美國文學史考試復習資料全

..

1

美國文學史復習〔colonialism>

第一部分

殖民主義時期的文學

一、時期綜述

1、清教徒采用的文學體裁：a、narratives

日記

b、journals

游記

2、清教徒在美國的寫作內容：

1their

voyage

to

the

new

land

2>

Adapting

themselves

to

unfamiliar

climates

and

crops

3>

About

dealing

with

Indians

4>

Guide

to

the

new

land,

endless

bounty,

invitation

to

bold

spirit

3、清教徒的思想：

1puritan

want

to

make

up

pure

their

religious

beliefs

and

practices

2>

Wish

to

restore

simplicity

to

church

and

the

authority

of

the

Bible

to

the

theology.

3look

upon

themselves

as

chosen

people,

and

it

follow

logically

that

anyone

who

challenged

their

way

of

life

is

opposing

God's

will

and

is

not

to

be

accepted.

4puritan

opposition

to

pleasure

and

the

arts

sometimes

has

been

exaggerated.

步

5religious

teaching

tended

to

emphasize

the

image

of

a

wrathful

God.。

4、典型的清教徒：

John

Cotton

&

Roger

William

他們的不同：John

Cotton

was

much

more

concerned

with

authority

than

with

democracy;

William

begins

the

history

of

religious

toleration

in

America.

5、William的宗教觀點：Toleration

did

not

stem

from

a

lack

of

religious

convictions.

Instead,

it

sprang

from

the

idea

that

simply

to

be

virtuous

in

conduct

and

devout

in

belief

did

not

give

anyone

the

right

to

force

belief

on

others.

He

also

felt

that

no

political

order

or

church

system

could

identify

itself

directly

with

Go

6、英國最早移民到美國的詩人：Anne

Bradstreet

7、在殖民時期最好的清教徒詩人：the

best

of

Puritan

poets

is

Edward

Tayor.

學習指南：

1、Could

you

give

a

description

of

American

Puritans?

關于美國清教徒的描繪

Like

their

brothers

back

in

England,

were

idealists,

believing

that

the

church

should

be

restored

to

the

"purity"

of

the

first·century

church

as

established

by

Jesus

Christ

himself.

To

them

religion

was

a

matter

of

primary

importance.

They

made

it

their

chief

business

to

see

that

man

lived

and

thought

and

acted

in

a

way

which

tended

to

the

glory

of

God.

They

accepted

the

doctrine

of

predestination,

original

sin

and

total

depravity,

and

limited

atonement

through

a

special

infusion

of

grace

from

God,

all

that

John

Calvin,

the

great

French

theologian

who

lived

in

Geneva

had

preached

It

was

this

kind

of

religious

belief

that

they

brought

with

them

into

the

wildness.

There

they

meaant

to

prove

that

were

God's

chosen

people

enjoying

his

blessings

on

this

earth

as

in

Heaven.2,,Hard

work,

thrift,

piety

and

sobriety

were

the

Puritan

values

that

dominated

much

of

the

earliest

American

writing.

3、The

work

of

two

writers,

Anne

Bradstreet

&

Edward

Taylor,

rose

to

the

level

of

real

poetry.

4．The

earliest

settlers

included

Dutch,

Swedes,

Germans,

French,

Spaniards

Italian,

and

Portuguese.

美國文學史復習2〔reasoning

and

revolution>

>

美國的性質：

The

war

for

Independence

ended

in

the

formation

of

a

Federative

bourgeois

democratic

republic

-

the

United

States

of

America.

聯(lián)邦的資產階級民主XX國--美利堅合眾國。

二、代表作家：

1、Benjamin

Franklin

本杰明·富蘭克林

1706-1790

1"Poor

Richard's

Almanac"

窮人查理德的年鑒

annual

collection

of

proverbs

流行諺語

It

soon

became

the

most

popular

book

of

its

kind,

largely

because

of

Franklin's

shrewd

humor,

and

first

spread

his

reputation

2>

Founded

the

Junto,

a

club

for

informal

discussion

of

scientific,

economic

and

political

ideas.

3established

America's

first

circulating

library,

founded

the

college--University

of

Pennsylvania.

4.first

applied

the

terms

"positive"

and

"negative"

to

electrical

charges.

5>As

a

representative

of

the

Colonies,

he

tried

in

vain

to

counsel

the

British

toward

policies

that

would

let

America

grow

and

flourish

in

association

with

England.

He

conducted

the

difficulty

negotiations

with

France

that

brought

financial

and

military

support

for

America

in

the

war.

6As

an

author

he

had

power

of

expression,

simplicity,

a

subtle

humor,

sarcastic.7The

Way

to

Wealth

致富之道

The

Autobiography

2、Thomas

Paine

托馬斯·佩因

1737-1809

"Great

Common

of

Mankind"

最平凡的人

1famous

pamphlet

"Common

Sense"

著名的政治小冊子《常識》

it

boldly

advocated

a

"Declaration

for

Independence",

and

brought

the

separatist

agitation

to

a

crisis.

擁護獨立宣言,是分裂活動發(fā)展成最后危機。

2"American

Crisis"

《美國危機》,signed

"Common

Sense"

<p31,第一段

The

Case

of

the

Officers

of

Excise稅務員問題；Common

Sense常識；American

Crisis美國危機；Rights

of

Man人的權利：Downfall

of

Despotism專制體制的崩潰；The

Age

of

Reason理性時代

3、Thomas

Jefferson

托馬斯·杰弗遜

1drafted

the

Declaration

of

Independence.

起草了獨立宣言

2與清教徒不同,主張追求幸福。All

Men

are

created

equal,

that

they

are

endowed

by

their

Creator

with

certain

unalienable

Rights,

that

among

these

are

Life,

Liberty

and

the

Pursuit

of

happiness.

人人生而平等,他們都從"造物主"那邊被賦予了某些不可轉讓的權利,其中包括生命權、自由權和追求幸福的權利。

4、Philip

Freneau

菲利普·費瑞諾

poet

and

political

journalist

詩人和政治方面的新聞記者

1perhaps

the

most

outstanding

writer

of

the

post-revolutionary

period.

2>has

been

called

the

"Father

of

American

Poetry"

美國詩歌之父The

Rising

Glory

of

America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The

British

Prison

Ship英國囚船；To

the

Memory

of

the

Brave

Americans紀念美國勇士同類詩中最佳；The

Wild

Honeysuckle野生的金銀花；The

Indian

Burying

Ground印第安人殯葬地

學習指南：

1.Theology

dominated

the

Puritan

phase

of

American

writing.

Politics

was

the

next

great

suject

to

command

the

attention

of

the

best

minds.

2、Freneau

was

neoclassical

by

training

and

taste

ye

romantic

in

essential

spirit.

美國文學史復習3〔Romanticisms>

一、文學特征：

1、Environment:

1>shaped

by

their

New

World

environment

美洲大陸新環(huán)境

2array

of

ideas

inherited

from

the

romantic

traditons

of

Europe

歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮2、美國文學特點：

pluralistic多元化

manifestations

varied

表現(xiàn)形式多樣

Individualistic個人主義

conflicting

矛盾

3、Romanticism的特點：frequently

shared

certain

general

characteristics,

moral

enthusiasm,

faith

in

the

value

of

individualism

and

intuitive

perception,

and

a

presumption

that

he

natural

world

was

a

source

of

corruption.

4、Transcendentalism

超驗主義

1,as

a

moral

philosophy,

transcendentalism

was

neither

logical

nor

systematized.

It

exalted

feeling

over

reason,

individual

expression

over

the

restraints

of

law

and

custom.

2>they

spoke

for

cultural

rejuvenation

and

against

the

materialism

of

American

society.

3they

believe

in

the

transcendence

of

"over

soul",

an

all-pervading

power

for

goodness

from

which

all

things

come

and

of

which

all

things

are

a

part.

4it

could

exercise

a

healthy

and

restorative

influence

on

the

human

mind.

"Go

back

to

nature,

sink

yourself

back

into

its

influence

and

you’ll

become

spiritually

whole

again."

5代表人物：Emerson愛默生,believed

that

man

was

a

part

of

absolute

good。人性本善Thoreau

梭

羅,beheld

divinity

in

the

"unspotted

innocence"

of

nature.

自然才是神圣的"潔白無瑕"

5、Literary

forms文學形式：Novels,

short

stories,

and

poems

replaced

sermons

and

manifestos

as

America’s

principal

literary

forms.6、Imaginative

literature想象類文學

7、the

wilderness

came

to

function

almost

as

a

dramatic

character

that

illustrated

moral

law.戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時代的道德準則。8,ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.逃離社會,回到自然成為了美國文學永恒的創(chuàng)作習慣。9、NationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryinterestinAmerica’slanguage.In1828NoahWebsterpublished"AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage".Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.受民族主義影響,作家的目光轉向了美國本土的語言,具有美國特征的本土方言開始在詩歌和小說中大量涌現(xiàn)。10,Atmidcenturyaculturalreawakeningbroughta"floweringofNewEngland."LedbyHawthorne,Emerson,andThoreau.NewEngland

→

Transcendentalism,從新英格蘭文學到超驗主義二、代表作家：1、WashingtonIrving華盛頓.歐文thefirstgreatbelletrist第一個純文學作家,劃線部分為三個主要contribution①

thefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家②"SketchBook"《見聞札記》,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.③IrvingrestoredthewaningGothicromanceswhichPoesooninfusedwithpsychologicalsubtleties.重振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說,隨后坡在此基礎上,把心理學的一些知識融入了這種體裁。④"LegendsoftheConquestofSpain"《西班牙征服記》AHistoryofNewYork紐約的歷史美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學杰作；TheSketchBook見聞札記TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的傳說使之成為美國第一個獲得國際聲譽的作家；BracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田莊；TalksofTravellers旅客談；TheAlhambra阿爾罕伯拉2、JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫珀①contribution:launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories

→

theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁,邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說。

②"LeatherstockingTales"《皮襪子故事集》,包括"TheDeerslayer"《殺鹿者》、"TheLastoftheMohicans"《最后的莫希干人》、"ThePathfinder"《探路人》、"ThePioneers"《拓荒者》、"ThePrairie"《大草原》,regardas"thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic."被認為是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的作品。③thecentralfigureinthenovels,NattyBumppo.小說的中心人物,納蒂.班波JudgeTemple:manremainsavagewithoutlawandorderTheSpy間諜ThePilot領航者TheLittlepageManuscripts利特佩奇的手稿3、WilliamCullenBryant威廉.卡倫.布萊恩特poet詩人①asIrvinghadshownthatAmericanprosehadconeofage,soBryantdemonstratedtoEuropeanreadersthatAmericanpoetrywasreadytodemandseriousattention.當歐文預示美國散文時代的到來時,布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實了美國的詩歌達到相當高的水平。②HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.第一個獲得美國主要詩人稱號的作家。③

"ToaWaterfowl"《致水鳥》themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage.用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩。4、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加.阿倫.坡①showhistruetalentsasaneditor,poet,literarycritic.編輯、詩人、文學評論家。②Graham’sMagazine格雷厄姆雜志〔坡的工作場所③"TheFalloftheHouseofUsher"《鄂謝府崩潰記》、"TheRaven"《烏鴉》thetitlepoemofacollection,"TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque"《述異集》firstcollectionofshortstories.第一部短篇小說集。④oftenusegrotesqueorfantasticevents.擅長描寫哥特式和幻想類的小說。5、RalphWaldoEmersion拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛默生①beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland,是把超驗主義引入新英格蘭的先驅。②Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism個人主義,independenceofmind思想獨立,andself-reliance自強.③作品："Nature"《論自然》、"Essays"《隨筆錄》、"TheAmericanScholar"《美國學者》,ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.我們知識分子的獨立宣言。④hismostimportantworksare"RepresentativeMen"《代表》and"EnglishTraits"《英國人》、"Poems"《詩集》

⑤摘自《論自然》：Standingonthebareground,-myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball.人形的約束沒有了。6、HenryDavidThoreau亨利.戴維.梭羅①Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories愛默生最忠實的信徒,把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實踐。②"InWalden"《沃爾登》成名作。"CivilDisobedience"《平民反抗》essay隨筆。非暴力不合作③教義：Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighbor’sorhisparents.我不希望人們接受我的生活模式,每一個都應該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式,不是鄰居的,也不是他父母的?！?、NathanielHawthorne納薩尼爾.霍桑①background:oneofhisancestorswasJudgeHawthorne,whoharmaperson.曾經有個做法官的祖輩害人。②"TheHouseoftheSevenGables"七尖角閣房,是霍桑著名神秘小說中的一個房屋名稱。③herevealsthedepthofhisconcernwiththedarksideofPuritanism,theharshnessandthepersecutions.對清教徒陰暗面的深切關注,認為清教徒的戒行過于森嚴,對不同信仰人的迫害過于殘酷。④"MossesfromanOldManse"《古廈青苔》、"TheMarbleFaun"《玉石神像》

⑤特點⑴uniquegiftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature.獨特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質。⑵hisabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsappearsstronglyinhisshortstories.短篇小說里,通過活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會的一些重大道德問題。⑶tomakeastoryexistinitsownrightbutatthesametimeappearasamoralsymbol.杰出之處在于他能把一個故事安放在自己設置的正義標準之中來講述,他書中的正義標準成為當時人們的道德參考。⑥〔課堂筆記提及的"TheScarletLetter"《紅字》⑴女主角honest,calmlyfacefault誠實,坦然的面對罪過。⑵弗洛伊德人格理論：Id本我

→

欲望,只要快樂

→Roger女主角的丈夫Ego自我

→

分辨對錯,受約束,符合現(xiàn)實

→Hester女主角Superego超我

→

→Dim女主角的情人,牧師⑶女主角的自我成長和自我救贖的過程。Egogrowthandredeembyherownofprocess⑦"TheScarletLetter"analysis分析：itnotapraiseofaHestersinning,butahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanwhensinnedagainst.YoungHesterbordersonbeinglicentious.Herdriveissexual.Shedoesherbesttokeepherholdonthemagicchainhumanity.

Her

life

eventually

acquires

a

real

significance

when

she

reestablishes

a

meaningful

relationship

with

her

fellowmen

Symbolic

of

her

moral

development

is

the

gradual

imperceptible

change

with

the

scarlet

letter

undergoes

in

meaning.

At

first

it

is

a

token

of

shame,

"Adultery"

but

then

the

genuine

sympathy

and

help

Hester

offered

to

her

fellow

villagers’

changes

it

to

"Able".

Later

in

the

story,

the

letter

A

appears

in

the

sky,

signifying

"Angel".

There

is

reason

to

agree

with

the

critical

observation

that

A

may

represent

Adamic,

or

prehistoric,

an

archetypal

vice

suggestive

of

"original

sin,"

Dimmesdale,

on

the

other

hand,

banishes

himself

form

society.

Deeply

preoccupied

with

himself,

he

lives

a

stranger

among

his

admirers.

The

result

is

that,

whereas

Hester

is

able

to

reconstruct

her

life

and

win

a

moral

victory,

Dimmesdale

undergoes

the

tragic

experience

of

physical

and

spiritual

disintegration.

Between

him

and

HestertheypointtoamoralasHawthornemayintendthemtodo,thatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honest,andeverreadytoshowone’sworsttotheoutsideworld.★8、HermanMelville赫爾曼.麥爾維爾①"MobyDick"《白鯨》,atremendouschronicleofwhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.主要講述了一個為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長海上故事。②Thebookissteepedinsymbolism.本書達到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael,取自圣經。④在書中說：towriteamightybookyoumusthaveamightytheme.寫一部宏大的著作,必須有一個宏大的主題。⑤故事人物：CaptainAhab.船長阿哈比；Queequeg,捕鯨人奎因奎格,wasafriendlyperson；⑥therebelliousstruggleofCaptainAhabagainsttheoverwhelming,mysteriousvastnessoftheuniverseanditsawesome,sometimesmercilessforces.Thefittingsymbolforhisthemewasthe"glidinggreatdemonoftheseasoflife."阿哈比艦長和各種危險之間的激烈斗爭,他同那些強大的、神秘的自然展開斗爭,他們令人毛骨悚然,有時還冷酷無情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為"生命海洋中滑行的惡魔"。⑦"MobyDick"：oneofthemajorthemesinMelvilleisalienation,whichhesensedexistinginthelifeofhistimeondifferentlevels,betweenmanandman,manandsociety,andmanandnature.CaptainAhabseemstobethebestillustrationofitall.Thevoyage

itself

is

a

metaphor

for

"search

and

discovery,

the

search

for

the

ultimate

truth

of

experience."

He

had

Ahab

topmost

in

his

mind.

In

a

sense

Ahab

embodies

all

of

the

evil

he

once

consigned

to

Moby

Dick.

9、HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費羅poet詩人①itwouldbehard,also,tooverestimatetheimportanceofhisanthology"ThePoetsandPoetryofEurope".Hisownpoetrybecameameansofteachingreadersofhisdaysomethingofthepossiblerangeofpoeticsubjectmatterandtechniques,ancient,medieval,andmodern.《歐洲詩人及詩》不能把這部作品估計過高。他自己的詩歌成為了他教學的材料,在書中他講述了詩的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的,中世紀的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩歌,他都一一作了闡述。②殊榮：hebecametheonlyAmericantobehonoredwithabustinthePoet’scornerofWestminsterAbbey.朗費羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩人之角,他也是美國惟一獲此殊榮的詩人。③Thegentleness,sweetness,andpurityforhispoetrywaspopularduringhislifetime.他的詩歌因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。④hewasconsistentlyhighmindedbutconventional,anduntouchedbythereligiousandsocialstrugglesthatdisturbedhiscontemporaries.他接受正統(tǒng)的思想,但并不保守。他的思想沒有受到當時社會、宗教和各種政治斗爭的影響。⑤特點：exercisedagreatinfluenceinbringingEuropeanculturetotheU.S.,andlikewisedidmuchtopopularizeAmericanfolkthemesabroadwherehisworkwasimmenselypopularandwidelytranslated.在引進歐洲文化上起巨大推動作用,也把美國民間文化傳播到國外,他的作品還被翻譯成多種文字,在海外受到高度評美國文學史復習4〔Realism一、Background1Mechanization機器化2Urbanization城市化3Industrialization工業(yè)化4Federalgovernment<race種族平等進入憲法標志著馬克·吐溫的《鍍金時代》開始5Railwaysystem工業(yè)化的一大標志,電力和石油的應用二、文化特征：1女性發(fā)揮作用明顯,女性的作者和讀者明顯增多2開始關注Midclass3現(xiàn)實主義〔realism-->NewYorkreplacedBostonasthenation'sliterarycenter.紐約成為新的文化中心。一、時期綜述：1、鍍金時代TheGildedAge,anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.無節(jié)制、走極端,倒退和進步、貧困和富有并存,既令人沮喪又讓人有希望的時代。2、AlthoughAmericanscontinuedtoreadtheworksofIrving,Cooper,Hawthorne,andPoe,thegreatageofAmericanromanticismhadended.Bythe1870stheNewEnglandRenaissancehadwaned.新英格蘭的文藝復興已開始接近尾聲。3、現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義作家的人物刻畫方法：19世紀末theliterarynaturalistswhofollowedthem,rejectedtheportrayalofidealizedcharactersandevents.Instead,theysoughttodescribethewiderangeofAmericanexperienceandtopresentthesubtletiesofhumanpersonality,toportraycharacterswho

were

less

simply

all

good

or

all

bed.

反對在作品中描繪理想化了的人物和事件,關注人性中的微妙之處。4、Realism：〔現(xiàn)實主義appearedintheUnitedStatesintheliteratureoflocalcolor,anamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingswasimmediatelyobservable.thedialects,customs,sights.現(xiàn)實主義有濃厚的美國本土特色,是浪漫主義故事情節(jié)和現(xiàn)實主義描寫相結合的產物：美國風味的方言、風俗、各種觀點5、Naturalism：自然主義anewandharsherrealism,新型的更為冷峻的現(xiàn)實主義,產生悲觀的流派,產生于theendofthecentury十九世紀末,因為Perceptionofsocietysdisorders對社會無序的感知。Presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.設法盡力客觀真實地展現(xiàn)出受環(huán)境與出身局限的下層人民和各種經濟階層人物的真正生活。The

naturalists

emphasized

that

the

world

was

amoral,

that

men

and

women

had

no

free

will,

that

their

lives

were

controlled

by

heredity

and

the

environment,

the

religious

"truths"

were

illusory,

that

the

destiny

of

humanity

was

misery

in

life

and

oblivion

indeath.強調世界的非道德性,人們沒有意志的自由,宗教上的真理是虛幻的,現(xiàn)實生活是痛苦的。Deterministic決定論,宿命的,代表作家：StephenCrane史蒂芬.克萊恩,FrankNorris弗朗克.諾里斯,JackLondon杰克.倫敦,TheodoreDreiser西奧多.德萊塞.6、Darwinism:達爾文主義:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.對自然主義影響極大,強調人的動物性,意味著人的命運受進化的不可抗力來決定的。7、WilliamDeanHowells威廉.迪安.豪厄斯,

①Thearbiterof19thcenturyliteraryrealisminAmerica。十九世紀美國現(xiàn)實主義文學泰斗,提拔許多年輕作家

②Hisdefinedrealism:nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.不加一分,不減一分,百分之百描寫現(xiàn)實。③中央視角：anobjectivepointofview二、代表作家：1、WaltWhitman沃爾特.惠特曼

①★freeverse<自由詩體>withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.無固定節(jié)奏,無有規(guī)律的韻腳

②"LeavesofGrass"草葉集1870thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美國歷史上第一部真正的史詩Poem’s特點：mostofthepoemsin"LeavesofGr6ass"areaboutmanandnature.③關注點：Inhispoetry,hecombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual

④詩人職責：heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhisexpressionsofthetruth.表達真理的前提下,引導社會發(fā)展。2、EmilyDickinson愛米麗.狄金森

①作品："IdiedforBeauty"我為美而死〔詩歌Beauty/Truth/Goodnessareultimate<終極>thesame"BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath"我不能等候死神Theme：死亡是實現(xiàn)永恒Immortality的途徑

②特點：herpoetryinuniqueandunconventionalinitsownway.Herpoemshavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.3、HarrietBeecherStowe哈麗雅特.比徹.斯托小說家onlyonefemaleprosewriter<散文作家>in19thcentury

代表作："UncleTom’sCabin"湯姆叔叔的小屋關注農奴制度Payattentiontoserf'ssystem4、MarkTwain馬克.吐溫

①美國現(xiàn)實主義文學的代表作"AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn"哈克貝里.費恩歷險記<馬最有名的作品>

②特點：localcolorist地方特色:auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism,itreferstotheparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregion.③contribution貢獻：colloquialspeechacceptedasliterarymedium口語化被文學界接④代表作："TheGildedAge"70-90年代,鍍金時代,貧富分化,財富積累。"TheAdventuresofTomSawyer"用詞簡單、幽默、使用當?shù)卣Z言編寫"LifeontheMississippi"★6、HenryJames亨利.詹姆斯novelist小說家；Literaturetheoretician文學理論家,從小受歐洲教育

①心理現(xiàn)實主義的開創(chuàng)者：thefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Theliterarycareerofhimisgenerallydividedintothreeperiods,inthefirstperiods,Jamestookgreatinterestininternationaltheme;exemplifythematureandformidablestyleofathirdliteraryperiod,

which

critics

have

come

to

praise

as

"The

Major

Phase".

②特點：<1>deeplyintotheindividualpsychologyofhischaracters,writinginarichandintricatestylethatsupportedhisintensescrutinyofcomplexhumanexperience.深刻探討人物人性心理,用深厚、復雜的寫作方式對復雜的個人經歷進行揣摩<2>1stpersonand3rdpersonnarration,第一和第三人稱的敘述<3>omniscient全視角是不真實的;

③家庭背景：father:philosopher哲學家,富有；brother:psychologist,philosopher心理學家,哲學家；

④創(chuàng)作原則：TheartofFiction小說的藝術;artvs.life,bringsthemeaningoflife;

⑤貢獻contribution：inhiscriticalcommentaries,hemademajorcontributionstotheartoffictionitself,helpingtotransformthenovelfromitsalliancewithjournalismandromanticstory-tellingintoanartfromofpenetratinganalysisofindividualsconfrontingsociety,chroniclesofthepsychologicalperceptionsthatJameshimselfdefinedasthehighestfromofexperience.詹姆斯把小說從新聞形式和浪漫故事轉變成為了對個人在社會大環(huán)境中面對種種沖突,進行深刻剖析的文學形式；對人們心理感受進行反映的一種文學形式,他定義這位感受的最高形式。

⑥代表作："TheAmerican"、"DaisyMiller"、"inthePortraitofaLady"<早期最好的作品>Lastfull-lengthnovel=="TheWingsoftheDove"、"TheAmbassadors"、"TheGoldenBowl"

⑦Thenameoftheheroine"inthePortraitofaLady"isIsabelAcher.ThenovelisrepresentativeofthebestofJames’

maturework.Theplotconcernsthecourtship,marriage,anddevelopmentofthecharacterofIsabelArcher,ayoungAmericangirlwhohas

been

left

penniless

by

the

death

of

her

father.

The

intricate

novel

of

psychological

and

moral

interrelationships

is

in

one

sense

another

treatment

of

the

Jamesian

theme

of

the

American

in

conflict

with

European

culture

and

in

another

sense

the

most

personal

of

his

novels,

an

intimate

picture

of

a

woman’s

soul

presented

with

masterly

psychological

finesse.

美國文學史復習5〔the20thcentury一、Background:

①

WorldWarI第一次世界大戰(zhàn),Americahavegreatprofit.

②

Jumpintechnology<automobile/radio>科技方面的跳躍〔汽車

③

oldmoralcodebreaks舊道德體系破碎Imagism意象派：isapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheUnitedStates,flourishedfrom1909-1917.Itscredo,expressedinSomeImagistPoets,includedtheuseofthelanguageofcommonspeech,projectmatter,theevocationofimagesinhard,clearpoetry,andconcentration.LostGeneration：迷惘的一代,Writersofthefirstpostwareraself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywerea"LostGeneration,"devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof"expatriates"

or

exiles.

It

describes

the

writers

like

Hemingway

who

lived

in

semipoverty.

It

describes

the

Americans

who

returned

to

their

native

land

with

an

intense

awareness

of

living

in

an

unfamiliar

changing

world.

3、Modernism現(xiàn)代主義：islooselyasynonymofanythingcontemporary.Strictly,especiallyin

literary

criticism,

which

began

in

the

late

19thcentury

and

the

theory

of

psychoanalysis

as

its

theoretical

base.

They

pay

more

attention

to

the

psychic

time

than

the

chronological

one.

4、現(xiàn)代主義的標志：T.S.Eliot’s"TheWasteLand",themostsignificantAmericanpoemofthetwentiethcentury,helpedtoestablishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusivethought.5、典型的迷惘一代：F.ScottFitzgerald,"TheGreatGatsby"《了不起的蓋茨比》novelErnestHemingway"TheSunAlsoRises"《太陽照樣升起》"AFarwelltoArms"《告別了,武器》WilliamFaulkner"TheSoundandtheFury"《喧囂與騷動》6、Playwrights戲劇、劇作家：EugeneO’Neill"TheEmperorJones"《瓊斯國王》、"AnnaChristie"《安娜.克里斯蒂》、"TheHairyApe"《毛猿》7、TheJazzAge<享樂時代>：whenNewOrleansmusiciansmoved"uptheriver"toChicago,andthetheatreofNewYork’sHarlempulsedwiththemusicthathadbecomeasymbolofthetimes.FitzgeraldportraystheJazzAgeasagenerationof"thebeautifulanddamned",drowningintheirpleasures.二、代表作家：1、EzraPound埃茲拉.龐德詩人

①Imagism意象派的代表人物。PoundandEliotbecametheearlyleadersinrestoringtopoetrytheuseofliteraryreferenceasanimaginativeinstrument.龐德和愛略特都是運用意象主義作為文學表現(xiàn)手法的早期詩人。②majorworkofpoetryisthelongpoemcalled"TheCantos"2、RobertFrost羅伯特.弗洛斯特自然主義詩人poet

①詩歌特點和內容：<1>rejectedtherevolutionarypoeticprinciplesofhiscontemporaries,choosinginstead"theold-fashionedwaytobenew."Heemployedtheplain

speech

of

rural

New

Englanders

and

preferred

the

short,

traditional

forms

of

lyric

and

narrative.

<2>He

saw

nature

as

a

storehouse

of

analogy

and

symbol.

<3>His

concern

with

nature

reflected

deep

moral

uncertainties,

and

his

poetry,

for

all

its

apparent

simplicity,

often

probes

mysteries

of

darkness

and

irrationality

in

the

bleak

and

chaotic

landscapes

of

an

indifferent

universe

where

men

stand

alone,

unaided

and

perplexed.

②hebecomeanationalbard美國民族詩人的翹首,winfourPulitzerPrizes獲得了四次普利茲獎.

③"TheRoadNotTaken"、"StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening"向往大自然,想逃避社會；死亡、迷惑3、WallaceStevens華萊士.斯蒂文斯詩人①Hisworkisprimarilymotivatedbythebeliefthat"ideasoforder,"thatis,trueideas,correspondwithaninnateorderinnatureanduniverse,andthatitisthehighprivilegeofindividualsandmankindtodiscoverthiscorrespondence.作品動機起源于秩序理念,他的秩序就是真理,就是自然與宇宙天然一致的次序,是人類與個體發(fā)現(xiàn)這種一致性的特權。②代表作："TheManwiththeBlueGuitar"《帶藍吉他的人》；"NecessaryAngel"《必要的天使》,collectionofhisoccasionallecturesonpoetry詩歌的評論."AnecdoteoftheJar"《壇子的軼事》jar

–

manmade

–

art,wildness

–

nature,jarbringorder/meaningtothenature,藝術到自然的秩序,integrated統(tǒng)一體

③特點：<1>headoptedavarietyofexperimentalstyles,createdpoeticsurfacesofFrenchifiedelegance,exoticimagery,oddsounds,curiousanalogies,andinscrutabletitles.嘗試過多種實驗性的寫作。<2>heconfrontedthecontemporaryabandonmentoftraditionalvaluesandsoughttocometotermswiththeconfusionsofhistime.Theproblemoftheinterrelationbetweentheidealandtherealbecameaconstantthemeinhislaterpoetry.理想和現(xiàn)<3>aseriesofoppositionsbetweeninnerandouterworlds

–

betweensubjectandobject,perceiverandperceived,fictionandfact,"imaginationandreality"<想象與現(xiàn)實>★4、ThomasStearnsEliot托馬斯.斯特恩斯.愛略特現(xiàn)代主義代言人①多重身份：poet詩人,critic評論家,playwright劇作家②代表作："TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock"poems,holdsitsplacei