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1高分子專業(yè)英語SpecialEnglishforPolymerScience1高分子專業(yè)英語2一、教學內(nèi)容:《專業(yè)外語》通過對高分子化學、高分子物理、高分子材料加工等方面的原版文章的學習,講授無機、有機和高分子化合物的命名規(guī)則,科技論文的閱讀和寫作。通過本課程的學習,使學生掌握閱讀本專業(yè)相關(guān)文獻必需的基本詞匯和基本的寫作技能。命名,閱讀理解,翻譯,摘要寫作23Japan'sEarthquakePredictionSystemFlawedPostedon:Thursday,14April2011,06:10CDTAleadingscientistonWednesdaysaidthatJapan’snortheasterncoasthassufferedmanypowerfulearthquakesandlargetsunamis(海嘯)inthepastandnuclearpowerplantsshouldhavebeenbuilttowithstandthesenaturaldisasters,reportsAFP.ThescientistalsonotedthatthecrippledplantinFukushimamayhavesurvivedthedisasterhadthegovernmentnotputfaithinaflawedearthquakepredictionsystem.GeophysicsprofessorRobertGellersaidtheJapaneseauthoritiesrelyonannual“hazardmaps”tohighlightpartsofthecountrydeemedathigherriskfrommajortemblors(地震),butthereisnoreliablescientificbasisforthattechnique.Japan’sseismologistsweresoreliantontheiroutdatedbeliefsaboutseismichazardsthattheybecameblindedtotheriskoftheMarch11quake,GellercommentedinthesciencejournalNatureonWednesday.3Japan'sEarthquakePrediction4Synthesisandelectrostaticmultilayerassemblyofanacridine-containingpolymerwithpropertiesofanopticalsensor.Abstract:Wehavesynthesizedanacridine-containingpolymerlinkedwithalkylamideviasimplepolycondensationreaction.Itwasfoundthatthepolymerexhibitshighselectivityandsensitivitytowardferricionsindicatingthatthispolymericmaterialwouldbeanefficientfluorescencesensorforferricions.Theformationofself-assembledmultilayerswascarriedoutvialayer-by-layerdepositiontechniquebetweentheacridine-containingpolymerandpoly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate).MacromolecularRapidCommunications

21(14):951-955.Pp.57(第一版)NaturalpolymerPp.61(第二版)4Synthesisandelectrostaticm5(Reuters)-SiliconValleylegendSteveJobsonWednesdayresignedaschiefexecutiveofAppleIncinastunningmovethatendedhis14-yearreignatthetechnologygiantheco-foundedinagarage.……AnalystsdonotexpectJobs'resignation--whichhadlongbeenforeseen--toderailthecompany'sfabledproduct-launchroadmap,includingpossiblyanewiPhoneinSeptemberandathirditerationoftheipadtabletin2012."IhavealwayssaidifthereevercameadaywhenIcouldnolongermeetmydutiesandexpectationsasApple'sCEO,Iwouldbethefirsttoletyouknow.Unfortunately,thatdayhascome,"hesaidinabriefletterannouncinghisresignation.The55-year-oldCEOhadbrieflyemergedfromhismedicalleaveinMarchtounveilthelatestversionoftheiPadandlatertoattendadinnerhostedbyPresidentBarackObamafortechnologyleadersinSiliconValley.5(Reuters)-SiliconValleyle6Platinum(II)porphyrin-containingthermoresponsivepoly(N-isopropylacrylamide)copolymerasfluorescencedualoxygenandtemperaturesensor

Arandomcopolymer,poly(NIPAAm--PtPorphyrin),consistingof-isopropylacrylamide(NIPAAm)andplatinum(II)porphyrinunits,behavesasanopticaldualsensorforoxygenandtemperature.Thedualsensorisdesignedbyincorporatinganoxygen-sensitiveplatinum(II)porphyrin(M1)intoatemperature-sensitivepolymer(PNIPAAm).Thepolymerexhibitedlowcriticalsolutiontemperature(LCST)propertyat31.5oC.ThisLCSTaffectedthepolymer‘saggregationstatus,whichinturnaffectedthenanostructures,fluorescenceintensities,andresponsestodissolvedoxygen.Thisenablesthepolymertofunctionalizeasadualtemperatureanddissolvedoxygensensor.Oxygenresponseoftheplatinum(II)porphyrinprobesinthepolymerfollowedatwo-siteStern–Volmermodel,indicatingthenonuniformdistributionoftheprobes.ThecopolymerwasusedtopreliminarilymonitortheoxygenconsumptionofEscherichiacoli(E.coli)bacteria(大腸桿菌).Theresultsindicateapotentialapplicationofthepolymerinbiologicalfields.(SensorsandActuatorsB:Chemical,2011,159:135)6Platinum(II)porphyrin-conta7參考書:1、《大學專業(yè)英語閱讀教程:高分子材料》;

程為莊,顧國芳編,同濟大學出版社,19992、《化學專業(yè)英語》馬永祥,蘭州大學出版社20003、《高分子材料工程專業(yè)英語》揣成智,

中國輕工業(yè)出版社,1999年4、《科技英語寫作》,楊自辰,楊大成編著楊豈深審定,國防工業(yè)出版社1991年10月第一版5、《化學專業(yè)英語基礎(chǔ):圖示教程》;[英]MichaelLewis[編];榮國斌,鐃臘霞注釋,

上海外語教育出版社出版日期:

2000

7參考書:86、《化學專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語IntroductorychemistryspecialityEnglish》,魏高原編,

北京大學出版社,20017、《化學專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語;設(shè)計分子世界;前沿化學;2》;(美)PhilipBall著;魏高原,王劍波,甘良兵注釋,北京大學出版社,200186、《化學專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語Introductoryche9教材:“高分子材料工程專業(yè)英語”,曹同玉,馮連芳主編,化學工業(yè)出版社,1999年第一版9教材:10教學安排1、(9.5-9.9)(單周)引言“FunctionalPolymers”

無機化合物的命名

﹡閱讀本課的閱讀材料2、(9.12-9.16)(雙周)“ChainPolymerization”﹡閱讀本課的閱讀材料3、(9.19-9.23)(單周)“Step-GrowthPolymerization”

有機化合物的命名(I)

﹡閱讀Unit1的閱讀材料10教學安排114、(9.26-9.30)(雙周)“MolecularWeightanditsDistributionsofPolymers”

有機化合物的命名(II);

﹡閱讀本課的閱讀材料;

5、(10.10-10.14)(雙周)“StructureandPropertiesofPolymers””;

聚合物的命名;

﹡閱讀本課的閱讀材料;短文寫作練習6、(10.17-10.21)(單周)“BulkPolymerization”

科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu);科技論文摘要寫作(I)

﹡閱讀本課的閱讀材料114、(9.26-9.30)(雙周)127、(10.24-10.28)(雙周)“MechanicalPropertiesofPolymers”

科技論文摘要寫作(II);

﹡閱讀本課的閱讀材料;摘要寫作8、(10.31-11.4)(單周)“ProcessingandFabricationofThermoplastics”

科技英語翻譯

﹡閱讀本課的閱讀材料;翻譯練習

2011年11月8日(10:30-12:30)閉卷考試平時:30%;考試:70%1213引言(Introduction)科技英語的特點:1、語法較為簡單多用被動語態(tài),從句等

SensorsandActuatorsB:Chemical,2001,79(1):28-32“Thepropertiesofstronglypressedtinoxide-basedgassensors”Abstract:ThepropertiesofsensorsmanufacturedbystrongpressingofSnO2(stannicoxide)havebeenstudied.ThecorrelationbetweenthepressingpressureofSnO2andsensitivityandstabilitywasestablished.TheresultsshowthatwhenthepressingpressureofSnO2increases,thestabilityofsensorsincreasestoo,butthesensitivitystronglydecreases.Thebestsensorsperformanceisachievedbystrongpressing(4000MPa)ofSnO2with40wt.%contentofAl2O3.(alumina,aluminiumoxide)13引言(Introduction)Sensorsan142、專有名詞多,有規(guī)律可循(構(gòu)詞法)(讀音較為復雜,無規(guī)律)W.E.Flood:150個標準詞素可組成30000個科技單詞詞頭(Prefix),詞根(base,root),詞尾(suffix)和單詞(word)《英語化學化工詞分析》,張銘德,陳慎意,王璉編著科學普及出版社,1985年quadr-,quadri,quadru[Latin,quattuor]四,第四,平方,二次quadrangle(四邊形)quadrivalence(四價的)quadruple(四倍的)alk-表示烴類alkane(烷烴);alkoxy(=alkoxyl)烷氧基142、專有名詞多,有規(guī)律可循(構(gòu)詞法)(讀音較為復雜,無規(guī)15轉(zhuǎn)義:Yield:一般作產(chǎn)量,收率,但塑料工業(yè)(成型加工),則譯作“屈服”或“擠出量”spin—原意為“旋轉(zhuǎn)”,如spincoating(旋涂)ESR:ElectronSpinResonance電子自旋共振(EPR:ElectronParamagneticResonance)轉(zhuǎn)義為“紡絲”,(紡絲時在卷線筒上不斷旋轉(zhuǎn)繞絲)Page57ReadingMaterials15轉(zhuǎn)義:163、寫作較為有規(guī)律(一般格式較為固定)FullPaper: Title,(Authornames,Affiliation), Abstract(Synopsis), (Keywords), Introduction, Experimental, Results,Discussion(Resultsanddiscussion),Conclusions, Acknowledgements, References(Nomenclature)163、寫作較為有規(guī)律(一般格式較為固定)17AllNMRexperimentswereperformedonaBrukerAVANCE400NMRspectrometer.……FT-IRspectrawereobtainedonaVector-22spectrometer(Bruker,Switzerland)withsamplepreparedasKBrpellets.TGAanalyseswerecarriedoutusingaMettler-ToledoSDTA-851TGAsystem……Elementalanalyses(C,NandH)wereperformedonElementarVarioE1IIIanalyzer(German).DataofX-raypowderdiffraction(XRD)werecollectedonaMax2200PCpowerX-raydiffractometer(Rigaku,Japan)withCuKα(1.54051?)radiation(40kV,20mA).……Themorphologiesofthesurfacesofthesampleswereobservedinanenvironmentscanningelectronmicroscope(ESEM,Quanta200,FEI,Holand).……Theopticaltransmittanceofthepolymersolutionwasmonitoredatλ=540nmwithaspectrophotometer(Hitachi,Japan,UV-4100).ThepHmeasurements,withandwithoutaddedsalt(NaCl,99.9%purity),wereperformedwithapotentiometricpHmeter(PHS-3).Polymer47(2006)742–75017AllNMRexperimentswereper184、寫作要求清晰明了《Polymer》:LanguageandStyle:ManuscriptsshouldbewritteninEnglishinaclearandconcisemannerandfollowthestyleofacurrentissueofPolymer.AuthorswhosenativelanguageisnotEnglishshouldhavethespelling,grammar,andstylecheckedbysomeonefullyproficientintheEnglishlanguage.ManuscriptswhicharenotwritteninfluentEnglishwillberejectedwithoutrefereeing.Englishlanguagehelpservice:Uponrequest,ElsevierwilldirectauthorstoanagentwhocancheckandimprovetheEnglishoftheirpaper(beforesubmission).Pleasecontactauthorsupport@forfurtherinformation.184、寫作要求清晰明了《Polymer》:19《SensorsandActuatorsB:Chemical》:

Allpapersshouldbeconciselywritten.PapersshouldbewritteninEnglish(AmericanorBritishspellingbutwithuseofonlyoneforminthesamepaper).Theauthorshouldrememberthatthejournalisinternationalandreadwidelybythosewhosefirstlanguagemaybeotherthanthatinwhichthepaperiswritten.Clarityandprecisionarebestachievedbytheuseofshortwordsandsimplesentences.PaperswhichdonotsatisfytheEnglishlanguagerequirementswillnotbeaccepted.19《SensorsandActuatorsB:Ch20ELECTROCHIMICAACTAGUIDEFORAUTHORS

GeneralTheJournalpublishesfull-lengthresearchpapers,criticalreviewsanddiscussionpapersinthefieldofpureandappliedelectrochemistry.Contributionsfrommembersandnon-membersoftheInternationalSocietyofElectrochemistryareequallywelcome.ResearchPapersshouldbecompleteandauthoritativeaccountsofworkthathasspecialsignificanceandgeneralinterest,presentedclearlyandconcisely.Contributionswillonlybeconsideredforpublicationiftheyarelikelytobeofinteresttoourreadersandsubscribers.Contentsmustberelevanttoelectrochemistry.PresentationanddiscussionshouldbeattheleveloftheinternationalstatusoftheJournal.Thelanguagecanbeareasonforrejectionatfirstsightifbelowanacceptablelevelofclarity.

20ELECTROCHIMICAACTAGeneralT21TechnicalScreeningTosolvetheproblemofpeerreviewersandEditorsbeingoverloadedwithmanuscriptswhichcontainmany‘technical’problemssuchaspoorEnglish,ElsevierintroducedaTechnicalScreeningprocessforalljournalsubmissions.Beforeapaperissenttoreviewers,itisscreenedautomaticallytoensureitadherestoasetofminimumtechnicalstandards.Manuscriptsthatdonotmeetthisstandardwillbereturnedtothecorrespondingauthor,withacheck-listofmissingorinsufficientitems.2122HighlightsHighlightsareashortcollectionofbulletpointsthatconveythecorefindingsandprovidereaderswithaquicktextualoverviewofthearticle.Thesethreetofivebulletpointsdescribetheessenceoftheresearch(e.g.resultsorconclusions)andhighlightwhatisdistinctiveaboutit.Highlightswillbedisplayedinonlinesearchresultlists,thecontentslistandintheonlinearticle,butwillnot(yet)appearinthearticlePDFfileorprint.22Highlights23Authorinstructions:

HighlightsshouldbesubmittedasaseparatefileinEESbyselecting"Highlights"fromthedrop-downlistwhenuploadingfiles.Pleaseadheretothespecificationsbelow.Specifications:Include3to5highlights.

Max.85charactersincludingspacesperhighlight.(InWord2007,thereisacharactercountoptionintheReviewtab,underWordCount.Or,left-clicktheWordcountinthebottomleftcornerforthecharactercounttopop-up.)Onlythecoreresultsofthepapershouldbecovered.23Authorinstructions:

Highlig24Example1

Example1.a-poorHighlights

Highlights

>Inthisstudywemodeltwohospitalswhichhaveregulatedprices.>Thehospitalswebaseourstudyoncompeteonqualitywitheachother.>Weexaminechangesinthelevelofinformationabouthospitalquality.Wefindthatincreasinginformationwillincreasethequalityifhospitalcostsaresimilar.>Wefindthatincreasinginformationwilldecreasequalityifhospitalcostsareverydifferent.>Weconcludethatwelfareeffectsdependonex-anteorex-postassumptionsaboutqualityinformation.Theitemnowexceedsthemaximumnumberof5bulletpoints,somepointsexceedthe85characterslimit,andthereistoomuchinformation.Inordertoprovideaveryquickandbrieftextualoverview,thisHighlightitemcanbeimprovedbyshorteningthesentences.24Example1

Example1.a-poo25Example1.b-goodHighlights

Highlights

>Wemodeltwohospitalswhichhaveregulatedpricesandcompeteonquality.>Weexaminechangesinthelevelofinformationabouthospitalquality.>Increasinginformationwillincreasequalityifhospitalcostsaresimilar.>

Increasinginformationwilldecreasequalityifhospitalcostsareverydifferent.>Welfareeffectsdependonex-anteorex-postassumptionsaboutqualityinformation.Thisisagoodexampleasthesentencesareshortandwithinthe85characterlimit,theHighlightsitemdoesnotexceedthemaximumnumberofbulletpoints,andthetextisconcise,relatestothetopic,andisinformative.25Example1.b-goodHighlight26PoorHighlights

>InthisstudyweexaminetheNiandNi–Coaluminatespinelsascatalystprecursors.>WestudyCatalystsforpartialoxidationandsteammethanereformingandwe

findthatHydrogentreatmentatveryhightemperatures

enablesthegrowthofnano-sizedmetalparticles.>InthisstudyweconcludethatNialuminatespinelsdoesnotactivatemethaneattemperaturesbelow900

K.GoodHighlights

>NiandNi–Coaluminatespinelsascatalystprecursors.>Catalystsforpartialoxidationandsteammethanereforming.>Hydrogentreatmentathightemperatureenablesgrowthofnano-sizedmetalparticles.>Nialuminatespinelsdoesnotactivatemethaneattemperaturesbelow900

K.Thesentencesarebriefandinformative,theauthordoesnotexceedthecharacterlimitperpoint,norexceedthenumberofbulletpoints.Thestructuredtextgivesagoodoverviewofthearticletopic.26PoorHighlights

>Inthisst27科技英語的重要性(Forscientificworkers)English:InternationallanguageImportance:CommunicationGoal:UnderstandandUnderstood(FluentEnglish)使用科技英語交流十分重要“FollowMetoScience”27科技英語的重要性(Forscientificwor28如何學習?(1)記憶常見科技詞匯(構(gòu)詞法)(2)多閱讀科技文章,學習如何用英語表達。避免自創(chuàng)的新奇語句(3)課后練習翻譯,寫作(Practicemakesperfect.)(4)聽學術(shù)報告(Lecture)GeogreOdian“PrinciplesofPolymerization”,2ndedition28如何學習?29TwelveStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveFirstDraftofyourManuscriptSanFranciscoEdit()Youshouldnowhavedetailednotesyoucanusetowriteyourdraftpaper.Ifyoudon’thaveonealready,itmayhelptoprepareanoutlineforeachsectionwhichincludesanumberofmajorheadings,sub-headingsandparagraphscoveringdifferentpoints.IfyouneedhelpinpreparinganoutlineseeourarticleEightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveManuscriptOutlineat/newsletters.htm.Atthispointyouwillneedtoconvertyournotesandoutlineintonarrativeform.29TwelveStepstoDevelopinga30Consolidatealltheinformation.Ensureyouhaveeverythingyouneedtowriteefficiently,i.e.,alldata,references,draftsoftablesandfigures,etc.2.Targetajournal.Determinethejournaltowhichyouplantosubmityourmanuscriptandwriteyourmanuscriptaccordingtothefocusofthetargetedjournal.Thefocusmaybeclearlystatedwithinthejournalormaybedeterminedbyexaminingseveralrecentissuesofthetargetedjournal.3.Startwriting.Whenwritingthefirstdraft,thegoalistoputsomethingdownonpaper,soitdoesnotmatterifsentencesareincompleteandthegrammarincorrect,providedthatthemainpointsandideashavebeencaptured.Writewhenyourenergyishigh,notwhenyouaretired.Trytofindatimeandplacewhereyoucanthinkandwritewithoutdistractions.30Consolidatealltheinformat314.Writequickly.Don'tworryaboutwords,spellingorpunctuationatallatthisstage,justideas.Keepgoing.Leavegapsifnecessary.Trytowritequickly,tokeeptheflowgoing.Useabbreviationsandleavespaceforwordsthatdonotcometomindimmediately.5.Writeinyourownvoice.Expressingyourselfinyourownwaywillhelpyoutosaywhatyoumeanmoreprecisely.Itwillbeeasierforyourreaderiftheycan“hear”yourvoice.6.Writewithoutediting.Don'ttrytogetitrightthefirsttime.Resistthetemptationtoeditasyougo.Otherwise,youwilltendtogetstuckandwastetime.Ifyoutrytowriteandeditatthesametime,youwilldoneitherwell.314.Writequickly.Don'tworr327.Keeptotheplanofyouroutline.Usetheheadingsfromyouroutlinetofocuswhatyouwanttosay.Ifyoufindyourselfwanderingfromthepoint,stopandmoveontothenexttopicintheoutline.8.Writethepaperinparts.Don'tattempttowritethewholemanuscriptatonce,instead,treateachsectionasaminiessay.Lookatyournotes,thinkaboutthegoalofthatparticularsectionandwhatyouwanttoaccomplishandsay.9.Putthefirstdraftaside.Putasideyourfirstdraftforatleastoneday.Theideaofwaitingadayormoreistoallowyouto"be"anotherperson.Itisdifficulttoproofreadandedityourownwork;adayormorebetweencreationandcritiquehelps.327.Keeptotheplanofyour3310.Reviseit.Reviseitandbepreparedtodothisseveraltimesuntilyoufeelitisnotpossibletoimproveitfurther.Theobjectiveistolookatyourworknotasitsauthor,butasarespectfulbutsterncritic.Doeseachsentencemakesense?Inyourlongersentences,canyoukeeptrackofthesubjectathand?Doyourlongerparagraphsfollowasingleidea,orcantheybebrokenintosmallerparagraphs?Thesearesomeofthequestionsyoushouldaskyourself.11.Reviseforclarityandbrevity.Revisesentencesandparagraphswithspecialattentiontoclearness.Formaximumreadability,mostsentencesshouldbeabout15-20words.Forascientificarticle,paragraphsofabout150wordsinlengthareconsideredoptimal.Avoidusingunnecessarywords.3310.Reviseit.Reviseitand3412.Beconsistent.Oftenamanuscripthasmorethanoneauthorandthereforethewritingmaybeshared.However,thestyleneedstobeconsistentthroughout.Thefirstauthormustgothroughtheentiremanuscriptandmakeanynecessaryeditorialchangesbeforesubmittingthemanuscripttothejournal.3412.Beconsistent.Oftenam35UNIT9FunctionalPolymersFunctionalpolymersaremacromoleculestowhichchemicallyfunctionalgroupsareattached;theyhavethepotentialadvantagesofsmallmoleculeswiththesamefunctionalgroups.Theirusefulnessisrelatedbothtothefunctionalgroupsandtothenatureofthepolymerswhosecharacteristicpropertiesdependmainlyontheextraordinarilylargesizeofthemolecules.(1)“towhich”:定語從句介詞前置正常語序為:“attachtothemacromolecules”(2)“whose”作“它的,它們的”解,一般用于定語從句中,修飾前面表示事物的名詞35UNIT9FunctionalPolyme36A)Whatistheweightofablockofaluminumwhosevolumeis0.4cu.ft.(cubicfeet)?B)Besidestheelectrons,anatomalsocontainspositiveelectricalparticleswhosetotalchargemustbeequaltothatoftheelectrons.C)Airisamixture,whosecomponentsareofgreatuseinthechemicalindustry.D)Thehouse,whoseroofwasblownoff,hasbeenrepaired.36A)Whatistheweightofab37

Theattachmentoffunctionalgroupstoapolymerisfrequentlythefirststeptowardsthepreparationofafunctionalpolymerforaspecificuse.

However,theproperchoiceofthepolymerisanimportantfactorforsuccessfulapplication.Inadditiontothesyntheticaliphaticandaromaticpolymers,awiderangeofnaturalpolymershavealsobeenfunctionalizedandusedasreactivematerials.(1)Inadditionto:除…之外,可用“apartfrom”或“besides”代替e.g.:Inadditiontothesesensors,agreatdealofresearchhasbeenalsocarriedoutonpotentiometric(電位(測定)的)sensors,likezirconiumoxideforO2monitoringforautomotiveapplication.Inaddition:此外e.g:Inaddition,therecoverytimesandsensitivities(100to200mV)areappropriatefortheproposedapplication.37 Theattachmentoffunctiona38 Inorganicpolymershavealsobeenmodifiedwiththereactivefunctionalgroupsandusedinprocessesrequiringsevereserviceconditions.Inprinciple,theactivegroupsmaybepartofthepolymerbackboneorlinkedtoasidechainasapendantgroupeitherdirectlyor

viaaspacergroup.Arequiredactivefunctionalgroupcanbeintroducedontoapolymericsupportchain(l)byincorporationduringthesynthesisofthesupportitselfthroughpolymerizationorcopolymerizationofmonomerscontainingthedesiredfunctionalgroups,(1)either…or…:“或…或…”、“是…還是…”、“不是…就是...”a)Crudeoilcontainsgasesandsolids,eitherdissolvedordispersed.b)Currenttheories,eitherempiricalorelectronic,donotappeartoaccountforthisresult.c)Intheabsenceofforce,abodywilleitherremainatrestorcontinuetomovewithconstantspeedinastraightline.38 Inorganicpolymershaveals39 (2)bychemicalmodificationofanon-functionalizedpreformedsupportmatrixand(3)byacombinationof(1)and(2).

Eachofthetwoapproacheshasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages,andoneapproachmaybepreferredforthepreparationofaparticularfunctionalpolymerwhentheotherwouldbetotallyimpractical.Thechoicebetweenthetwowaystothesynthesisoffunctionalizedpolymersdependsmainlyontherequiredchemicalandphysicalpropertiesofthesupportforaspecificapplication.Usuallytherequirementsoftheindividualsystemmustbethoroughlyexaminedinorderto

takefulladvantageofeachofthepreparativetechniques.(i)each作形容詞,“各自的,每個的”Eachelementhassomespecialproperties.Thecreatedpotentialiscontrolledbytheelectrochemicalreactionofoxygenateachelectrode.39 (2)bychemicalmodificatio40(ii)each作代詞,“各個”、“每個”eachhasitsadvantages.(iii)each作副詞,“各個地”Differentkindofwaveshaveeachthesamethreecharacteristics:amplitude,frequencyandlength.(iv)each作同位語Theyeachshowedgoodcatalyticactivities.Takeadvantageof:利用,運用Theproductwaspurifiedbytakingadvantageofthereaction.40(ii)each作代詞,“各個”、“每個”41 Rapidprogressintheutilizationoffunctionalizedpolymericmaterialshasbeennotedintherecentpast.Interestinthefieldisbeingenhancedduetothepossibilityofcreatingsystemsthatcombinetheuniquepropertiesofconventionalactivemoietiesandthoseofhighmolecularweightpolymers.Thesuccessfulutilizationofthesepolymersarebasedonthephysicalform,solvationbehavior,porosity,chemicalreactivityandstabilityofthepolymers.Thevarioustypesoffunctionalizedpolymerscoverabroadrangeofchemicalapplications,includingthepolymericreactants,catalysts,carriers,surfactants,stabilizers,ion-exchangeresins,etc.

(1)Inthefield:領(lǐng)域(2)dueto復合介詞,作“由于”

1.Changesofstateofmatterareduetoincreasedmotionofmolecules.(表語)41 Rapidprogressintheutili422.Theforceduetogravitation(地心引力)causesobjectstohaveweight.(定語)3.Apartoftheenergyiswastedinmachinesduetofriction.(狀語)4.Thefailureofthisexperimentisduetothefactthatthereactiontemperaturewasnotcontrolled.(表語)

注意辨別“due”用作形容詞

Heisduetospeaktomorrow.(due作“預定”講)注意復合介詞分開情況Inmanywatersarefoundvariouskindsofminerals,towhichsubstancesthehardnessofwaterisdue.Waters(pl.)河水,湖水,礦泉水,水域422.Theforceduetogravitat43

Inavarietyofbiologicalandbiomedicalfields,suchasthepharmaceutical,agriculture,foodindustryandthelike,theyhavebecomeindispensablematerials,especiallyincontrolledreleaseformulationofdrugsandagrochemicals.Besides,thesepolymersareextensivelyusedastheantioxidants,flameretardants,corrosioninhibitors,flocculatingagents,antistaticagentsandtheothertechnologicalapplications.Inaddition,thefunctionalpolymerspossessbroadapplicationprospectsinthehightechnologyareaasconductivematerials,photosensitizers,nucleartrackdetectors,liquidcrystals,theworkingsubstancesforstorageandconversionofsolarenergy,etc.——AkelahA,MoetA.FunctlonalizedPolymersandTheirApplications.London:ChapmanHall,1990.3thelike:n.同樣的東西,同類的事情indispensable:必不可少的,不可缺少的43 Inavarietyofbiological44As用作關(guān)系代詞,引出定語從句

(a)such…as象…這(那)樣的,象…之類的As所引導的從句修飾前面的名詞,as本身在定語從句中可能是主語、賓語或定語(I).Wewillgiveyousuchdataaswillhelpyouwithyourmeasurements.(主語)(II).Wehopetogetsuchanelectricalcircuitasheisusing.(賓語)(III).Suchinstrumentsas(are)thermometersandbarometers(氣壓計)canbefoundinanyphysicslaboratory.(表語,asarethermometers…)(IV).Wemustknowsuchsymbolsasareusedtorepresentchemicalelements.(主語)44As45Thesame…as和…同樣的(I).Molecularweightsareexpressedinthesameunitsasatomicweights(areexpressed).(as作關(guān)系副詞)(II).Ifoneobjectischargedwiththesamekindofelectricityasappearsonanothernearby,thetwoobjectswillrepeleachother.(as作主語)Asmany…as,asmuch…as:如…一般多;凡…的…都(I).Asmanyinstrumentsasareinthelaboratoryhavebeenmadeuseof.(主語)(充分利用了)(II).Thesegeneratorssupplyonlyhalfasmuchenergyas(is)required.(主語)45Thesame…as和…同樣的46As代替整個主句,在從句中作主語、賓語、表語1.Thismachine,asmightbeexpected,hasstoppedoperation.(主語)2.Asweknow,materialsexpandandcontractwiththeincreaseanddecreaseoftemperature.(賓語)As作為代替整個主句的關(guān)系代詞:1.ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述2.asiswellknown眾所周知3.asweallcansee正如所能看到的那樣4.aswillbeshowninFig.6將如圖6所示5.ashasbeenexplainedintheprecedingparagraph如上段所解釋的那樣6.ashasbeenalreadypointedout正如所指出的那樣46As代替整個主句,在從句中作主語、賓語、表語47縮略詞:(a)etc.,etcetra=andsoon/andsoforth(等等)(不用于指人)(b)etal.讀作“andothers”,等(人)(c)i.e.=thatis;(d)viz.=thatisBinarymeanstwo,implyingthatonlytwodigitsareused,viz

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