科技英語寫作常見語法錯(cuò)誤11講課教案

科技英語(yīnɡyǔ)寫作常見語法錯(cuò)誤Subject-VerbAgreementsRestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClauses

DanglingModifiers（垂懸修飾語）AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbs第一頁，共67頁。Subject-VerbAgreements

例1Applicationofthistechniquetostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsaredescribed.[說明(shuōmíng)]Thesubjectis“application”,whichissingular.Applicationofthistechniqueto…isdescribed.第二頁，共67頁。例2GrowthandisolationofM13viruswasdescribed→Growthand

isolationofM13virusweredescribed.第三頁，共67頁。ExceptionAsubjectthatispluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesasingularverb.例3Thenameandaddressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage.例4Researchanddevelopment

isattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists.第四頁，共67頁。However,whentwoormoresubjectsarejoinedby“or”,theverbtakesthenumberoftheclosestsubject.Applicationoruseswerenoted.Usesorapplicationwasnoted.第五頁，共67頁。Collectivenounstakeasingularverbwhenthegroupasawholeismeant,theytakeapluralverbwhenindividualsofthegrouparemeant.Theseriesisarrangedinorderofdecreasingsize.[說明(shuōmíng)]Referstotheseriesasaunit.Aseriesofcompoundswereobtained.[說明(shuōmíng)]Referstoeachcompound.第六頁，共67頁。Experimentaldatathatweobtainedarecomparedwithpreviouslyreportedresults.[說明(shuōmíng)]Referstothedataasindividualresults.Afterthedataaredistributed,wecanmeettodiscussthem.→Afterthedataisdistributed,wecanmeettodiscussit.[說明(shuōmíng)]Referstothewholecollectionofdataasoneunit.第七頁，共67頁。Noneofthesampleswassoluble.→Noneofthesamplesweresoluble.[說明(shuōmíng)]Referstoindividuals.Thisgroupofworkersarewellawareoftheirresponsibilities.→Thisgroupofworkersiswellawareofitsresponsibilities.[說明(shuōmíng)]Referstothegroupasaunit.第八頁，共67頁。Unitsofmeasurementaretreatedascollectivenounsandthereforetakeasingularsubject.Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwereadded.→Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwasadded.FivegramsofNaClwereaddedtothesolution.→FivegramsofNaCl

wasaddedtothesolution.Threeweeksareneededtocompletetheexperiment.→Threeweeksisneededtocompletetheexperiment.第九頁，共67頁。Compoundsubjectscontainingthewords“each”,“every”,and“everybody”maytakesingularverbs.Eachflaskandeachholderwassterilizedbeforeuse.第十頁，共67頁。Bothcomponentsofthecompoundsubjectmustcontainthewordsinquestion.Otherwise,theverbmustbeplural.Eachstudentandalloftheprofessorswereinvited.第十一頁，共67頁。RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClausesWhenaclauseinacompoundsentenceisrestrictive,theclauseisnecessarytothesenseofthesentence,thesentencewouldbecomepointlesswithouttheclause.Restrictiveclausesarebestintroducedby“that”,not“which”.必須(bìxū)Whenaclauseisnonrestrictive,itaddsinformation,butthesentencedoesnotloseitsmeaningiftheclauseisdeleted.Nonrestrictiveclauseareintroducedby“which”aresetoffbycommas.補(bǔ)充第十二頁，共67頁。限制性定語(dìngyǔ)從句Itwasnecessarytofindablockinggroupwhichwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.→Itwasnecessarytofindablockinggroupthatwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.第十三頁，共67頁。非限制性定語(dìngyǔ)從句Thecurrent-voltagecurves,whichareshowninFigure6,clearlydemonstratethereversibilityofallfourprocesses.不可用“that”第十四頁，共67頁。DanglingModifiers（垂懸修飾語）Oneformofadanglingmodifierisaverbalphrasethatnotreferclearlyandlogicallytoanotherwordorphraseinthesentence.隱含(yǐnhán)前后主語的一致性第十五頁，共67頁。Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules,theorthohydrogenscouldbeassignedtothehigh-frequencypeak.→Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules,wecouldassigntheorthohydrogenstothehigh-frequencypeak.第十六頁，共67頁。Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluated.→Thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluatedbyusingtheproceduredescribedpreviously.Or,→Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,wecanevaluatethepartitionfunction.第十七頁，共67頁。AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbsBesurethateachsubjectinacompoundsentencehastheproperverbsandauxiliaryverbs.Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesamplescollectedin10-mLincrements.→Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesampleswerecollectedin10-mLincrements.第十八頁，共67頁?？萍?kējì)英語寫作表達(dá)的幾個(gè)問題第十九頁，共67頁。1簡明2富于變幻3辨析近義詞4語法修辭及其他（1）

由which,that,where引出的從句（2）

不要在一個(gè)名詞前用一串詞進(jìn)行修飾（3）

詞序（4）

利用(lìyòng)時(shí)態(tài)表示事件發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系（5）

介詞1)

與描寫實(shí)驗(yàn)過程有關(guān)的介詞2)

由相同介詞引起的相互平行的對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)第二十頁，共67頁。1簡明(jiǎnmíng)例AscanbeseenfromFig.1,growthisrapid.→Growthisrapid(Fig.1).Fig.1showsthatgrowthisrapid.AsshowninFig.1…→Fig.1shows…第二十一頁，共67頁。Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molbymeans

oftheethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.→Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molfrom(orby)theethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.

第二十二頁，共67頁。下述句式可以更加簡捷的形式表達(dá)常以介詞(jiècí)或副詞代替anumberof=several,someatatemperatureofatatsomefuturetimelateratthepresenttime(moment)nowaverylimitednumberoffewbymeansofbyorwith第二十三頁，共67頁。duetothefactthatbecauseorsinceduringthetimethatwhileforaperiodofforforthereasonthatbecauseorsincefromthestandpointofaccordingtogreater(orhigher)numberofmoreifconditionsaresuchthatifcomparedwithA,BwasbiggerBwasbiggerthanA第二十四頁，共67頁。considerableamountofmuchconsiderablenumber(orproportion)manyormostinacarelessmannercarelesslyinaconsiderablenumberofcasesofteninasimilarmannersimilarlyinallcasesalways,allinanycaseanyhowinconsequenceofthisfacttherefore第二十五頁，共67頁。inexcessofmorethaninfewcasessometimes,rarely,seldom

inmanycaseschemistsare…manychemistsare…inordertoto

第二十六頁，共67頁。inregardtoinrelationtoinrespecttointhecaseofinthecontextof

以上可使用適當(dāng)(shìdàng)的介詞，例如in,for,about,with第二十七頁，共67頁。insomecasessometimesintermsofininthecaseofsodiumwithsodiumintheeventthatifinthenearfuturesooninthetemperaturerangeofbetween…and…℃inviewofthefactthatsinceorbecause第二十八頁，共67頁。

largenumber(s)ofmanylargeproportionofmanyofgreatimportanceimportantofsuchhardnessthatsohardthatonthebasisoffrom,by,because

ontheorderofabout第二十九頁，共67頁。overthepastfewyearsrecently,inrecentyearsowingtothefactthatsince,becauseasmallnumberofafewsubsequenttoafterasufficientnumberofenoughwithreferencetoaboutpriortobefore第三十頁，共67頁。Itisapparentthat…Apparently…,hence,thus

Itappearsthat…Apparently…Itisinterestingtonotethat…Interestingly…Itwasin1977that…In1977…Itisclearthat…Clearly…Itisourconclusionthat…Weconcludethat…

第三十一頁，共67頁。Itispossiblethat…Itmaybesaidthat…Perhaps…,Possibly,Probably

Itisoftenthecasethat…Often…Itispossiblethatthecauseis…Thecausemaybe…第三十二頁，共67頁。可去掉It,改用動(dòng)詞(dòngcí)，而不用名詞Itistheaimofthepresentinvestigationtoprovide…→Thisinvestigationisaimedtoproviding…第三十三頁，共67頁。兩種類型的復(fù)雜句及其簡化有被動(dòng)式從句(cónɡjù)與主動(dòng)式從句(cónɡjù)之分[被動(dòng)式從句(cónɡjù)]Heusesaninstrumentwhichiscalledaspectroscope.→Heusesaninstrumentcalledaspectroscope.（簡化為后置的過去分詞）

第三十四頁，共67頁。帶有介詞(jiècí)+which句子的簡化(1)

atwhich→whereAirportisaplaceatwhichspecialattentionispaidtotheweather.→Airportisaplacewherespecialattentionispaidtotheweather.(2)

bymeansofwhich→wherebyAfuseboxisadevicebymeansofwhichexcessiveloadsareavoided.→Afuseboxisadevicewherebyexcessiveloadsareavoided.第三十五頁，共67頁。(3)

ofwhich→whoseVenusisaplanetofwhichthesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200℃.→Venusisaplanetwhosethesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200℃.第三十六頁，共67頁。﹡有介詞from,in,for者不能簡化Laboratoriesareroomsinwhichexperimentsareconducted.﹡有助動(dòng)詞的句子，不能簡化Hereisalistofexperimentswhichwillbe/shouldbe/havebeendonethisyear.（這里是今年要做的/必須(bìxū)做的/已做過的實(shí)驗(yàn)明細(xì)表。)

第三十七頁，共67頁。[主動(dòng)式從句(cónɡjù)]例ThemanwholecturesonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.→ThemanlecturingonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.（簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞，作后置定語。）第三十八頁，共67頁。再簡化(jiǎnhuà)被動(dòng)式Airwhichiscompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.→Aircompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.→Compressedaircanbeusedforseveralpurposes.第三十九頁，共67頁。

主動(dòng)式Malaysiaisacountrywhichproducesrubber.Malaysiaisacountryproducingrubber.Malaysiaisarubber-producingcountry.

第四十頁，共67頁。2富于變幻比如(bǐrú)，“稱作”一詞Suchfractionsarecalledasnon-freezingwater.Suchfractionsarereferredtoasfreezingboundwater.Thiswaterisdesignatedasfreezingwater.第四十一頁，共67頁。再比如，報(bào)道、闡述(chǎnshù)、主張、確認(rèn)Conflictingdatahavebeenpresentedinliteratureconcerningthecompatibilityofpoly(vinylchloride)-PVC-andpoly(methylmethacrylate)-PMMA.Thus,Schureretal[1]reportedPVC/PMMAtobemiscibleonlyinblendshavingaPVCcontentgreaterthan60℅w/w,whereasRozinskaetal[2]claimedPVC/PMMAtobeimmiscible.Ontheotherhand,Parmeretal[3]assertedPVC/PMMAtobemiscibleoverthewholerangeofcompositionshowingasingleglasstransition,Tg,inthesecondDSCheatingratetraces.MiscibilityofPVC/PMMAhasalsobeenconfirmedbyAlbertetal[4]bynon-radiativeenergytransferandNMR.第四十二頁，共67頁。3辨析近義詞例1absorbedby,adsorbedonadsorbedon（吸附于表面），absorbedby（吸收(xīshōu)其中）。如：…adsorbedonthesurfaceofsilveriodide.（…吸附于碘化銀的表面。）waterwasabsorbedbythesponge.（水被泡沫材料吸收(xīshōu)。）第四十三頁，共67頁。

例2

accuracy,precisionaccuracy（準(zhǔn)確定），示值（實(shí)驗(yàn)值）與被測量真值（約定真值）的一致程度(chéngdù)；precision（精密度），某一物理量多次測量值的一致性（或稱數(shù)據(jù)的分散性）。例如：Althoughhighprecisionwasachieved,accuracywaslow.（雖然達(dá)到高精密度，但準(zhǔn)確度低。）

第四十四頁，共67頁。例3

actually,infact在例句“Actually,thereactionratesbyemployingsomeothermethodswereconsiderablyslower,…”中，對(duì)于科學(xué)論文來講，這里(zhèlǐ)使用infact更為合適。與書面語言相比，actually更多用于口語。第四十五頁，共67頁。例4

adjust,calibratecalibrate的名詞形式是calibration（校準(zhǔn)），在規(guī)定條件下為確定測量儀器或測量系統(tǒng)(xìtǒng)的示值與被測量相對(duì)應(yīng)的已知值之間關(guān)系的一組操作?？梢杂眯?zhǔn)的結(jié)果評(píng)定測量儀器、測量系統(tǒng)(xìtǒng)的示值誤差，或給任意標(biāo)尺上的標(biāo)記賦值；有時(shí)把校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果表示為校正因子或取校正曲線形式的一系列校正因子?？砂瓷鲜龅男Ｕ龑?duì)測量結(jié)果做調(diào)整（adjust）。例如：Theresultsofthecalibrationpermittedustoadjustthefinalresult.（校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果允許我們?nèi)フ{(diào)整最終結(jié)果。）第四十六頁，共67頁。例5

common,general,ordinary,usual,routinecommon（普通的，共同的）,α-Aluminamonohydrateisacommoncomponentofmanybauxites,ofwhichtheFrenchbauxitesaretypical.（α-氧化鋁單水合物是許多鋁土礦的共同成分，

general（一般的），OneofthebestandmostgeneralmethodsforpreparingketonesinthearomaticseriesistheFriedel-Craftreaction.（制備芳酮類化合物一般最好的方法(fāngfǎ)之一是Friedel-Craft反應(yīng)。）第四十七頁，共67頁。ordinary（普通的，通常的），如：Heavywaterdifferssomewhatfromordinarywaterincertainphysicalproperties.（重水在某些物理性質(zhì)方面與普通的水有所不同。）ordinarypressure（常壓），ordinarytemperature（常溫(chángwēn)）。Usual（常規(guī)的），Undertheseconditiontheend-pointoftitrationcouldbefoundaccuratelyintheusualway.（在這種條件下，按常規(guī)的辦法可以精確發(fā)現(xiàn)滴定終點(diǎn)。）第四十八頁，共67頁。茲以method為例：acommonmethod普通的方法ageneralmethod一般的方法ausualmethod常規(guī)的方法aconventionalmethod傳統(tǒng)的方法此外，routine（貫常的），如routinetest（慣常測試(cèshì)），是指按即定的程序開展的大量重復(fù)測試(cèshì)。第四十九頁，共67頁。例6

bymeansof,intermsofbymeansof與by,using,byusing同義，表示利用某種方法（手段，諸如IR,DSC,NMR,X射線衍射等）開展研究、觀測；intermsof通常用在采用某種理論（說法）、參數(shù)(cānshù)來解釋實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。第五十頁，共67頁。例如(lìrú)：ThethermalanddynamicmechanicalpropertiesofPES/PPSblendshavebeeninvestigatedbymeansofDSCandDMA.Sometimes,wehavetostudythemiscibilityofpolymerblendsbymeansofacombinationoftwoormoremethodsinordertoconfirmtheexperimentalresults.Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositions.→Therelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositionswasinterpretedintermsofFoxequation.修改后，使重點(diǎn)（Tg與組成的關(guān)系）更加突出，此句的重點(diǎn)并非是Fox方程。WehavepreparedthecomplexoftitlecompoundanddiscusseditsthermaldecompositionprocedurebyTG-DTG,DTA,SEMandIRtechniquesandthecorrespondingnon-isothermalkineticsbymeansoftheMalekmethod.→…intermsoftheMalekmethod.

第五十一頁，共67頁。例7

curve,thermogramcurve（曲線），thermogram（熱譜）。thermogram的一種解釋是，住院病人，例行查房，體溫的逐日(zhúrì)記錄。因此，以英國學(xué)者為主的熱分析名詞委員會(huì)主張稱熱分析的記錄為“曲線”，而不稱“熱譜”。如DTAcurve（DTA曲線），DSCcurve（DSC曲線）。第五十二頁，共67頁。例8

derivative,differentialderivative（微商），表示(biǎoshì)某物理量P對(duì)溫度T或時(shí)間t的微商，dP/dT(或dP/dt),如derivativethermogravimetry（微商熱重法）differential（差，差式），如differentialscanningcalorimetry（差式掃描量熱法）。第五十三頁，共67頁。

例9

different,various,varyingdifferent（不同的），various（各種的），varying（改變……的）。例如：Theresultsareclearlydifferent.（結(jié)果顯然不同。）Wetriedvarious（或severaldifferent）methods.（我們?cè)囘^各種方法。）Theeffectofvaryingtheconditionwas…（改變條件(tiáojiàn)的影響是……）第五十四頁，共67頁。例10

mass,weightmass（質(zhì)量），weight（重量(zhòngliàng)）。如：massofthesample（試樣質(zhì)量，或簡稱試樣量），而不稱sampleweight（試樣重量(zhòngliàng)）。重量(zhòngliàng)在本質(zhì)上與力是相同的，即是質(zhì)量與因重力而產(chǎn)生的加速度的乘積。第五十五頁，共67頁。例11

often,sometimes,usually它們?cè)诒憩F(xiàn)時(shí)間的頻次(píncì)上是不同的，usually,often,sometimes依次為“通?！薄ⅰ俺３！?、“有時(shí)”，頻次(píncì)降低。如：Itwasusuallyobservedthat…（通常觀測……）Itwasoftenobservedthat…（常常觀測……）Itwassometimesobservedthat…（有時(shí)觀測……）第五十六頁，共67頁。例12

standardmaterial,certifiedreferencematerialstandardmaterial標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)，certifiedreferencematerial有證參樣（或稱有證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)）。standardmaterial用于檢定(jiǎndìng)儀器測量準(zhǔn)確度的物質(zhì)；certifiedreferencematerial用一種或多種技術(shù)上正確的方法，鑒定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鑒定機(jī)構(gòu)所發(fā)給的證書或其他文件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)。第五十七頁，共67頁。4語法修辭及其他（1）

由which,that,where引出的從句which1)

通過which進(jìn)行(jìnxíng)雙擴(kuò)展Thechangeofheatoffusionofpolyethyleneasafunctionofthespecificvolumewhichthesamplehasatroomtemperature,andwhichisrelatedtothecrystallinitythroughEq.(5)inChapterIVisshowninFig.IV12.第五十八頁，共67頁。2)

由于插入從句(cónɡjù)，which遠(yuǎn)離它所代替的主句中的詞Inthecaseofcoldcrystallizationitissuggestedthatbyreasonofsomewhatrigidbackbonechainsinthesepolymers,therewillbesomelocalordersuchasparallelchainsornematicdomains,originatingduringquenchingthemeltandfrozenintheglassystate,whichfavorssubsequentcrystallization.第五十九頁，共67頁。

（2）不要(bùyào)在一個(gè)名詞前用一串詞進(jìn)行修飾

ThermaldecompositionkineticsofthecomplexesoflightrareearthbromideswithalaninebyDSCmethod→DSCstudyonkineticsofthermaldecompositionforthecomplexesoflightrareearthbromideswithalanine第六十頁，共67頁。（3）

詞序(cíxù)Intheformofextendedhelicalchain,thejunctionzonesarelinked.→Thejunctionzonesarelinkedintheformofextendedhelicalchain.

Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositions.→Therelationshipbetweenglas