedbypatternsofpositiveadaptationinthecontextofsignificantadversityorrisk.” Masten&ReedSuperkids?Ordinarycharacteristics,extraordinaryresultsSocialsupportResilience“Aclassofphenomen79哈佛大學課程Positive-Psycholog課件80Resilience“Aclassofphenomenacharacterizedbypatternsofpositiveadaptationinthecontextofsignificantadversityorrisk.” Masten&ReedSuperkids?Ordinarycharacteristics,extraordinaryresultsSocialsupportOptimismandself-esteemFaithandasenseofmeaningProsocialbehaviorFocusingonstrengthsSetgoalsArolemodelResilience“Aclassofphenomen