2015年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試英語(yǔ)（二）試題

2015年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（二）試題SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Inourcontemporaryculture,theprospectofcommunicatingwith—orevenaroundusseemstoagreebythewaytheyclingtotheirphones,evenwithouta1onasubway.It'sasadreality—ourdesiretoavoidinteractingwithotherhumanbeings—becausethere's2tobegainedfromtalkingtothestrangerstandingbyyou.Butyouwouldn'tknowit,3intoyourphone.Thisuniversalprotectionsendsthe4:"Pleasedon'tapproachme."Whatisitthatmakesusfeelweneedtohide5ourscreens?Oneanswerisfear,accordingtoJonWortmann,anexecutivementalcoach.Wefearrejection,orthatourinnocentsocialadvanceswillbe6as"weird."Wefearwe'llbe_]_.Wefearwe'llbedisruptive.Strangersareinherently8tous,sowearemorelikelytofeel9whencommunicatingwiththemcomparedwithourfriendsandacquaintances.Toavoidthisuneasiness,we10toourphones."Phonesbecomeoursecurityblanket,"Wortmannsays."Theyareourhappyglassesthatprotectusfromwhatweperceiveisgoingtobemore11."Butonceweripofftheband-aid,tuckoursmartphonesinourpocketsandlook2011experiment,behavioralscientistsNicholasEpleyandJulianaSchroederaskedcommuterstodotheunthinkable:Starta13.TheyhadChicagotraincommuterstalktotheirfellow14."WhenDr.EpleyandMs.Schroederaskedotherpeopleinthesametrainstationto15howtheywouldfeelaftertalkingtoastranger,thecommutersthoughttheir16wouldbemorepleasantiftheysatontheirown,"TheNewYorkTimessummarizes.Thoughthetheexperiment,"notasinglepersonreportedhavingbeenembarrassed."18,thesecommuteswerereportedlymoreenjoyablecomparedwiththosewhichmakesabsolutesense,19humanbeingsthriveoffofsocialconnections.It'sthat20:Talkingtostrangerscanmakeyoufeelconnected.[A]signal[A]nothing

[C]ticket [D]record[B]permit[D]much[B]little [C][B]permit[D]muchbeaten[A]message[A]under

plugged

[D]brought[C]guidednotice [D][C]guided[D]from[D]from[B]code[B][B]code[B]beyond[A]judged[A]unreasonable[A]comfortable[A]attend[A]dangerous[A]bend13.[A]lecture[A]trainees[A]reveal[A]voyage[A]wentthrough[A]Intum[A]unless[A]funny

misinterpreted [D]mismatched[B]fired[B]ungratefulreplaced[B]fired[B]ungrateful[C]unconventional [D]unfamiliar[D]point[D]boring[D]decay[B]confident[D]point[D]boring[D]decay[B]tu[B]tum[C]take[B]mysterious [C]violent[C]hurt[B]resist[C]hurt[B]debate [D]negotiation[B]employees [C]researchers [D]passengers[C]predict[C][C]predict[C]walk[D]design[D]ride[B][B]flight[B]didaway [C]caughtup [D]putup[B]Infact [C]Inparticular [D]Inconsequence[B]whereas [C]if [D]since[B]simple [D]rareSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Anewstudysuggeststhatcontrarytomostsurveys,peopleareactuallymorestressedathomethanatwork.Researchersmeasuredpeople'scortisol,whichisastressmarker,whiletheywereatworkandwhiletheywereathomeandfoundithigheratwhatissupposedtobeaplaceofrefuge."Fu門hercontradictingconventionalwisdom,wefoundthatwomenaswellasatworkthanathome,"writesoneoftheresearchers,SarahDamaske.Infactwomenevensaytheyfeelbetteratwork,shenotes."Itismen,notwomen,whoreportbeinghappierathomethanatwork."Anothersurpriseisthatthefindingsholdtrueforboththosewithchildrenandwithout,butmoresofornonparents.Thisiswhypeoplewhoworkoutsidethehomehavebetterhealih.Whatthestudydoesn'tmeasureiswhetherpeoplearestilldoingworkwhenworkbroughthomefromtheofifice.Formanymen,theendoftheworkdayisatimetokickback.Forwomenwhostayhome,theynevergettoleavetheoffice.Andforwomenwhoworkoutsidethehome,theyoftenareplayingcatch-up-with-householdtasks.Withtheblurringofroles,andworkingwomen,it'snotsurprisingthatwomenaremorestressedathome.Butit'snotjustagenderthing.Atwork,peopleprettymuchknowwhatthey'resupposedtobedoing:working,makingmoney,doingthetaskstheyhavetodoinordertodrawanincome.Thebargainisverypure:Employeeputsinhoursofphysicalormentallaborandemployeedrawsoutlife-sustainingmoola.Onthehomefront,however,peoplehavenosuchclarity.Rareisthehouseholdinwhichthedivisionoflaborissoclinicallyandmethodicallylaidout.Therearealotoftaskstobedone,thereareinadequaterewardsformostofthem.Yourhomecolleagues—yourfamily—havenoclearrewardsfortheirlabor;theyneedtobetalkedintoit,orifthey'reteenagers,threatenedwithcompleteremovalofallelectronicdevices.Plus,they'reyourfamily.Youcannotfireyourfamily.Youneverreallygettogohomefromhome.Soit'snotsurprisingthatpeoplearemorestressedathome.Notonlyarethetasksapparentlyinfinite,theco-workersaremuchhardertomotivate.AccordingtoParagraph1,mostprevioussurveysfoundthathome .offeredgreaterrelaxationthantheworkplacewasanidealplaceforstressmeasurementmorestressthantheworkplacewasanunrealisticplaceforrelaxationAccordingtoDamaske,whoarelikelytobethehappiestathome?Workingmothers.Childlesshusbands.Workingfathers.Childlesswives.Thegofworkingssreferstothefactt .theirhomeisalsoaplaceforkickingbacktheyarebothbreadwinnersandhousewivesthereisoftenmuchhouseworkleftbehinditisdifficultforthemtoleavetheirofficeTheword"moola"(Line4,Para.4)mostprobablymeans .skillsenergyearningsnutritionThehomefrontdiffersfromtheworkplaceinthat .familylaborisoftenadequatelyrewardedhomeishardlyacozierworkingenvironmenthouseholdtasksaregenerallymoremotivatingdivisionoflaborathomeisseldomclear-cutForyears,studieshavefoundthatfirst-generationcollegestudents—thosewhodonothaveaparentwithacollegedegree—lagotherstudentsonarangeofeducationachievementfactors.Theirgradesarelowerandtheirdropoutratesarehigher.Butsincesuchstudentsaremostlikelytoadvanceeconomicallyiftheysucceedinhighereducation,collegesanduniversitieshavepushedfordecadestorecruitmoreofthem.Thishascreated“aparadox”inthatrecruitingfirst-generationstudents,butthenwatchingmanyofthemfail,meansthathighereducationhas“continuedtoreproduceandwiden,ratherthanclose”anachievementgapbasedonsocialclass,accordingtothedepressingbeginningofapaperforthcominginthejournalPsychologicalScience.Butthearticleisactuallyquiteoptimistic,asitoutlinesapotentialsolutiontothisproblem,suggestingthatanapproach(whichinvolvesaone-hour,next-to-no-costprogram)canclose63percentoftheachievementgap(measuredbysuchfactorsasgrades)betweenfirst-generationandotherstudents.Theauthorsofthepaperarefromdifferentuniversities,andtheirfindingsarebasedonastudyinvolving147students(whocompletedtheproject)atanunnamedprivateuniversity.Firstgenerationwasdefinedasnothavingaparentwithafour-yearcollegedegree.Mostofthefirst-generationstudents(59.1percent)wererecipientsofPellGrants,afederalgrantforundergraduateswithfinancialneed,whilethiswastrueonlyfor8.6percentofthestudentswithatleastoneparentwithafour-yeardegree.Theirthesis—thatarelativelymodestinterventioncouldhaveabigimpact—wasbasedontheviewthatfirst-generationstudentsmaybemostlackingnotinpotentialbutinpracticalknowledgeabouthowtodealwiththeissuesthatfacemostcollegestudents.Theycitepastresearchbyseveralauthorstoshowthatthisisthegapthatmustbenarrowedtoclosetheachievementgap.Manyfirst-generationstudents“struggletonavigatethemiddle-classcultureofhighereducation,learnthe‘rulesofthegame,’andtakeadvantageofcollegeresources,”theywrite.Andthisbecomesmoreofaproblemwhencollegesdon’ttalkabouttheclassadvantagesanddisadvantagesofdifferentgroupsofstudents.“BecauseUScollegesanduniversitiesseldomacknowledgehowsocialclasscanaffectstudents’educationalexperiences,manyfirst-generationstudentslackinsightaboutwhytheyarestrugglinganddonotunderstandhowstudents‘likethem’canimprove.”ecru.

first-generationstudentshas .reducedtheirdropoutratesnarrowedtheachievementgapmisseditsoriginalpurposecollegestudentsTheauthorsoftheresearcharticleareoptimisticbecause .theirfindingsappealtostudentstherecruitingratehasincreasedtheproblemissolvabletheirapproachiscostlessThestudysuggeststhatmostfirst-generat10nstudents .arefromsingle-parentfamiliesstudyatprivateuniversitiesareinneedoffinancialsupporthavefailedtheircollegeTheauthorsofthepaperbelievethatfirst-generationstudents .maylackopportunitiestoapplyforresearchprojectsareinexperiencedinhandlingtheirissuesatcollegecanhaveapotentialinfluenceonotherstudentsareactuallyindifferenttotheachievementgapparagraphthat .universitiesoftenrejectthecultureofthemiddle-classstudentsareusuallytoblamefortheirlackofresourcessocialclassgreatlyhelpsenricheducationalexperiencescollegesarepartlyresponsiblefortheproblemin -6-Evenintraditionaloffices,“thelinguafrancaofcorporateAmericahasgottenmuchmoreemotionalandmuchmoreright-brainedthanitwas20yearsago,”saidHarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorNancyKoehn.Shestartedspinningoffexamples.“IfyouandIparachutedbacktoFortune500companiesin1990,wewouldseemuchlessfrequentuseoftermslikejourney,mission,passion.Thereweregoals,therewerestrategies,therewereobjectives,butwedidn’ttalkaboutenergy;wedidn’ttalkaboutpassion.”Koehnpointedoutthatthisneweraofcorporatevocabularyisvery“team”-oriented—andnotbycoincidence.“Let’snotforgetsports—inmale-dominatedcorporateAmerica,it’sstillabigdeal.It’snotexplicitlyconscious;it’stheideathatI’macoach,andyou’remyteam,andwe’reinthistogether.TherearelotsandlotsofCEOsinverydifferentcompanies,butmostthinkofthemselvesascoachesandthisistheirteamandtheywanttowin.”Thesetermsarealsointendedtoinfuseworkwithmeaning—and,asRakeshKhurana,anotherprofessor,pointsout,increaseallegiancetothefirm.“Youhavetheimportationofterminologythathistoricallyusedtobeassociatedwithnon-profitorganizationsandreligiousorganizations:termslikevision,values,passion,andpurpose,”saidKhurana.Thisnewfocusonpersonalfulfillmentcanhelpkeepemployeesmotivatedamidincreasinglylouddebatesoverwork-lifebalance.The“mommywars”ofthe1990sarestillgoingontoday,promptingargumentsaboutwhywomenstillcan’thaveitallandbookslikeSherylSandberg’sLeanIn,whosetitlehasbecomeabuzzwordinitsownright.Termslikeunplug,offline,life-hack,bandwidth,andcapacityareallaboutsettingboundariesbetweentheofficeandthehome.Butifyourworkisyour“passion”,you’llbemorelikelytodevoteyourselftoit,evenifthatmeansgoinghomefordinnerandthenworkinglongafterthekidsareinbed.Butthisseemstobetheironyofofficespeak:Everyonemakesfunofit,butmanagersloveit,companiesdependonit,andregularpeoplewillinglyabsorbit.Asalinguistoncesaid,“Youcangetpeopletothinkit’snonsenseatthesametimethatyoubuyintoit.”Inaworkplacethat’sfundamentallyindifferenttoyourlifeanditsmeaning,officespeakcanhelpyoufigureouthowyourelatetoyourwork—andhowyourworkdefineswhoyouare.-1-AccordingtoNancyKoehn,officelanguagehasbecome .lessstrategiclessenergeticmoreemotional"Tearn"-onentedcorporatevocabularyiscloselyrelatedto .sportsculturegenderdifferencehistoricalincidentsathleticexecutivesKhuranabelievesthattheimportationofterminologyaimsto .revivehistoricaltern飛promotecompanyimagefostercorporatecooperationstrengthenemployeeloyaltyItcanbeinferredthatLeanIn .voicesforworkingwomenappealstopassionateworkaholicstriggersdebatesamongmommiespraisesmotivatedemployeesWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutofficespeak?Linguistsbelieveittobenonsense.Regularpeoplemockitbutacceptit.Companiesfindittobefundamental.Managersadmireitbutavoidit.Text4forJune,alongwiththedropintheunemploymentrateto6.1percent,asgoodnews.AndWestillhavealongwaytogotogetbacktofullemployment,butatleastwearenowfinallymovingforwardatafasterpace.However,thereisanotherimportantpartofthejobspicturethatwaslargelyoverlooked.Therewasabigjumpinthenumberofpeoplewhoreportvoluntarilyworkingpart-time.Thisfigureisnow830,000(4.4percent)aboveitsyearagolevel.itisworthmakinganManypeoplewhoworkpart-timejobsactuallywantfull-timejobs.Theytakepart-timeworkbecausethisisalltheycanget.Anincreaseininvoluntarypart-timeworkisevidenceofweaknessinthelabormarketanditmeansthatmanypeoplewillbehavingaveryhardtimemakingendsmeet.Therewasanincreaseininvoluntarypart-timeinJune,butthegeneraldirectionhasbeendown.Involuntarypart-timeemploymentisstillfarhigherthanbeforetherecession,butitisdownby640,000(7.9percent)fromitsyearagolevel.knowthedifferencebetweenvoluntaryandinvoluntarypart-timeemploymentbecausepeopletellus.ThesurveyusedbytheLaborDepartinentaskspeopleiftheyworkedlessthan35hoursinthereferenceweek.Iftheansweris"yes,"theyareclassifiedasworkingpart-time.Thesurveythenaskswhethertheyworkedlessthan35hoursinthatweekbecausetheywantedtoworklessthanfulltimeorbecausetheyhadnochoice.Theyareonlyclassifiedasvoluntarypart-timeworkersiftheytellthesurveytakertheychosetoworklessthan35hoursaweek.Theissueofvoluntarypart-timerelatestoObamacarebecauseoneofthemainpurposeswastoallowpeopletogetinsuranceoutsideofemployment.Formanypeople,especiallythosewithserioushealthconditionsorfamilymemberswithserioushealihconditions,beforeObamacaretheonlywaytogetinsurancewasthroughajobthatprovidedhealthinsurance.However,Obamacarehasallowedmorethan12millionpeopletoeithergetinsurancethroughMedicaidortheexchanges.Thesearepeoplewhomaypreviouslyhavefelttheneedtogetafull-timejobthatprovidedinsuranceinordertocoverthemselvesandtheirfamilies.WithObamacarethereisnolongeralinkbetweenemploymentandinsurance.Whichpartofthejobspicturewasneglected?Theprospectofathrivingjobmarket.Theincreaseofvoluntarypart-timejobs.Thepossibilityoffullemployment.Theaccelerationofjobcreation.Manypeopleworkpart-timebecausethey .preferpart-timejobstofull-timejobsfeelthatisenoughtomakeendsmeetcannotgettheirhandsonfull-timejobshaven'tseentheweaknessofthemarketInvoluntarypart-timeemploymentintheUS .showsageneraltendencyofdeclinetoacquirethanoneyearagosatisfiestherealneedofthejoblessislowerthanbeforetherecessionItcanbelearnedthatwithObamacare, .itisnolongereasyforpart-timerstogetinsurancefull-timeemploymentisstillessentialforinsuranceitisstillchallengingtogetinsuranceforfamilymembersemploymentisnolongerapreconditiontogetinsuranceThetextmainlydiscusses .employmentintheUSpart-timerclassificationinsurancethroughMedicaidsPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)YouarenotaloneExperiencehelpsyougrowPaveyourownuniquepathMostofyourfearsareunrealThinkaboutthepresentmomentDon'tfearresponsibilityforyourlifeTherearemanythingstobegratefulforSomeOldTruthstoHelpYouOvercomeToughTimesUnfortunately,lifeisnotabedofroses.Wearegoingthroughlifefacingsadexperiences.Moreover,wearegrievingvariouskindsofloss:afriendship,aromanticrelationshiporahouse.Hardtimesmayholdyoudownatwhatusuallyseemslikethemostinopportunetime,butyoushouldrememberthattheywon'tlastforever.Whenourtimeofmourningisover,wepressforward,strongerwithagreaterunderstandingandrespectforlife.Furthermore,theselossesmakeusmatureandeventuallymoveustowardfutureopportunitiesforgrowthandhappiness.IwanttosharetheseoldtruthsI'velearnedalongtheway.Fearisbothusefulandharmful.Thisnormalhumanreactionisusedtoprotectusbysignalingdangerandpreparingustodealwithit.Unfortunately,peoplecreateinnerbarrierswithahelpofexaggeratingfears.MyfavoriteactorWillSmithoncesaid,"Fearisnotreal.Itisaproductofthoughtsyoucreate.Donotmisunderstandme.Dangerisveryreal.Butfearisachoice."Idocompletelyagreethatfearsarejusttheproductofourluxuriantimagination.Ifyouaresurroundedbyproblemsandcannotstopthinkingaboutthepast,trytofocusonthepresentmoment.Manyofusareweigheddownbythepastoranxiousaboutthefuture.Youmayfeelguiltoveryourpast,butyouarepoisoningthepresentwiththethingsandcircumstancesyoucannotchange.Valuethepresentmomentandrememberhowfortunateyouaretobealive.Enjoythebeautyoftheworldaroundandkeeptheeyesopentoseethepossibilitiesbeforeyou.Happinessisnotapointoffutureandnotamomentfromthepast,butamindsetthatcanbedesignedintothepresent.Sometimesitiseasytofeelbadbecauseyouaregoingthroughtoughtimes.Youcanbeeasilycaughtupbylifeproblemsthatyouforgettopauseandappreciatethethingsyouhave.Onlystrongpeopleprefertosmileandvaluetheirlifeinsteadofcryingandcomplainingaboutsomething.Nomatterhowisolatedyoumightfeelandhowseriousthesituationis,youshouldalwaysrememberthatyouarenotalone.Trytokeepinmindthatalmosteveryonerespectsandwantstohelpyouifyouaretryingtomakeagoodchangeinyourlife,especiallyyourdearestandnearestpeople.Youmayhaveacircleoffriendswhoprovideconstantgoodhumor,helpandcompanionship.Ifyouhavenofriendsorrelatives,trytoparticipateinseveralonlinecommunities,fullofpeoplewhoarealwayswillingtoshareadviceandencouragement.Todaymanypeoplefinditdifficulttotrusttheirownopinionandseekbalancebygainingobjectivityfromexternalsources.Thiswayyoudevalueyouropinionandshowthatyouareincapableofmanagingyourownlife.Whenyouarestrugglingtoachievesomethingimportantyoushouldbelieveinyourselfandbesurethatyourdecisionisthebest.Youliveinyourskin,thinkyourownthoughts,haveyourownvaluesandmakeyourownchoices.SectionIII TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Thinkaboutdrivingaroutetiat'sveryfamiliar.Itcouldbeyourcommutetowork,atripintotownorthewayhome.Whicheveritis,youknoweverytwistandturnlikethebackofyourhand.Onthesesortsoftripsit'seasytoloseconcentrationonthedrivingandpaylittleattentiontothepassingscenery.Theconsequenceisthatyouperceivethatthetriphastakenlesstimethanitactuallyhas.Thisisthewell-travelledroadeffect:Peopletend