科技英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作常見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤11講課教案

科技英語(yǔ)(yīnɡyǔ)寫(xiě)作常見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤Subject-VerbAgreementsRestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClauses

DanglingModifiers（垂懸修飾語(yǔ)）AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbs第一頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Subject-VerbAgreements

例1Applicationofthistechniquetostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsaredescribed.[說(shuō)明(shuōmíng)]Thesubjectis“application”,whichissingular.Applicationofthistechniqueto…isdescribed.第二頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。例2GrowthandisolationofM13viruswasdescribed→Growthand

isolationofM13virusweredescribed.第三頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。ExceptionAsubjectthatispluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesasingularverb.例3Thenameandaddressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage.例4Researchanddevelopment

isattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists.第四頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。However,whentwoormoresubjectsarejoinedby“or”,theverbtakesthenumberoftheclosestsubject.Applicationoruseswerenoted.Usesorapplicationwasnoted.第五頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Collectivenounstakeasingularverbwhenthegroupasawholeismeant,theytakeapluralverbwhenindividualsofthegrouparemeant.Theseriesisarrangedinorderofdecreasingsize.[說(shuō)明(shuōmíng)]Referstotheseriesasaunit.Aseriesofcompoundswereobtained.[說(shuō)明(shuōmíng)]Referstoeachcompound.第六頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Experimentaldatathatweobtainedarecomparedwithpreviouslyreportedresults.[說(shuō)明(shuōmíng)]Referstothedataasindividualresults.Afterthedataaredistributed,wecanmeettodiscussthem.→Afterthedataisdistributed,wecanmeettodiscussit.[說(shuō)明(shuōmíng)]Referstothewholecollectionofdataasoneunit.第七頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Noneofthesampleswassoluble.→Noneofthesamplesweresoluble.[說(shuō)明(shuōmíng)]Referstoindividuals.Thisgroupofworkersarewellawareoftheirresponsibilities.→Thisgroupofworkersiswellawareofitsresponsibilities.[說(shuō)明(shuōmíng)]Referstothegroupasaunit.第八頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Unitsofmeasurementaretreatedascollectivenounsandthereforetakeasingularsubject.Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwereadded.→Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwasadded.FivegramsofNaClwereaddedtothesolution.→FivegramsofNaCl

wasaddedtothesolution.Threeweeksareneededtocompletetheexperiment.→Threeweeksisneededtocompletetheexperiment.第九頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Compoundsubjectscontainingthewords“each”,“every”,and“everybody”maytakesingularverbs.Eachflaskandeachholderwassterilizedbeforeuse.第十頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Bothcomponentsofthecompoundsubjectmustcontainthewordsinquestion.Otherwise,theverbmustbeplural.Eachstudentandalloftheprofessorswereinvited.第十一頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClausesWhenaclauseinacompoundsentenceisrestrictive,theclauseisnecessarytothesenseofthesentence,thesentencewouldbecomepointlesswithouttheclause.Restrictiveclausesarebestintroducedby“that”,not“which”.必須(bìxū)Whenaclauseisnonrestrictive,itaddsinformation,butthesentencedoesnotloseitsmeaningiftheclauseisdeleted.Nonrestrictiveclauseareintroducedby“which”aresetoffbycommas.補(bǔ)充第十二頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。限制性定語(yǔ)(dìngyǔ)從句Itwasnecessarytofindablockinggroupwhichwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.→Itwasnecessarytofindablockinggroupthatwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.第十三頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。非限制性定語(yǔ)(dìngyǔ)從句Thecurrent-voltagecurves,whichareshowninFigure6,clearlydemonstratethereversibilityofallfourprocesses.不可用“that”第十四頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。DanglingModifiers（垂懸修飾語(yǔ)）Oneformofadanglingmodifierisaverbalphrasethatnotreferclearlyandlogicallytoanotherwordorphraseinthesentence.隱含(yǐnhán)前后主語(yǔ)的一致性第十五頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules,theorthohydrogenscouldbeassignedtothehigh-frequencypeak.→Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules,wecouldassigntheorthohydrogenstothehigh-frequencypeak.第十六頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluated.→Thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluatedbyusingtheproceduredescribedpreviously.Or,→Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,wecanevaluatethepartitionfunction.第十七頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbsBesurethateachsubjectinacompoundsentencehastheproperverbsandauxiliaryverbs.Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesamplescollectedin10-mLincrements.→Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesampleswerecollectedin10-mLincrements.第十八頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)?？萍?kējì)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作表達(dá)的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題第十九頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。1簡(jiǎn)明2富于變幻3辨析近義詞4語(yǔ)法修辭及其他（1）

由which,that,where引出的從句（2）

不要在一個(gè)名詞前用一串詞進(jìn)行修飾（3）

詞序（4）

利用(lìyòng)時(shí)態(tài)表示事件發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系（5）

介詞1)

與描寫(xiě)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程有關(guān)的介詞2)

由相同介詞引起的相互平行的對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)第二十頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。1簡(jiǎn)明(jiǎnmíng)例AscanbeseenfromFig.1,growthisrapid.→Growthisrapid(Fig.1).Fig.1showsthatgrowthisrapid.AsshowninFig.1…→Fig.1shows…第二十一頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molbymeans

oftheethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.→Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molfrom(orby)theethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.

第二十二頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。下述句式可以更加簡(jiǎn)捷的形式表達(dá)常以介詞(jiècí)或副詞代替anumberof=several,someatatemperatureofatatsomefuturetimelateratthepresenttime(moment)nowaverylimitednumberoffewbymeansofbyorwith第二十三頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。duetothefactthatbecauseorsinceduringthetimethatwhileforaperiodofforforthereasonthatbecauseorsincefromthestandpointofaccordingtogreater(orhigher)numberofmoreifconditionsaresuchthatifcomparedwithA,BwasbiggerBwasbiggerthanA第二十四頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。considerableamountofmuchconsiderablenumber(orproportion)manyormostinacarelessmannercarelesslyinaconsiderablenumberofcasesofteninasimilarmannersimilarlyinallcasesalways,allinanycaseanyhowinconsequenceofthisfacttherefore第二十五頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。inexcessofmorethaninfewcasessometimes,rarely,seldom

inmanycaseschemistsare…manychemistsare…inordertoto

第二十六頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。inregardtoinrelationtoinrespecttointhecaseofinthecontextof

以上可使用適當(dāng)(shìdàng)的介詞，例如in,for,about,with第二十七頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。insomecasessometimesintermsofininthecaseofsodiumwithsodiumintheeventthatifinthenearfuturesooninthetemperaturerangeofbetween…and…℃inviewofthefactthatsinceorbecause第二十八頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。

largenumber(s)ofmanylargeproportionofmanyofgreatimportanceimportantofsuchhardnessthatsohardthatonthebasisoffrom,by,because

ontheorderofabout第二十九頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。overthepastfewyearsrecently,inrecentyearsowingtothefactthatsince,becauseasmallnumberofafewsubsequenttoafterasufficientnumberofenoughwithreferencetoaboutpriortobefore第三十頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Itisapparentthat…Apparently…,hence,thus

Itappearsthat…Apparently…Itisinterestingtonotethat…Interestingly…Itwasin1977that…In1977…Itisclearthat…Clearly…Itisourconclusionthat…Weconcludethat…

第三十一頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。Itispossiblethat…Itmaybesaidthat…Perhaps…,Possibly,Probably

Itisoftenthecasethat…Often…Itispossiblethatthecauseis…Thecausemaybe…第三十二頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。可去掉It,改用動(dòng)詞(dòngcí)，而不用名詞Itistheaimofthepresentinvestigationtoprovide…→Thisinvestigationisaimedtoproviding…第三十三頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。兩種類(lèi)型的復(fù)雜句及其簡(jiǎn)化有被動(dòng)式從句(cónɡjù)與主動(dòng)式從句(cónɡjù)之分[被動(dòng)式從句(cónɡjù)]Heusesaninstrumentwhichiscalledaspectroscope.→Heusesaninstrumentcalledaspectroscope.（簡(jiǎn)化為后置的過(guò)去分詞）

第三十四頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。帶有介詞(jiècí)+which句子的簡(jiǎn)化(1)

atwhich→whereAirportisaplaceatwhichspecialattentionispaidtotheweather.→Airportisaplacewherespecialattentionispaidtotheweather.(2)

bymeansofwhich→wherebyAfuseboxisadevicebymeansofwhichexcessiveloadsareavoided.→Afuseboxisadevicewherebyexcessiveloadsareavoided.第三十五頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。(3)

ofwhich→whoseVenusisaplanetofwhichthesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200℃.→Venusisaplanetwhosethesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200℃.第三十六頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。﹡有介詞from,in,for者不能簡(jiǎn)化Laboratoriesareroomsinwhichexperimentsareconducted.﹡有助動(dòng)詞的句子，不能簡(jiǎn)化Hereisalistofexperimentswhichwillbe/shouldbe/havebeendonethisyear.（這里是今年要做的/必須(bìxū)做的/已做過(guò)的實(shí)驗(yàn)明細(xì)表。)

第三十七頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。[主動(dòng)式從句(cónɡjù)]例ThemanwholecturesonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.→ThemanlecturingonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.（簡(jiǎn)化為現(xiàn)在分詞，作后置定語(yǔ)。）第三十八頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。再簡(jiǎn)化(jiǎnhuà)被動(dòng)式Airwhichiscompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.→Aircompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.→Compressedaircanbeusedforseveralpurposes.第三十九頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。

主動(dòng)式Malaysiaisacountrywhichproducesrubber.Malaysiaisacountryproducingrubber.Malaysiaisarubber-producingcountry.

第四十頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。2富于變幻比如(bǐrú)，“稱作”一詞Suchfractionsarecalledasnon-freezingwater.Suchfractionsarereferredtoasfreezingboundwater.Thiswaterisdesignatedasfreezingwater.第四十一頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。再比如，報(bào)道、闡述(chǎnshù)、主張、確認(rèn)Conflictingdatahavebeenpresentedinliteratureconcerningthecompatibilityofpoly(vinylchloride)-PVC-andpoly(methylmethacrylate)-PMMA.Thus,Schureretal[1]reportedPVC/PMMAtobemiscibleonlyinblendshavingaPVCcontentgreaterthan60℅w/w,whereasRozinskaetal[2]claimedPVC/PMMAtobeimmiscible.Ontheotherhand,Parmeretal[3]assertedPVC/PMMAtobemiscibleoverthewholerangeofcompositionshowingasingleglasstransition,Tg,inthesecondDSCheatingratetraces.MiscibilityofPVC/PMMAhasalsobeenconfirmedbyAlbertetal[4]bynon-radiativeenergytransferandNMR.第四十二頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。3辨析近義詞例1absorbedby,adsorbedonadsorbedon（吸附于表面），absorbedby（吸收(xīshōu)其中）。如：…adsorbedonthesurfaceofsilveriodide.（…吸附于碘化銀的表面。）waterwasabsorbedbythesponge.（水被泡沫材料吸收(xīshōu)。）第四十三頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。

例2

accuracy,precisionaccuracy（準(zhǔn)確定），示值（實(shí)驗(yàn)值）與被測(cè)量真值（約定真值）的一致程度(chéngdù)；precision（精密度），某一物理量多次測(cè)量值的一致性（或稱數(shù)據(jù)的分散性）。例如：Althoughhighprecisionwasachieved,accuracywaslow.（雖然達(dá)到高精密度，但準(zhǔn)確度低。）

第四十四頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。例3

actually,infact在例句“Actually,thereactionratesbyemployingsomeothermethodswereconsiderablyslower,…”中，對(duì)于科學(xué)論文來(lái)講，這里(zhèlǐ)使用infact更為合適。與書(shū)面語(yǔ)言相比，actually更多用于口語(yǔ)。第四十五頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。例4

adjust,calibratecalibrate的名詞形式是calibration（校準(zhǔn)），在規(guī)定條件下為確定測(cè)量?jī)x器或測(cè)量系統(tǒng)(xìtǒng)的示值與被測(cè)量相對(duì)應(yīng)的已知值之間關(guān)系的一組操作。可以用校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果評(píng)定測(cè)量?jī)x器、測(cè)量系統(tǒng)(xìtǒng)的示值誤差，或給任意標(biāo)尺上的標(biāo)記賦值；有時(shí)把校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果表示為校正因子或取校正曲線形式的一系列校正因子?？砂瓷鲜龅男Ｕ龑?duì)測(cè)量結(jié)果做調(diào)整（adjust）。例如：Theresultsofthecalibrationpermittedustoadjustthefinalresult.（校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果允許我們?nèi)フ{(diào)整最終結(jié)果。）第四十六頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。例5

common,general,ordinary,usual,routinecommon（普通的，共同的）,α-Aluminamonohydrateisacommoncomponentofmanybauxites,ofwhichtheFrenchbauxitesaretypical.（α-氧化鋁單水合物是許多鋁土礦的共同成分，

general（一般的），OneofthebestandmostgeneralmethodsforpreparingketonesinthearomaticseriesistheFriedel-Craftreaction.（制備芳酮類(lèi)化合物一般最好的方法(fāngfǎ)之一是Friedel-Craft反應(yīng)。）第四十七頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。ordinary（普通的，通常的），如：Heavywaterdifferssomewhatfromordinarywaterincertainphysicalproperties.（重水在某些物理性質(zhì)方面與普通的水有所不同。）ordinarypressure（常壓），ordinarytemperature（常溫(chángwēn)）。Usual（常規(guī)的），Undertheseconditiontheend-pointoftitrationcouldbefoundaccuratelyintheusualway.（在這種條件下，按常規(guī)的辦法可以精確發(fā)現(xiàn)滴定終點(diǎn)。）第四十八頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。茲以method為例：acommonmethod普通的方法ageneralmethod一般的方法ausualmethod常規(guī)的方法aconventionalmethod傳統(tǒng)的方法此外，routine（貫常的），如routinetest（慣常測(cè)試(cèshì)），是指按即定的程序開(kāi)展的大量重復(fù)測(cè)試(cèshì)。第四十九頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。例6

bymeansof,intermsofbymeansof與by,using,byusing同義，表示利用某種方法（手段，諸如IR,DSC,NMR,X射線衍射等）開(kāi)展研究、觀測(cè)；intermsof通常用在采用某種理論（說(shuō)法）、參數(shù)(cānshù)來(lái)解釋實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。第五十頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。例如(lìrú)：ThethermalanddynamicmechanicalpropertiesofPES/PPSblendshavebeeninvestigatedbymeansofDSCandDMA.Sometimes,wehavetostudythemiscibilityofpolymerblendsbymeansofacombinationoftwoormoremethodsinordertoconfirmtheexperimentalresults.Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositions.→Therelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositionswasinterpretedintermsofFoxequation.修改后，使重點(diǎn)（Tg與組成的關(guān)系）更加突出，此句的重點(diǎn)并非是Fox方程。WehavepreparedthecomplexoftitlecompoundanddiscusseditsthermaldecompositionprocedurebyTG-DTG,DTA,SEMandIRtechniquesandthecorrespondingnon-isothermalkineticsbymeansoftheMalekmethod.→…intermsoftheMalekmethod.

第五十一頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。例7

curve,thermogramcurve（曲線），thermogram（熱譜）。thermogram的一種解釋是，住院病人，例行查房，體溫的逐日(zhúrì)記錄。因此，以英國(guó)學(xué)者為主的熱分析名詞委員會(huì)主張稱熱分析的記錄為“曲線”，而不稱“熱譜”。如DTAcurve（DTA曲線），DSCcurve（DSC曲線）。第五十二頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。例8

derivative,differentialderivative（微商），表示(biǎoshì)某物理量P對(duì)溫度T或時(shí)間t的微商，dP/dT(或dP/dt),如derivativethermogravimetry（微商熱重法）differential（差，差式），如differentialscanningcalorimetry（差式掃描量熱法）。第五十三頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。

例9

different,various,varyingdifferent（不同的），various（各種的），varying（改變……的）。例如：Theresultsareclearlydifferent.（結(jié)果顯然不同。）Wetriedvarious（或severaldifferent）methods.（我們?cè)囘^(guò)各種方法。）Theeffectofvaryingtheconditionwas…（改變條件(tiáojiàn)的影響是……）第五十四頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。例10

mass,weightmass（質(zhì)量），weight（重量(zhòngliàng)）。如：massofthesample（試樣質(zhì)量，或簡(jiǎn)稱試樣量），而不稱sampleweight（試樣重量(zhòngliàng)）。重量(zhòngliàng)在本質(zhì)上與力是相同的，即是質(zhì)量與因重力而產(chǎn)生的加速度的乘積。第五十五頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。例11

often,sometimes,usually它們?cè)诒憩F(xiàn)時(shí)間的頻次(píncì)上是不同的，usually,often,sometimes依次為“通?！薄ⅰ俺３！薄ⅰ坝袝r(shí)”，頻次(píncì)降低。如：Itwasusuallyobservedthat…（通常觀測(cè)……）Itwasoftenobservedthat…（常常觀測(cè)……）Itwassometimesobservedthat…（有時(shí)觀測(cè)……）第五十六頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。例12

standardmaterial,certifiedreferencematerialstandardmaterial標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)，certifiedreferencematerial有證參樣（或稱有證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)）。standardmaterial用于檢定(jiǎndìng)儀器測(cè)量準(zhǔn)確度的物質(zhì)；certifiedreferencematerial用一種或多種技術(shù)上正確的方法，鑒定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鑒定機(jī)構(gòu)所發(fā)給的證書(shū)或其他文件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)。第五十七頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。4語(yǔ)法修辭及其他（1）

由which,that,where引出的從句which1)

通過(guò)which進(jìn)行(jìnxíng)雙擴(kuò)展Thechangeofheatoffusionofpolyethyleneasafunctionofthespecificvolumewhichthesamplehasatroomtemperature,andwhichisrelatedtothecrystallinitythroughEq.(5)inChapterIVisshowninFig.IV12.第五十八頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。2)

由于插入從句(cónɡjù)，which遠(yuǎn)離它所代替的主句中的詞Inthecaseofcoldcrystallizationitissuggestedthatbyreasonofsomewhatrigidbackbonechainsinthesepolymers,therewillbesomelocalordersuchasparallelchainsornematicdomains,originatingduringquenchingthemeltandfrozenintheglassystate,whichfavorssubsequentcrystallization.第五十九頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。

（2）不要(bùyào)在一個(gè)名詞前用一串詞進(jìn)行修飾

ThermaldecompositionkineticsofthecomplexesoflightrareearthbromideswithalaninebyDSCmethod→DSCstudyonkineticsofthermaldecompositionforthecomplexesoflightrareearthbromideswithalanine第六十頁(yè)，共67頁(yè)。（3）

詞序(cíxù)Intheformofextendedhelicalchain,thejunctionzonesarelinked.→Thejunctionzonesarelinkedintheformofextendedhelicalchain.

Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositions.→Therelationshipbetweenglas