英漢互譯第四講

AComparativeStudyofEnglish&Chinese

Lecture06

ASyntacticPerspectiveContentsContrastinSentenceStyle

3ContrastinSyntacticalUnit

5ContrastinHierarchybetweenClauses

4ContrastinInformationFocus

2Contrastinsyntacticstructure

11.ContrastinsyntacticstructureChinese：

“Block”or“Bamboo”shape漢語句子往往是句子較短,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,好似“萬傾碧波層層推進”

left-branching(“左分支”結(jié)構(gòu))

“Endweight”：重要信息放在后面?！癓ionhead”(“獅子頭”:頭大尾小)“Tree”or“Grapefruit”shape英語句子如“老樹參天,枝杈橫生”,句子長,插入成分多,形成復雜嵌套結(jié)構(gòu).right-branching(“右分支”結(jié)構(gòu))“Frontweight”：主要信息放在主句中，放在句首。前重后輕?！癙eacocktail”(“孔雀尾”

：頭小尾大)English:Chinese：(逆線性延伸)

open-beginning

(首開放性) close-ending

(尾封閉性)English：(順線性延伸)

close-beginning

(首封閉性) open-ending

(尾開放性)1.1PatternofSyntacticextension對。不對。他不對。我認為他不對。我告訴過你我認為他不對。我明明告訴過你我認為他不對。我開會時明明告訴過你我認為他不對。我昨天開會時明明告訴過你我認為他不對。Example:(句首開放性/左分支)Heisreading.Heisreadingabook.HeisreadingabookwrittenbyMarkTwain.HeisreadingabookwrittenbyMarkTwaininthereading-room.HeisreadingabookwrittenbyMarkTwaininthereading-roomonthesecondfloorofourlibrary.HeisreadingabookwrittenbyMarkTwaininthereading-roomonthesecondfloorofourlibrarywhichhasjustopened.Example:(句尾開放性/右分支)1.2DifferenceinSyntacticstructure

English:S=NP+VP主謂結(jié)構(gòu)Chinese:1)S=NP+VP主謂結(jié)構(gòu)2)Topic+Comment主題—評述句(1)那件事我已經(jīng)辦好了。(2)吃,武漢很方便。(3)我頭疼。(4)張三去了美國,我覺得很奇怪。(5)信封里裝不下這些照片。(6)今天風和日麗。（動作承受者作話題）（動詞作話題）（雙話題）（從句作話題）地點作話題時間作話題1.2DifferenceinSyntacticstructure3)Zero-subjectstructure(1)

要制造飛機就要考慮空氣阻力問題。(2)在海拔3000米高空采集到了這種空氣樣本。(3)違反法律，就必須收到法律的懲罰。(4)只許州官放火,不許百姓點燈。(5)為什么總是把這些麻煩事推給我呢?(6)希望一切問題迎刃而解。(7)活到老,學到老。(8)有很多問題亟待解決。(9)突然出現(xiàn)一只狗，幾乎把她嚇糊涂了。(10)至于環(huán)保，還存在不少問題。（科學性）（客觀性）（公正性）（不滿語氣）（不滿語氣）（省略“我們”）（諺語或表達哲理的句子）（存在，出現(xiàn)或消失）（存在，出現(xiàn)或消失）（存在，出現(xiàn)或消失）2.ContrastinInformationstructureTranslatethetwosentencesandcomparetheirstructures?Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.中國共產(chǎn)黨中央委員會委員、中央政治局委員、中央政治局常務(wù)委員會委員、中華人民共和國國務(wù)院總理周恩來同志于1976年1月8日不幸逝世。

Warm-upTranslatethetwosentencesandcomparetheirstructures?凡是有錢的單身漢，總是想要位太太，這是一條舉世公認的真理。January8,1976sawthedeathofZhouEnlai,premieroftheStateCouncilofP.R.C,memberoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureauoftheCentralCommitteeofC.P.C,memberofthecentralCommitteeofC.P.C.Warm-up2.ContrastinInformationStructureEnglishS:Frontweight.Judgmentandconclusionusuallyappearinthebeginningpartofasentence,factsanddescriptionsintherearpart.Chinese:endweightusuallyfromcausetoeffect,fromhypothesistoreasoning,fromfactstoconclusion,chronicandlogicaldevelopment.Philosophy2.ContrastinInformationstructureExample-1CauseandresultEnglishChineseHeeventuallygotthatdecentjob,asheshowedastrongsenseofresponsibilityaswellasteamspiritduringtheinterview.

在面試中他表現(xiàn)出了強烈的責任感和合作精神,因此最后得到了那份好工作。English：Result→causeChinese:Cause→resultExample-2CauseandresultEnglishChinese偽軍士氣低落，紛紛嘩變、倒戈、傀儡政府內(nèi)部分崩離析。

Desertionsanddefectionsarerifeamongthepuppettroopsasaresultoflowmorale,andthepuppetregimeistornbyinternalstrife.Chinese：Cause→ResultEnglish:Result→CauseExample-3:ConclusionandanalysisWebelievethatitisrightandnecessarythatpeoplewithdifferentpoliticalandsocialsystemsshouldlivesidebyside—notjustinapassivewaybutasactivefriends.我們認為生活在不同政治社會制度下的各國人民應該共處，不僅僅是消極共處，而是要積極地友好相處，這是正確而必要的。Chinese： Analysis→ConclusionEnglish: Conclusion→AnalysisExample-4ConclusionandAnalysisEnglishChinese這一丑聞對正在力爭贏得大選的工黨來說，無疑是一件尷尬的事。ThescandalwillundoubtedlybeanembarrassmenttotheLaborPartywhichistryinghardtowintheelection.English：Conclusion→analysisChinese:Analysis→conclusionExample-5AssumptionandpremiseEnglishChineseThepeopleofasmallcountrycancertainlydefeataggressionbyabigcountry,ifonlytheydaretoriseinstruggle,daretotakeuparmsandgraspintheirownhandsthedestinyoftheirowncountry.小國人民敢于起來斗爭,敢于拿起武器,掌握自己國家的命運,就一定能夠戰(zhàn)勝大國的侵略。English：Assumption→premiseChinese:Premise→Assumption①ThevisitgivesmetheopportunitywhichIhavelongsought,toseeformyselftheachievementsoftheChinesepeople.

②IamheartenedbytheassurancewhichyourGovernmenthasrepeatedlygiventhatthearrangementsforHongKongcontainedintheAgreementarenotmeasuresofexpediency.

Exercises:1.UseYourknowledgeoffrontweightandendweighttocommentonthefollowingtranslation.這次訪問使我有機會親眼看一看中國人民取得的成就，這是我向往已久的。貴國政府一再表示，協(xié)議中有關(guān)香港的安排不是權(quán)宜之計，這種保證使我感到鼓舞。Exercises:③Thecyber-securityconference

hasdrawnwidemediaattentionbecauseChinahasgrownquicklytobecomethecountrywiththebiggestInternetpopulationin2009andconsequentlyexperiencedfrequentcasesofcyberattacks,analystssaid.

④Hiscaseisreallyseriousbecauseheissufferingfromhighfeverandcontinuousconvulsions.分析家說,由于中國快速發(fā)展,在2009年已成為擁有最多網(wǎng)民的國家,又由于經(jīng)常發(fā)生網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊的案例,因此這次的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全會議受到了廣大媒體的關(guān)注。病人發(fā)高燒，抽搐不止，的確很危險。Exercises:⑤Thegovernmentisdeterminedtokeepupthepressurewhateverthecostitwillpayintheend.⑥TherearemanywonderfulstoriestotellabouttheplacesIvisitedandthepeopleImet.⑦

當今一些經(jīng)濟大案，立案查處，成績卓然，群眾拍手稱快。不論付出什么代價，政府決心繼續(xù)施加壓力。我訪問了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要談起來，奇妙的事兒可多著呢！Nowadays,thepublicareclappingtheirhandsinapplauseforthegreatachievementswehavemadeinplacingcasesonfileforinvestigationandprosecutionconnectingsomeseriouseconomiccases.Exercises:2.CompletetheEnglishversionofthegivenChinesesentenceaccordingtotheknowledgeoffrontweightandendweight.1)你穿上這件毛衣真漂亮。

inthissweater.2)自改革開放以來,中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化._______________________________sinceitadoptedthepolicyofreformandopeningtotheoutsideworldin1979。3)無論付出什么樣的代價，他決定堅持自己的信念。______________________________whateverpricehepays.YoulooksobeautifulGreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinaHeisdeterminedtoholdhisownbeliefExercises:4.這一帶我不熟悉，天黑以后繼續(xù)進行尋訪，不會有什么收效。______________________________________________________sinceIamnotfamiliarwiththisarea.5.不幸的是,這個問題只要一提出來,雙方就劍拔弩張。____________________________________________assoonasthisissueisbroughtup.6.MaNuo,22,hasbecomeaninstantcelebritybysayingthat“I'drathercryinaBMWthanlaughonabicycle."7.Atleast47peoplehavebeenkilledand45othersremainmissinginfloodsthathavehitnortheastChina'sJilinProvincesinceJuly24.TherewaslittlehopeofcontinuingmyinquiriesafterdarktoanyusefulpurposeItisunfortunatethatthereshouldbehotfeelingsonbothsidesExercises:4.這一帶我不熟悉，天黑以后繼續(xù)進行尋訪，不會有什么收效。______________________________________________________sinceIamnotfamiliarwiththisarea.5.不幸的是,這個問題只要一提出來,雙方就劍拔弩張。____________________________________________assoonasthisissueisbroughtup.6.有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎。_____________________________________.7.如果人類貪欲不止,世界和平則無望。___________________________________________________.TherewaslittlehopeofcontinuingmyinquiriesafterdarktoanyusefulpurposeItisunfortunatethatthereshouldbehotfeelingsonbothsidesItisagreatpleasuretomeetfriendsfromafar.Theworldpeaceisoutofthequestiononlyifthereconsistentlyexistsinsatiablegreedinhuman.Exercises:8.MaNuo,22,hasbecomeaninstantcelebritybysayingthat“I'drathercryinaBMWthanlaughonabicycle."9.Atleast47peoplehavebeenkilledand45othersremainmissinginfloodsthathavehitnortheastChina'sJilinProvincesinceJuly24.10.TheChinesegovernmentsaidrisksrelatedtoborrowingbylocalgovernment-backedinvestmentunitsare"controllable"andwouldnotcausesystemicdamagetotheeconomy,asitworkedoutdetailedmeasurestocleanupfinancingofthesevehiclesonThursday.Exercises:11.LuxurybrandmakersarestrugglingtofindtherightsalesstrategyinChinaafterthecountrywasnamedthesecondlargestmarketinthesector.12.LiTuchun,founderofleadingChinesedairybeverageproducer"Taizinai"or"PrinceDairy",wasarrestedforillegallycollectingpublicfunds.13.FloodwaterssurgedintoPakistan’sheartlandandswalloweddozensofvillagesTuesday,addingtoaweekofdestructionthathasalreadyravaged(肆虐)themountainousnorthwestandkilled1,500people.3-1Hypotaxis

VsParataxis(形合VS義合)

Englishisrule-governed,whileChineseisman-governed.-----byWangLiPhilosophy1.EnglishFrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedforms

(曲折)toexpressgrammaticalrelationships.2.ChineseRelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords（前置詞，連詞）,auxiliaryverbs助動詞,andchangesinwordsordertoexpresssyntacticrelation,ratherthaninflectedforms.Emphasisonlogicalandchronicrelation.3-1HypotaxisVsParataxis(形合VS義合)①Englishphrasesneedtousepreps:of,about,to,onetc②Clausesneedtouseconjs:and,or,which,whereetc.③Beforenouns:a/the;its/his/her④non-finiteverbs:to,onPhilosophyPercentageofconjs,preps&articlesamong100mostfrequentlyusedwordsconjunctionsprepositionsarticlesEnglish13%15%3%Chinese2%6%03-1HypotaxisVsParataxis(形合VS義合)Inflections:

AffixationEnglish：Pre-fix，suffix；Chinese：noGenderEnglish：-ess，hero/heroin;Chinese:noNumberEnglish:s/es,irregularforms;Chinese:們CaseEnglish:nominativecase主格,theobjectivecase賓格,thepossessivecase

所有格Chinese:particle---的(possessive)TenseEnglish：2/3tenses;Chinese：particles—了，3-1HypotaxisVsParataxis(形合VS義合)VoiceEnglish：be+participle;Chinese：受、被etcAspectEnglish：perfect&progressive,biningwithtenseandmood.

Chinese：particle—著、了;正DegreeofcomparisonEnglish:er,est;Chinese:adverb---較PersonEnglish:I,you,he,she,it；Chinese:我、你、他3-1HypotaxisVsParataxis(形合VS義合)Examples-1(O.Jespersen)1)Hemovedastonishinglyfast.2)Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.3)Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.4)Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.5)Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.6)Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.7)Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastonishedus.8)Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.9)Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.10)Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.English:Thesamemeaningisexpressedbychangeofwordform,wordclass,andwordorder.Chinese:nochangeofwordform;itishardtohavesomanysentencesexpressingthesamemeaning.3-1-2conjunctions:explicitVsimplicitChineseSinceheisdishonest,Idon’ttrusthim.Thelungsofthechildrenwhosemothersaresmokersarenotdevelopingasfastasthoseofthelungsofthechildrenwhosemotherarenon-smokersandare,infact,7%lessthanthoseofthelatter.Isn’titanendlessviciouscycleiftheuniversitycontinuesthiskindof“baby-feeding”?這個人不老實,我不信任他。母親吸煙的孩子,他們的肺發(fā)育沒有達到應該達到的速度,其發(fā)育程度實際上比母親不吸煙的孩子低7%。大學再來進行這樣的“育嬰”，豈不是一個沒完沒了的惡性循環(huán)。Q:HowaretheconjunctionsinEnglishdealtwithinChinese?3-1-2Exercise(proverbs)Chinese人不犯我,我不犯人。

不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？

問遍千家成行家。種瓜得瓜種豆得豆。上梁不正下梁歪。明知山有虎，再向虎山行。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?Learnfromnumerousadvisors,andyouwillbecomeamaster.Youwillharvestwhatyouhavesown.Iftheupperbeamisnotstraight,theloweroneswillgoaslant.Onegoesintothemountainthoughheisfullyawarehewillbehauntedbytigers.3-1-3PrepositionsVsverbsChineseThoseagainstthesuggestion,pleaseraiseyourhands.

Throughtheforest,theyfoundthesmallvillage.Whoisthemanwithglass.Sheisatthesewingmachine.Heinvitedmetohishouseforlunch.Ibarreledstraightaheadacrosstheharborandoutoverthesea.ThecametoEnglandbehindus.Marywassocleverthatshewassoonaheadoftheothergirls.Whoisondutytoday?HehasgonetoShanghaionbusiness.①②③Prepasattribute/adverbial屬性/狀語Be+Prep+Noun⑤⑥V+Prep(purpose/direction)⑦⑧Prepwithcomparativemeaning⑨⑩Prepositionalphrase3-1-4ComplexSVsrun-onS(復雜句Vs流水句)HeboaststhataslaveisfreethemomenthisfeettouchBritishsoilandhesellsthechildrenofthepooratsixyearsofagetoworkunderthelashinthefactoriesforsixteenhoursaday.他吹噓說,任何奴隸一踏上英國的土地就獲得自由,而他卻出賣窮人家六歲的孩子到工廠干活,每天十六小時,受盡鞭打責罵。Q:English：Numberofclause,conjunctions,prepsandinfiniteverbs?Chinese：Numberofsentences,conjunctionsandcommas?ExerciseEnglishChineseChildrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithinbuiltpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmelltelevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.兒童將與裝有個性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個性內(nèi)置的計算機將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視前休閑，到這時數(shù)字時代就來到了。

DiscussionEnglishSentenceChineseSentenceNo.ofclauses?

4Tense?

simpletense(3s)+futureperfect(1s)RelationbetweenS?

tense,comma,andNo.ofsentences？

4RelationbetweenS?

First3sparallelwitheachother;the4thSshowstheresult

EnglishChineseBecauseofthisEnglishbackgroundofcivilconflict,English–speakingAmerica,wheretherewerenoreligiouswar,assuch,isoftendescribedasalandofrefugetowhichmenandwomencameinordertoenjoythereligiousandpoliticalfreedomdeniedthemintheirhomeland.因為英國存在著內(nèi)戰(zhàn),在這種背景下,美洲這個沒有發(fā)行橫過宗教戰(zhàn)爭,又是講英語的大陸,常常被描寫成流亡的樂土。ExerciseDiscussionEnglishSentenceChineseSentenceNo.ofwords?

48structurewords?

16percentageofthetotal?

1/3No.ofwords？

48Structurewords?

EnglishChinese知己知彼,百戰(zhàn)不殆;不知彼而知己,一勝一負;不知比不知己,每戰(zhàn)必殆。Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.Youwillwinonebattleandloseonebattleifyouknowyourselfbutleaveyourselfinthedarkabouttheenemy.Youwillloseeverybattleifyouleaveboththeenemyandyourselfinthedark.Exercise3-2.LongSVsShortS(長句VS短句)English:Meaningisexpressedthroughstructures.Chinese:Meaningisexpressedthroughwords,withdifferentmeaningsexpressedthroughdifferentsentences.

PhilosophyExampleEnglishChineseInterestinhistoricalmethodshadarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.

人們對歷史研究方法產(chǎn)生了興趣，這與其說是因為外部對歷史作為一門知識學科的有效性提出了挑戰(zhàn)，還不如說是因為歷史學家內(nèi)部發(fā)生了爭吵。

DiscussionEnglishSentenceChineseSentenceThewholesentenceisformby:arise(verb)+lessthrough...andmorefrom(adverbial)Thewholesentenceconsistsof3shortsentencesS1---“產(chǎn)生興趣”S2+S3---產(chǎn)生興趣的2個原因DiscussionEachclauseinEnglishistranslatedasonesentenceinChineseReorderingthesentencesaccordingtheconventionalorderofChinese，eg.In①,Stateyourproblembeforerequest.In②,movethestructure像……一樣beforetheverb.3-3.Contrastinvoice:PassiveVsActiveInEnglish：Passivevoiceiscommonlyused，esp.inESTInChinese:Passivevoiceisexpressedby“由”，“被”etc,butlesscommon.PhilosophyExample-1EnglishChineseAnditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetoberequiredbyasortofspecialtraining.

許多人認為，普通人的思維活動根本無法與科學家的思維活動相比，認為這些思維活動必須經(jīng)過某種專門訓練才能掌握。

Discussion-1EnglishSentenceChineseSentenceNo.ofpassivevoice:3isimaginedbecomparedberequired

No.ofactivevoice:3認為相比掌握

Example-2EnglishChinese①Inthedevelopmentofsocialeconomy，theculturetraditionmustbekept.②Theeconomicdevelopmentisdecidedtogreatextentbyscienceandtechnology.①在社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展過程中，文化傳統(tǒng)必須(被)保持。②經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展在很大程度上是(由)科學技術(shù)決定的。

Discussion-2EnglishSentenceChineseSentencePassivevoiceActivevoiceExample-3EnglishChineseItmustbepointedoutthat...Itmustbeadmittedthat...Itisimaginedthat...Itcannotbedeniedthat...Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...Itshouldberealizedthat...Itis(always)stressedthat...Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat...必須指出……

必須承認……

人們認為……

不可否認……

由此可知……

必須認識到……

人們(總是)強調(diào)……

可以毫不夸張地說……

4-1.SubordinatesVsParatactic(從屬VS并列)English:Subordinateclausesrelatestothemainclausethroughconjunctions

sotomakethewholesentenceintoaunity.Chinese:Onesentenceisusuallybrokenintoseveralshortones,withlooserstructurebetweenoneanother.PhilosophyExampleEnglishChineseOnthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidencebutonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheiscompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.

總的來說，得出這樣一個結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的，但是必須具備兩個條件：能夠假定這個孩子對測試的態(tài)度和與他相比的另一個孩子的態(tài)度相同；他也沒有因缺乏別的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識而被扣分。

DiscussionEnglishSentenceChineseSentenceThewholesentenceisformby:“butonlyif”clause“andonlyif”clause首先提綱挈領(lǐng)：但是必須具備兩個條件……

ExampleEnglishChinese①CanyouansweraquestionwhichIwanttoaskandwhichispuzzlingme?②Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned，orderly，systematic，anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.

①我有一個問題弄不懂，想請教你，你能回答嗎?

②社會科學是知識探索的一個分支，它力圖像自然科學家研究自然現(xiàn)象一樣，用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式研究人類及其行為。

5-1.VarietyVsRepetition(變化VS重復)InEnglish：Varietyinrealizedthroughsubstitutionwithwordsofsimilarwords.InChinese:Varietyisoflessimportance，insteadthesamewordjustappearagain.PhilosophyExampleEnglishChinese1)Youshouldhelphersinceyouhavepromisedtodoso.

2)Hehatedfailure;hehadconquereditallhislife,risenaboveit,anddespiseditinothers.

1)你既然答應了要幫助她就應當幫助她。2)他討厭失敗，他人生中曾戰(zhàn)勝失敗，超越失敗，并且藐視別人的失敗。

Example-1EnglishChineseThemonkey’smostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageofnine,themonkeyhadlearnedtosoloonthevehicle.

這只猴子最了不起的成就是學會駕駛拖拉機。到九歲的時候，這只猴子已經(jīng)學會了單獨表演駕駛拖拉機了。

Discussion-1EnglishSentenceChineseSentenceFindoutthealternativesforthefollowingword:tractor“拖拉機”appearedtwice.vehicleExample-2EnglishChineseToday,theheaviestburdenonmankind’sshoulderswasthearmsrace,whichwasinexorablybringingittotheedgeofanabyss.“Itisourdutytostopandthentoreverseit,topreventitfromspreadingtospace.”(MikhaiGorbachev:Today,theheaviestburdenonmankind’sshoulderswasthearmsrace)

今天,人類最沉重的負擔是軍備競賽,軍備競賽殘酷地經(jīng)我們帶向災難的邊緣?！拔覀冇胸熑沃浦共⒛孓D(zhuǎn)軍備競賽，以防止軍備競賽擴散到外層空間?！?/p>

（陸振慧譯）Discussion-2EnglishSentenceChineseSentenceFindoutthealternativesfor“armsrace”:Howmanytimesdoes“軍備競賽”appearinthesentence？which，it，it，it4times5-2.MorepronounsVsMoreNounsInEnglish：pronounsassubstitutionpersonalpronouns---we，you，he，theyRelativepronouns---which，thatFunctions---asconnectives；avoidrepetitionInChinese:Nounsaddmoreclaritytomeaningthanpronounsinaloosestructure.PhilosophyExampleEnglishChineseTherewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.

屆時，將出現(xiàn)由機器人主持的電視訪談節(jié)目及裝有污染監(jiān)測器的汽車，一旦這些汽車污染超標(或違規(guī))，監(jiān)測器就會使其停駛。

Pronounsused?2personalpronouns1relativepronounsNounsused?that---檢測器they--這些汽車them---其5-3.EllipsisVscomplementInEnglishparallelstructures,nouns,verbsorpartofsyntaxwhichappearinthefirstclausemaybeomitted.PhilosophyExampleEnglishChinese①Ambitionisthemotherofdestructionaswellasofevil.②Readingexercisesone’seyes;Speaking,one’stongue;whilewriting,one’smind.①野心不僅是罪惡的根源，同時也是毀滅的根源。

②閱讀訓練人的眼睛，說話訓練人的口齒，寫作訓練人的思維。ExampleEnglishChineseWhethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

因此，究竟是使用測試，其它種類的信息，還是在特定的情況下兩者都使用，取決于關(guān)于相對效度的來自經(jīng)驗的證據(jù)，同時還取決于成本和可獲得性這樣的因素。

DiscussionEnglishSentenceChineseSentenceLocatetheparallelstructure?

whether...orellipsis？tousebefore“or”dependsbetween“andupon”thetwoomittedwordsaretranslated:使用取決于5-4ImpersonalsubjectVSpersonalsubject2.ComparethefollowingtwotranslationinEnglish.Whatarethedifferences?Whichversionisbetter?1)新年那天，他們參加游園活動，玩得很開心。譯文1：TheyenjoyedthemselvesintheactivityofgalaonNewYear’sDay.譯文2：NewYear’sDaysawthemenjoyingthemselvesintheactivityofgala.2)他在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中屢建奇功,晉升很快。譯文1：HegotrapidbattlepromotionduringtheSecondWorldWar.譯文2：TheSecondWorldWarbroughthimrapidpromotion.Warm-up5-4ImpersonalsubjectVSpersonalsubjectEnglish:Theimpersonalstructureslaystressesontheobjectivedescriptionofsomethingaboutsomebody.

Chinese:Animatesubjectsinsentences,whichlaystressesonsomebodywithsomething

PhilosophyExample-1EnglishChinese1)Whathashappenedtoyou?2)Anideasuddenlystruckme.3)Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.4)Notasoundreachedourears.(A.S.Hornby)5)Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofhim.(W.Thackeray)6)Thethickcarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.

1)你出了什么事兒啦？2)我突然想到一個主意。3)她獨處時感到一種奇特的安寧。4)我們什么也沒聽到。5)開始變得驚恐萬狀。6)我走在厚厚的地毯上，一點腳步聲也沒有。Comparethesubjectsoftheabove6pairsofsentences?Example-2ChineseEnglish1)新縣長上臺以來全縣情況非但沒有好轉(zhuǎn)，而且每況愈下。2)為了編輯出版《吳昌碩書畫集》，他還走訪了許多吳老的學生，和吳老的學生的學生。1)Thewholecountyhasgonetohellinsteadofpickingupwiththenewmagistrate.2)Hisinterviewalsoincludedthepainter’sstudentsandtheirstudentstogetininformationforthepublishingofWuChangshuo’sPainting.Comparethesubjectsoftheabove2pairsofsentences?ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

English:InanimateSubject+AnimateVerb

(1)

FromthemomentwesteppedintothePeople’sRepublicofChina,careandkindnesssurroundedusoneveryside.(2)

Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.(3)

Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofhim.(4)

Fridaystartedwithamorningvisittothemoderncampusofthe22,000-studentUniversityofMichiganinnearbyAnnArbor,wheretheChinesetabletennisteamjoinedstudentsinthecafeterialineforlunchandlaterplayedanexhibitionmatch.(5)Yourletterreachedmeyesterday.(6)AfilmdepictinganearthquakethatdevastatedaChinesecitymorethanthreedecadesagohasrakedin400millionYuan($58.6million)intheChinesemainlandasofSunday,thefilm'sdistributorsannouncedMonday.

ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

English:Passivevoice(1)

Notonlypolitenessbutanattitudeofreverenceisdemandedinchurch.在教堂里不僅要有禮貌,而且要有一種虔誠的態(tài)度.

(2)

Myholidayafternoonswerespentinrambleaboutthesurroundingcountry.每逢假日的下午，我總要漫游周圍的鄉(xiāng)村。

(3)

Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.查本館圖書銳減，學生當不忘本館書籍流通之規(guī)則及他人之需。逾期不歸還者將受重罰。

ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

English:“It“Clause(weather,temperature,time,place,environmentetc.)1）Impersonalpronoun(1)

Itisfivekilometersfromtheofficetomyhome.從辦公室到我家有5公里。(2)

Itoftenrainsinsummer.夏天經(jīng)常下雨。(3)Itmustbedealtwithattheappropriatetime.這必須在適當?shù)臅r候予以處理.ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

English:“It“Clause(weather,temperature,time,place,environmentetc.)2）Emphaticclause(1)

ItwasShanghaithatholdsthe2010WorldExpo.(2)Itwasmyfatherwhodidtheexperimentinthelabyesterdayevening.

(2)ItwasnotuntilIhadreadyourletterthatIunderstoodthetruestateofaffairs.3)Itis+adj+todosth(4)Itisnoteasytofinishtheworkintwodays.兩天內(nèi)完成這項工作并非易事。ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

English:Therebe;one(assubject)(1)

therearenumerousandwidespreadfairytalesandlegendsabouttheMountain.

(2)In1946,thereareastrikeparticipatedinbythreethousandworkers.(3)Onemustbeaservantbeforeonecanbeamaster.ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

Chinese:AnimateSubject+AnimateVerb

他為人和善,因而朋友很多。Hisbonhomieoftenbroughthimfriends.(7)

村上缺少干部,他們希望縣里派人來幫助解決問題。Thevillageneedscadres，anditishopedthecountygovernmentwillsendsomeoneovertohelpthingsout.(8)

她獨處時便感到一種特殊的安寧。Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.

ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

Chinese:有人、大家、人們、別人assubject人總是在面臨考驗的關(guān)頭，才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的專長。

Itisinthehouroftrialthatamanfindshistrueprofession

(7)

人們必須聯(lián)系世界環(huán)境去認識和研究人口控制問題。Theproblemofpopulationcontrolhastoberecognizedandapproachedinaworldenvironmentalcontext.(8)

今晚有人在此講了些不該講的話。Somethingshavebeensaidheretonightthatoughtnottohavebeenspoken.ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

Chinese:withoutsubject/subjectomitted(1)很難將這本書歸入哪個類型。Thisbookdefieseasyclassification.(2)

抄近路的話，要5個小時才能到那里。Theshortestcutwouldtakeusfivehourstogetthere.(3)必須保證8小時睡眠。Eighthours’sleepmustbeguaranteed.Exercises1.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttranslation?(1)Thefive-daydrunkhadlefthiswonderfulfacelookingrumpled.A.一連五天的酒醉使他漂亮的臉上都起了皺。B.他一連醉了五天，漂亮的臉上都起了皺。(