汽車專業(yè)英語

UNIT4IntroductiontoDriveTrain

Part

ITechnicalandPracticalReadingPassageADriveTrain(I)Thedrivetrainservestwofunctions:ittransmitspowerfromtheenginetothedrivewheels,anditvariestheamountoftorque.“Power”isthespeedatwhichworkisperformed.“Torque”istwistingforce.Thedrivetrainincludes:transmissionthatisconnectedtothebackoftheengineandsendsthepowerfromtheenginetothedrivewheels;driveshaftthattransmitsthepowerfromtransmissiontodifferential;anddifferentialthatsendsthepowertothetwowheelaxles.Seefigure4-1.Figure4-1Sometypesofdrivetrainlayoutsusea“transaxle”,whichissimplyacombinationofthetransmissionandthedifferential.Theseareusuallyfoundonfrontwheeldrivecars,butarealsousedonrear-enginecars.Seefigure4-2.Figure4-2FrontwheeldrivelayoutTransmissionTypeTherearetwotypesoftransmissions:manualandautomatic.Ifyouhaveamanualtransmission,youhavetoshiftthegearsyourself,usuallywithasticklocatedonyourconsoleandtheclutchpedal.Ifyouhaveanautomatictransmission,themechanismchangeswithoutanyhelpfromyou.Thisisaccomplishedthroughasystemthatworksbyoilpressure.Eachshiftofthegearsiscontrolledbyashiftvalve;andthegearchangesdependonspeed,theroad,andloadconditions.Bothmanualtransmission(withitsclutch)andautomatictransmission(plusitstorqueconverter)accomplishexactlythesamething,buttheydoitintotallydifferentways.Seefigure4-3.Figure4-3ManualTransmissionManualtransmissionsusuallyhavefourorfivespeeds,andoftenhave“overdrive”,whichmeansthattheoutputshaftcanturnfasterthantheinputshaftforfueleconomyonthehighway.Ingeneral,transmissionswithmorespeedsprovidebetterfueleconomyandsmoothershifting,buttheycostmoretomanufacture,sosmallsub-compactcarswilloftenhaveoptional4speedtransmissions,whilemoreupscalecarswillhave5or6speedtransmissions.Seefigure4-4.Figure4-4AutomaticTransmissionThemodernautomatictransmissionisbyfarthemostcomplicatedmechanicalcomponentintoday’sautomobile.

Automatictransmissionscontainmechanicalsystems,hydraulicsystems,electricalsystemsandcomputercontrols,allworkingtogetherinperfectharmony.

Allautomatictransmissionshaveashifterthathasatleast4positions,park,reverseneutralanddrive.

Manyunitsalsohavealowrangetoassistinenginebrakingonlongdownhillruns.

Othershavespecialpositionswherethedrivercanmanuallyshiftifdesired.Seefigure4-5.Figure4-5Automatictransmissionscontainmanygearsinvariouscombinations.

Inamanualtransmission,gearsslidealongshaftsasyoumovetheshiftleverfromonepositiontoanother,engagingvarioussizedgearsasrequiredinordertoprovidethecorrectgearratio.Inanautomatictransmission,however,thegearsareneverphysicallymovedandarealwaysengagedtothesamegears.

Thisisaccomplishedthroughtheuseofplanetarygearsets.

Seefigure4-6.Figure4-6PlanetaryGearSystemSideViewThebasicplanetarygearsetconsistsofasungear,aringgearandtwoormoreplanetgears,allremaininginconstantmesh.

Theplanetgearsareconnectedtoeachotherthroughacommoncarrierthatallowsthegearstospinonshaftscalled“pinions”attachedtothecarrier.Notes：1.Thedrivetrainincludes:transmissionthatisconnectedtothebackoftheengineandsendsthepowerfromtheenginetothedrivewheels;driveshaftthattransmitsthepowerfromtransmissiontodifferential;anddifferentialthatsendsthepowertothetwowheelaxles.傳動系包括變速器（與發(fā)動機尾部連接將發(fā)動機的動力傳遞到驅(qū)動軸）、傳動軸（將動力從變速器傳遞到差速器）、差速器（將動力傳遞到兩個半周）。2.Ifyouhaveamanualtransmission,youhavetoshiftthegearsyourself,usuallywithasticklocatedonyourconsoleandtheclutchpedal.如果是手動變速器，必須自己換擋，通常用中控臺上的操縱桿和離合器踏板。3.Eachshiftofthegearsiscontrolledbyashiftvalve;andthegearchangesdependonspeed,theroad,andloadconditions.每次換擋由換擋閥控制；擋位變換取決于車速、路況和載量。4.Ingeneral,transmissionswithmorespeedsprovidebetterfueleconomyandsmoothershifting,buttheycostmoretomanufacture,sosmallsub-compactcarswilloftenhaveoptional4speedtransmissions,whilemoreupscalecarswillhave5or6speedtransmissions.一般來說，變速越多的變速器燃油經(jīng)濟性就越好，換擋就越平順，但是，制造成本也就越高。所以，小型緊湊型汽車經(jīng)常選用4速變速器，而更高端汽車用5速或6速變速器。5.Automatictransmissionscontainmechanicalsystems,hydraulicsystems,electricalsystemsandcomputercontrols,allworkingtogetherinperfectharmony.

自動變速器包含機械系統(tǒng)、液壓系統(tǒng)、電器系統(tǒng)和電腦控制系統(tǒng)、所有這些彼此協(xié)調(diào)共同運作。6.Inanautomatictransmission,however,thegearsareneverphysicallymovedandarealwaysengagedtothesamegears.

但是，在自動變速器上，齒輪本身從不移動，始終與相同齒輪嚙合。7.Theplanetgearsareconnectedtoeachotherthroughacommoncarrierthatallowsthegearstospinonshaftscalled“pinions”attachedtothecarrier.行星齒輪通過共用的行星齒輪架相互連接，行星齒輪架使行星齒輪在被稱為“小齒輪”的軸上旋轉(zhuǎn)，“小齒輪”與行星齒輪架相連接。NewWordsvary['v??ri]v.變化，改變torque[tC:k]n.轉(zhuǎn)力矩，扭矩，轉(zhuǎn)矩，扭力twisting['twisti?]n.扭轉(zhuǎn)include[in'klu:d]v.包括，連……在內(nèi)transmission[tr?nz'miF?n]n.變速器driveshaft[draivF:ft]n.驅(qū)動軸，傳動軸，主動軸differential[7dif?'renF?l]n.差速器layout['lei7aut]n.布局，安排transaxle[tr?ns'?ksl]n.驅(qū)動橋，變速驅(qū)動橋，變速傳動器，聯(lián)合傳動器manual['m?nju?l]a.手動（的），人工（的）automatic[7C:t?'m?tik]a.自動的，自動裝置axle[?ksl]n.輪軸，車軸shift[Fift]v.改變，移轉(zhuǎn)，移位gear[gi?]n.齒輪，傳動裝置，齒輪組stick[stik]n.手動桿console[k?n's?ul]n.控制臺，操縱臺accomplish[?'kCmpliF]v.完成，實現(xiàn)，達(dá)到（目的）mechanism['mek?niz?m]n.機械，機構(gòu)clutch[kltF]n.離合器smooth[smu:e]a.平穩(wěn)的，流暢的，平滑的，平順的mechanical[mi'k?nikl]a.機械的，力學(xué)的component[k?m'p?un?nt]n.部件，成分，零件hydraulic[hai'drC:lik]a.液壓的harmony['h:m?ni]n.協(xié)調(diào)，和睦，調(diào)和shifter['Fift?]n.變速撥叉downhill['daunhil]a.向坡下（的）；ad.走下坡路的（地）engaging[in'geidi?]a.接合的，嚙合的planetary['pl?nitri]a.行星的carrier['k?ri?]n.支座，托架spin[spin]v.旋轉(zhuǎn)pinion['pinj?n]n.小齒輪PhrasesandExpressionsreardriveshaft后傳動軸frontdriveshaft前傳動軸drivetrain傳動系統(tǒng)twistingforce扭力，扭轉(zhuǎn)力drivewheel主動輪，驅(qū)動輪wheelaxle輪軸，半軸manualtransaxle手動變速差速器automatictransaxle自動變速驅(qū)動橋clutchpedal離合器踏板oilpressure油壓，油壓力shiftvalve換擋油閥，換擋閥fueleconomy耗熱率，燃油經(jīng)濟性torqueconverter液力變矩器lowrange低速擋，低擋shiftlever變速桿gearratio齒輪數(shù)比，速比，減速比planetarygearset行星齒輪組sungear太陽齒輪，橫行齒輪planetgear行星齒輪constantmesh經(jīng)常嚙合EXERCISE1

MarkthefollowingstatementswithT(True)orF(False)accordingtothepassage.EXERCISE2TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChineseorEnglish.1.RearDriveshaft

2.

主動輪，驅(qū)動輪3.drivetrain

4.

油壓，油壓力5.clutchpedal

6.

液力變矩器7.lowrange

8.

齒圈，內(nèi)齒圈9.shiftlever

10.

行星齒輪EXERCISE3Fillintheblankswiththesuitablewordsorphrasesgivenbelow,changingtheformwherenecessary.lowrange power shiftvalve hydraulicsystems gearautomatic drivewheels sungear clutchpedal manual1.“

”isthespeedatwhichworkisperformed.2.Transmissionisconnectedtothebackoftheengineandsendsthepowerfromtheenginetothe

.3.Therearetwotypesoftransmissions:manualand

.4.Ifyouhaveamanualtransmission,youhavetoshiftthegearsyourself,usuallywithasticklocatedonyourconsoleandthe

.5.Eachshiftofthegearsiscontrolledbya

;thegearchangesdependonspeed,theroad,andloadconditions.6.

transmissionsusuallyhavefourorfivespeeds.7.Automatictransmissionscontainmechanicalsystems,

,electricalsystemsandcomputercontrols.8.Manyunitsalsohavea

toassistinenginebrakingonlongdownhillruns.

9.Inanautomatictransmission,the

areneverphysicallymoved.10.Thebasicplanetarygearsetconsistsofa

,aringgearandtwoormoreplanetgears.EXERCISE4TranslatetheChinesepartsgiveninthebracketsintoEnglish.1.Thedrivetrain_____________________________________(將汽車發(fā)動機的動力傳給驅(qū)動車輪).2.Ifyouhaveamanualtransmission,_______________________________(你必須自己換擋).3.Automatictransmissionscontainmechanicalsystems,hydraulicsystems,electricalsystemsandcomputercontrols,_________________________(所有一切都非常協(xié)調(diào)地在運行).4.Thebasicplanetarygearsetconsistsofasungear,aringgearandtwoormoreplanetgears,__________________________(它們始終保持著接合狀態(tài)).5.Theplanetgearsareconnectedtoeachotherthroughacommoncarrierthat__________________________(行星齒輪架使行星齒輪在軸上旋轉(zhuǎn)).PassageBDriveTrain(II)ClutchAnotherbasiccomponentofalldrivetrainsisaclutch.Itisarotatingmechanismbetweentheengineandthetransmission.Itoperatesthroughfrictionwhichcomesfromcontactbetweentheparts.Inacarwithamanualtransmission,weneedaclutchbecausetheenginespinsallthetimeandthecarwheelsdon’t.Inorderforacartostopwithoutkillingtheengine,thewheelsneedtobedisconnectedfromtheenginesomehow.Theclutchallowsustosmoothlyengageaspinningenginetoanon-spinningtransmissionbycontrollingtheslippagebetweenthem.Theclutchincludestheflywheel,clutchdisk,pressureplate,pressureplatecoverandthelinkagenecessarytooperatetheclutch.Seefigure4-7.Figure4-7Theflywheelisboltedtothecrankshaftoftheengine.Itsmainfunctionistotransferenginetorquefromtheenginetothetransmission.Seefigure4-8.Figure4-8Flywhee

Theclutchdiskisbasicallyasteelplate,coveredwithafrictionalmaterialthatgoesbetweentheflywheelandthepressureplate.Seefigure4-9.

Figure4-9ClutchPlateApressureplateisboltedtotheflywheel.Itincludesasheetmetalcover,heavyreleasesprings,ametalpressureringthatprovidesafrictionsurfacefortheclutchdisk.Seefigure4-10.Figure4-10PressurePlateThereleasebearingistheheartofclutchoperation.Whentheclutchpedalisdepressed,thereleasebearingmovestowardtheflywheel,pushinginthepressureplate’sreleasefingersandmovingthepressureplatefingersorleversagainstpressureplatespringforce.Seefigure4-11.Figure4-11Thelinkagetransmitsandmultipliesthedriver’slegforcetotheforkoftheclutchpressureplate.Amechanicalclutchlinkageusuallyconsistsoftheclutchpedal,aseriesoflinkagerodsandarms,oracable.Ahydraulicclutchlinkagetypicallyincludesaclutchmastercylinderandreservoir,ahydrauliclineandaslavecylinder.TorqueConverterAutomatictransmissioncarsusea“torqueconverter”insteadofaclutch.Atorqueconverterisalagerdoughnutshapeddevicethatismountedbetweentheengineandthetransmission.Itturnsatthesamespeedastheengine.Figure4-12showshoweverythingisconnectedinsidethetorqueconverter.Figure4-12TorqueConverterThetorqueconverterhasthreepartsthatworktogethertotransmitpowertothetransmission.Thethreepartsofthetorqueconverterareimpeller(orpump),theturbine,andthestator.Theimpellerismounteddirectlytothetorquehousingwhichinturnisbolteddirectlytotheengine’scrankshaftandturnsatenginespeed.Theturbineisinsidethehousingandisconnecteddirectlytotheinputshaftofthetransmissionprovidingpowertomovethecar.Thestator(orguidewheel)betweenthetwoismountedtoaone-wayclutchsothatitcanspinfreelyinonedirectionbutnotintheother.Thetorqueconverterisfilledwithtransmissionfluidthatismovedbytheimpellerblades.Thestator’svanescatchtheoilthrownofffromtheimpeller,anduseittomovetheturbine’sblades.Whentheimpellerspinsaboveacertainspeed,theturbinespins,drivenbytheimpeller.Seefigure4-13.Figure4-13DriveShaftAdriveshaftanduniversaljoints(U-joints)connectthetransmissiontothereardriveaxleonmostrear-wheel-drivecars.Manyfour-wheel-drivecarsalsousedriveshaftsanduniversaljoints,withonedriveshaftbetweenthetransfercaseandreardriveaxleandaseconddriveshaftbetweenthetransfercaseandthefrontdriveaxle.Thedriveshaftissometimescalledapropellershaft.Seefigure4-14.Figure4-14ThedriveshaftandU-jointsprovideameansoftransferringenginetorquetodriveaxles.Theuniversaljointsallowthedriveshafttomoveupanddown,toallowforsuspensiontravel.Somedriveshaftsalsohaveaslipjointthatallowsthedriveshafttomakeminorlengthchangesasthecarsuspensionheightchanges.DifferentialSystemThedifferentialismountedinahousingoradifferentialcaseandrevolveswiththeringgear.Seefigure4-15.Itperformstwotasks:whenthecaristravelingstraightahead,bothwheelsarefreetorotate,theleverwilldividethedivingforceequally,andbothdiskswillmovethesameamount.Whenacariscornered,theinnerwheelmovesthroughashorterdistancethantheouterwheel.Thismeansthattheinnerwheelmustslowdown,andtheouterwheelmustspeedup.Figure4-15Notes:1.Inorderforacartostopwithoutkillingtheengine,thewheelsneedtobedisconnectedfromtheenginesomehow.要使汽車停下來而不傷及發(fā)動機，必須設(shè)法讓車輪與發(fā)動機脫離。2.Theclutchallowsustosmoothlyengageaspinningenginetoanon-spinningtransmissionbycontrollingtheslippagebetweenthem.離合器通過控制在兩者之間產(chǎn)生的滑動使旋轉(zhuǎn)的發(fā)動機與非旋轉(zhuǎn)的變速器平順嚙合。3.Whentheclutchpedalisdepressed,thereleasebearingmovestowardtheflywheel,pushinginthepressureplate’sreleasefingersandmovingthepressureplatefingersorleversagainstpressureplatespringforce.踩踏離合器踏板時，分離軸承朝飛輪方向移動，推入到壓盤分離指中，使壓盤分離指抵住壓盤彈簧力。4.Somedriveshaftsalsohaveaslipjointthatallowsthedriveshafttomakeminorlengthchangesasthecarsuspensionheightchanges.一些驅(qū)動軸還有伸縮接頭，使驅(qū)動軸在汽車懸架高度變換時長度有小的變化。NewWordsdisconnect[disk?'nekt]v.分離，切斷engage[in'gei]v.接合，嚙合slippage['slipi]n.滑移，滑動frictional['frik??n?l]a.摩擦的depress[di'pres]v.壓低，壓下，按下multiply['m?ltiplai]v.增加，倍增，增多fork[f?:k]n.叉，離合器叉reservoir['rez?vwɑ:]n.儲液器doughnut['d?un?t]n.油炸圈餅impeller[im'pel?]n.泵輪，輪葉turbine['t?:bin]n.渦輪stator['steit?]n.導(dǎo)輪vane[vein]n.葉片blade[bleid]n.葉片，輪片propeller[pr?'pel?]n.推進器suspension[s?s'pen??n]n.懸掛，懸架PhrasesandExpressionsbasiccomponent基礎(chǔ)部件clutchdisk(clutchplate)離合器盤pressureplate離合器壓盤pressureplatecover離合器盤蓋releasespring回位彈簧，分離彈簧pressurering壓環(huán)frictionsurface摩擦面，摩擦表面releasebearing(throw-outbearing)分離軸承clutchpedal離合器踏板releasefinger離合分離爪，離合器分離指pressureplatefinger離合器壓盤指clutchmastercylinder離合器總泵，離合器主缸hydraulicline液壓管路slavecylinder離合器分泵，從動缸torqueconverter液力變矩器inputshaft輸入軸，主動軸transmissionfluid傳動液，變速箱潤滑油universaljoint萬向接頭reardriveaxle后驅(qū)動橋transfercase分動箱，分動器driveaxle傳動軸，驅(qū)動軸differentialcase差動齒輪箱，差速器箱innerwheel內(nèi)側(cè)車輪outerwheel外側(cè)車輪EXERCISE5Abbreviationsareveryusefulinpracticalwork.DoyouknowthefollowingEnglishabbreviationsyouoftencomeacrossinhandlingautomotivematerials?ReadthemandthentranslatethemintocorrespondingChineseterms.Part

IIGlanceattheStructureoftheAutomobileThefollowingistheairfilter.SampleEnglishTermsExplanationsChinese1.AirfilterDevicethatremovessuspendedparticlesfromaliquidorgasA.空氣過濾器2.NutMetalpartusedtoclosethecoveroftheairfilterB.螺帽3.CoverMetalpartprotectingtheairfilterC.過濾器蓋4.PVCfilterVinylfilterD.PVC過濾器5.VacuumhoseTubesusedtoexpelairE.真空軟管6.VacuumcontrolDevicethatregulatespressureF.真空控制裝置7.ShutterJointedflapthatregulatesairintakeG.空氣閥8.AirintakePlacewhereairenterstobefilteredH.進氣口9.HeaterpipeHosethatusestheheatofthemotortowarmairthatentersthefilterI.加熱器管10.CollarAdjustablemetalcirclethatcanbetightenedtoholdahoseinplaceJ.可調(diào)整環(huán)11.ThermostaticvalveValveusedtomaintainaconstanttemperatureK.溫度調(diào)解閥12.AirfilterApparatusthroughwhichairispassedtoremoveimpuritiesL.空氣過濾器13.ClampCollarthatholdsthecoverinplaceM.夾圈EXERCISE6Thefollowingaresomefunctionsonautomobile.Afterreadingthem,youarerequiredfirsttochoosetheinterpretationsgiveninColumnCmatchthefunctionsgiveninColumnA,andthenputthebestanswerinColumnB.ABC1.AirfilterA.PVC過濾器2.NutB.真空控制裝置3.CoverC.空氣過濾器4.PVCfilterD.進氣口5.VacuumhoseE.螺帽6.VacuumcontrolF.可調(diào)整環(huán)7.ShutterG.過濾器蓋8.AirintakeH.真空軟管9.HeaterpipeI.溫度調(diào)解閥10.CollarJ.夾圈11.ThermostaticvalveK.空氣閥12.ClampL.加熱器管EXERCISE7Thefollowingaresomeexpressionsforthefamousbrands(ItalyMotorsCorp.).MatchthefollowingbrandsinColumnAwiththeirChineseequivalentsinColumnB.ABA.菲亞特（Fiat）

B.布加迪（BUGATTI）C.蘭博基尼（Lamborghini）D.平尼法尼那（PINIFARINA）E.法拉利（Ferrari）F.博通（BERTONE）

G.依維柯（IVECO）

H.阿巴斯（ABARTH）I.德·托馬索（DETOMASO）J.阿爾法·羅密歐（AlfaRomeo）K.伊索（ISORIVOLTA）L.邊赤（BIANCHI）

Part

IIIHaveaTryTroubleshootingGuideSample1Symptom:DownshiftingseemsharshDescriptionofproblem:Wheneveryouletoffthegaspedalafterdrivingsometime,thetransmissionseemstojerkintoalowergear.Youespeciallynoticetheharshnessoftheshiftwhenyoupressonthegaspedalfor“passinggear”.Passinggearisreallythenextlowestgearforthetransmission.Thetransmissiondownshiftstoprovidemorepowerforpassing.Harshdownshiftingisnotgoodandisnotnormal.Youdon’tnoticeanyotherproblemwiththetransmission.

ProbableCauses:1.Thethrottlelinkageforthetransmissionisoutofadjustmentordamaged.2.Thefluidlevelinyourtransmissionisincorrect.3.Youhaveaninternalprobleminthetransmission.4.Youhaveaproblemwiththeengine.5.Thereisaproblemwiththeelectricalcontrolsofyourtransmission.Sample2Symptom:TheclutchslipsDescriptionofproblem:Whenyoustepontheclutchandshift,theenginewillspeedup,butthecardoesn’t.Itseemsliketheclutchisslippingandisnotchanginggearsproperly.Thisproblembecomesapparentgraduallyandgetsworseovertime.Thisshouldnotbeignored,ascontinuedslippagewil