電子商務(wù)VS傳統(tǒng)商務(wù)

Chapter

5Business-to-BusinessStrategies:FromElectronicDataInterchangetoElectronicCommerce企業(yè)間電子商務(wù)戰(zhàn)略(B2B)

從EDI到電子商務(wù)1電子商務(wù)VS傳統(tǒng)商務(wù)傳統(tǒng)商務(wù)B2BC2CB2C2LearningObjectives學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)Inthischapter,youwilllearnabout:Strategiesthatbusinessesusetoimprovepurchasing,logistics,andothersupportactivities

改進(jìn)采購(gòu)、物流和其他支持活動(dòng)的業(yè)務(wù)戰(zhàn)略;Electronicdatainterchange,howitworks,andhowbusinessesaremovingittotheInternet電子數(shù)據(jù)交換(EDI)及其工作原理;HowbusinessesaremovingelectronicdatainterchangeoperationstotheInternet企業(yè)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上開展EDI的方式;3LearningObjectives學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)4Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivities

采購(gòu)—物流—支持活動(dòng)

Electroniccommercepossessesthepotentialforcostreductionandbusinessprocessimprovementinpurchasing,logistics,andsupportactivities.

在采購(gòu)—物流—支持活動(dòng)過程中，為了節(jié)省的成本和對(duì)業(yè)務(wù)流程的改進(jìn)，電子商務(wù)發(fā)揮了巨大的潛力。Anemergingcharacteristicofpurchasing,logistics,andsupportactivitiesisthattheyneedtobeflexible.采購(gòu)—物流—支持活動(dòng)的一個(gè)新特征就是要求這些活動(dòng)具備靈活性。55.2.1PurchasingActivities采購(gòu)活動(dòng)Purchasingactivitiesinclude:采購(gòu)活動(dòng)包括：Identifyingvendors尋找賣主Evaluatingvendors評(píng)估賣主Selectingspecificproducts選擇特定產(chǎn)品Placingorders發(fā)送訂單Resolvinganyissuesthatariseafterreceivingtheorderedgoodsandservices解決收貨后出現(xiàn)的問題6PurchasingActivities采購(gòu)活動(dòng)Procurementincludesallpurchasingactivities,plusthemonitoringofallelementsofpurchasetransactions.

“采購(gòu)”一詞涵蓋所有購(gòu)買活動(dòng)以及對(duì)購(gòu)買過程中所有活動(dòng)的監(jiān)控ByusingaWebsitetoprocessorders,thevendorsinthismarketcansavethecostofprintingandshippingcatalogsandthecostofhandlingtelephoneorders.在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上處理訂單可以讓供應(yīng)商節(jié)省印刷與郵寄產(chǎn)品目錄的成本和處理電話訂購(gòu)的成本。7PurchasingActivities采購(gòu)活動(dòng)

8PurchasingActivities采購(gòu)活動(dòng)Productsthatcompaniesbuyonarecurringbasisarecalledmaintenance,repair,andoperating(MRO)supplies.

很多企業(yè)經(jīng)常性地采購(gòu)的那些間接物料稱為MRO產(chǎn)品（辦公用品集中采購(gòu)）TwoofthelargestMROsuppliersintheworldareMcMaster-CarrandW.W.Grainger.

McMaster-Carr公司andW.W.Grainger公司是世界上最大的MRO供應(yīng)商。OfficeDepotandStaplesarealsoexamplesinthisarea.OfficeDepot公司andStaples公司在這一領(lǐng)域都是成功范例9PurchasingActivities采購(gòu)活動(dòng)Businessesmakeadistinctionbetweendirectandindirectmaterials.企業(yè)認(rèn)為直接物料與間接物料完全不同Directmaterialsarethosematerialsthatbecomepartofthefinishedproduct.直接物料是指在生產(chǎn)過程中進(jìn)入成品的物料；Indirectmaterialsareallothermaterialsthatthecompanypurchases.間接物料是公司采購(gòu)的其他物料

10物流流活活動(dòng)動(dòng)Theclassicobjectiveoflogisticsistoprovidetherightgoodsintherightquantitiesintherightplaceattherighttime.物流以前前的目標(biāo)標(biāo)是在正正確時(shí)間間將正確確數(shù)量的的正確物物品送到到正確地地點(diǎn)。Businesseshavebeenincreasingtheiruseofinformationtechnologytoachievethisobjective.企業(yè)是通通過加強(qiáng)強(qiáng)信息技技術(shù)的應(yīng)應(yīng)用來實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)個(gè)目標(biāo)。。FedExandUPShavefreighttrackingWebpagesavailabletotheircustomers.聯(lián)邦快遞遞公司(FedEx)和聯(lián)合包包裹公司司(UPS)已為顧客客提供了了網(wǎng)站上上貨運(yùn)跟跟蹤。115.2.4SupportActivities支持活動(dòng)動(dòng)OnlineBenefitsisafirmthatduplicatesitsclients’humanresourcefunctionsonasecureWebsitethatisaccessibletoclients’employees.OnlineBenefits幫助一家家公司將該公司司客戶的的人力資資源職能能復(fù)制在在加密的的網(wǎng)站上上，實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)客戶的的員工可可訪問此此網(wǎng)站。。Supportactivitiesinclude:支持活動(dòng)動(dòng)包括：：Financeandadministration財(cái)務(wù)與行行政管理理Humanresources人力資源源Technologydevelopment技術(shù)開發(fā)發(fā)12TrainingandKnowledgeManagement培訓(xùn)與知知識(shí)管理理Onecommonactivitythatunderliesmultipleprimaryactivitiesistraining.支持多種種關(guān)鍵活活動(dòng)的一一個(gè)常見見活動(dòng)就就是培訓(xùn)訓(xùn)。Knowledgemanagementisanothersupportactivitythatintentionallycollects,classifies,anddisseminatesinformationaboutacompany,itsproducts,anditsprocesses.知識(shí)管理理是專門門收集、、分類和和發(fā)布有有關(guān)企業(yè)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品品和業(yè)務(wù)務(wù)流程的的信息。。BroadVisionhasinstalledK-Net,orKnowledgeNetwork,thatorganizesalltheinformationsourcesthatitsemployeesuseregularlyintheirjobs.宏道（BroadVision）公司的的內(nèi)部知知識(shí)網(wǎng)（（K-Net）將自己己?jiǎn)T工在在工作中中經(jīng)常使使用的信信息源組組織起來來。13電子政務(wù)務(wù)Althoughgovernmentsdonottypicallysellproductsorservicestocustomers,theydoperformmanyfunctionsfortheirstakeholders.雖然政府府并不向向客戶銷銷售產(chǎn)品品或服務(wù)務(wù)，但他他們要為為利益相相關(guān)者執(zhí)執(zhí)行許多多職能。。Governmentsalsoperformbusiness-likeactivities;forexample,theyemploypeople,buysuppliesfromvendors,anddistributebenefitpaymentsofmanykinds.政府也會(huì)會(huì)進(jìn)行類類似企業(yè)業(yè)的活動(dòng)動(dòng)，如雇雇傭員工工、采購(gòu)購(gòu)用品、、發(fā)放工工資和福福利。Theuseofelectroniccommercebygovernmentsandgovernmentagenciestoperformthesefunctionisoftencallede-government.政府及其其機(jī)構(gòu)利利用電子子商務(wù)執(zhí)執(zhí)行這些些職能稱稱為電子子政務(wù)。。14E-Government電子政務(wù)務(wù)年，美國(guó)國(guó)政府的的財(cái)政管管理局（（FMS）建立了了P網(wǎng)站FMSisresponsibleforreceivingthegovernment’stax,license,andotherfeerevenue.FMS部門主要要負(fù)責(zé)接接收政府府的稅費(fèi)費(fèi)收入，，F(xiàn)MSisresponsibleforpayingoutSocialSecuritybenefits,veteransbenefits,taxrefunds,andotherdisbursements.FMS部門并負(fù)負(fù)責(zé)發(fā)放放社保金金、退休休金、退退稅及其其他支出出。StategovernmentsarealsocreatingtheirownWebsitesforconductingbusinessandinteractingwiththeirstakeholders.州政府也也建立網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站開展展業(yè)務(wù)并并與利益益相關(guān)者者溝通。。15E-Government電子政務(wù)務(wù)165.2.6NetworkModelofEconomicOrganization經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的的網(wǎng)絡(luò)模式式Thetrendinpurchasing,logistics,andsupportactivitiesisashiftawayfromhierarchicalstructurestowardnetworkstructures.采購(gòu)、物流流和支持活活動(dòng)的一個(gè)個(gè)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)勢(shì)是從等級(jí)級(jí)制度結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)向網(wǎng)絡(luò)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)TheWebisenablingthisshiftfromhierarchicalformsofeconomicorganizationtonetworkforms.網(wǎng)站可以支支持經(jīng)濟(jì)組組織結(jié)構(gòu)由由等級(jí)制形形式轉(zhuǎn)向網(wǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)形式HighlyspecializedfirmscannowexistandtradeservicesveryefficientlyontheWeb.高度專業(yè)化化的公司現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在能夠在在網(wǎng)上生存存并有效地地提供服務(wù)務(wù)175.2.6NetworkModelofEconomicOrganization經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的的網(wǎng)絡(luò)模式式TherootsofWebtechnologyforB2Btransactionslieinelectronicdatainterchange(EDI).企業(yè)間交易易的Web技術(shù)卻來自自于一種方方法——電子數(shù)據(jù)交交換（EDI）Theseemergingnetworksoffirmsaremoreflexibleandcanrespondtochangesintheeconomicenvironmentmuchmorequicklythanhierarchicallystructuredbusinessesevercould.這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)形形式的公司司非常靈活活，比等級(jí)級(jí)制結(jié)構(gòu)的的企業(yè)更快快地對(duì)環(huán)境境變化做出出反應(yīng)185.3ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)電子數(shù)據(jù)交交換EDIisacomputer-to-computertransferofbusinessinformationbetweentwobusinessesthatusesastandardformat.

EDI是一某種標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式在在企業(yè)之間間以計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)的方式傳傳遞企業(yè)信信息Thetwobusinessesthatareexchanginginformationarecalledtradingpartners.交換信息的的兩家企業(yè)業(yè)通常稱為為交易伙伴伴FirmsthatexchangedatainspecificstandardformatsaresaidtobeEDI-compatible.如果企業(yè)是是以特定標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式來來交換數(shù)據(jù)據(jù)，則稱企企業(yè)是EDI兼容的。195.3ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)電子數(shù)據(jù)交交換Thebusinessinformationexchangedisusuallytransactiondata;however,itcanincludeotherinformationrelatedtotransactions,suchaspricequotesandorder-statusinquiries.所交換的業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)信息通通常是交易易數(shù)據(jù)，但但也包括同同交易有關(guān)關(guān)的其他信信息，如報(bào)報(bào)價(jià)和訂單單狀態(tài)等。。TransactiondatainB2Btransactionsincludestheinformationusuallyonpaperinvoices,purchaseorders,requestsforquotations,billsoflading,andreceivingreports.企業(yè)間的交交易數(shù)據(jù)一一般包括：：發(fā)票、訂訂購(gòu)單、報(bào)報(bào)價(jià)請(qǐng)求、、發(fā)貨單和和收獲通知知等。205.3.1EarlyBusinessInformationInterchangeEfforts早期的業(yè)務(wù)務(wù)信息交換換Inthe1950s,informationflowsbetweenbusinessescontinuedtobeprintedonpaper.在20世紀(jì)50年代，企業(yè)業(yè)間的信息息流還是記記錄在紙面面上。Bythe1960s,businesseshadbegunexchangingtransactioninformationonpunchedcardsormagnetictape.到20世紀(jì)60年代，企業(yè)業(yè)開始交換換在穿孔卡卡或磁帶上上記錄的交交易信息In1968,anumberoffreightandshippingcompaniesformedtheTransportationDataCoordinatingCommittee(TDCC)tocreatetheTDCCstandardformat.1968年很多運(yùn)輸輸公司組成成了運(yùn)輸數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)協(xié)調(diào)委委員會(huì)（TDCC），并建立立了一套標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)信息集集。215.3.2EmergenceofBroaderEDIStandards廣泛標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的的出現(xiàn)TheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)hasbeenthecoordinatingbodyforstandardsintheU.S.since1918.美國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)(ANSI)是成立于1918年的美國(guó)國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的的協(xié)調(diào)組織織。In1979,ANSIcharteredanewcommitteetodevelopuniformEDIstandards.ThiscommitteeiscalledtheAccreditedStandardsCommitteeX12(ASCX12).在1979年，ANSI制定一個(gè)新新的子委員員會(huì)來制定定統(tǒng)一的EDI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，該委委員會(huì)稱為為公認(rèn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)(ASCX12).In1987,theUnitedNationspublisheditsfirststandardsunderthetitle“EDIforAdministration,Commerce,andTransport(EDIFACTorUN/EDIFACT)”.1987年，聯(lián)合國(guó)以以“管理、商商務(wù)和運(yùn)輸””的EDI名義公布了第第一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)225.3.4Value-AddedNetworks增值網(wǎng)EDIreducespaperflowandstreamlinestheinterchangeofinformationamongdepartmentswithinacompanyandbetweencompanies.

EDI減少了紙面單單證的流動(dòng)，，使公司內(nèi)部部各部門之間間以及公司之之間的信息交交換更為順暢暢。TradingpartnerscanimplementtheEDInetworkandEDItranslationprocessesinseveralwaysusingeitherdirectconnectionorindirectconnection.貿(mào)易伙伴可通通過多種方式式來實(shí)現(xiàn)EDI網(wǎng)絡(luò)和和EDI翻譯處處理，，這些些方式式可分分為直直接連連接和和間接接連接接。23DirectConnectionBetweenTradingPartners貿(mào)易伙伙伴間間的直直接連連接方方式DirectconnectionEDIrequireseachbusinessinthenetworktooperateitsownon-siteEDItranslatorcomputer.直接連連接EDI要求網(wǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)上上每個(gè)個(gè)企業(yè)業(yè)都運(yùn)運(yùn)行自自己的的EDI翻譯計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)。TheseEDItranslatorcomputersarethenconnecteddirectlytoeachotherusingmodemsanddial-upphonelinesordedicatedleasedlines.這些EDI翻譯計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)通過過調(diào)制制解調(diào)調(diào)器以以及撥撥號(hào)電電話線線或?qū)＞€直直接連連接。。如下圖圖所示示：24DirectConnectionBetweenTradingPartners25IndirectConnectionBetweenTradingPartners貿(mào)易伙伙伴間間的間間接連連接方方式Insteadofconnectingdirectlytoeachofitstradingpartners,acompanymightdecidetousetheservicesofavalue-addednetwork.除了與與貿(mào)易易伙伴伴直接接連接接外，，企業(yè)業(yè)還可可以通通過增增值網(wǎng)網(wǎng)與貿(mào)貿(mào)易伙伙伴間間接連連接。。Avalue-addednetwork(VAN)isacompanythatprovidesthecommunicationsequipment,software,andskillsneededtoreceive,store,andforwardelectronicmessagesthatcontainEDItransactionsets.增值網(wǎng)網(wǎng)是指指一個(gè)個(gè)企業(yè)業(yè)提供供接收收、存存儲(chǔ)和和發(fā)送送電子子信息息（包包括EDI報(bào)文））所需需的通通信設(shè)設(shè)備、、軟件件和技技術(shù)。。26IndirectConnectionBetweenTradingPartners27VAN增值網(wǎng)網(wǎng)CompaniesthatprovideVANservicesincludeGeneralElectricInformationServices,GPAS,HarbingerCorp.,IBMGlobalServices,etc.提供增增值網(wǎng)網(wǎng)服務(wù)務(wù)的公公司有有：GeneralElectricInformationServices,GPAS,HarbingerCorp.,IBMGlobalServices,etc.CostisanissuetoVAN.MostVANsrequireanenrollmentfee,amonthlymaintenancefee,andatransactionfee.VAN的一個(gè)個(gè)問題題是成成本太太高。。大部部分VAN要收注注冊(cè)費(fèi)費(fèi)、月月租費(fèi)費(fèi)、和和交易易費(fèi)。。285.4EDIontheInternet互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)上的的EDITradingpartnerswhohadbeenusingEDIbegantoviewtheInternetasapotentialreplacementfortheexpensiveleasedlines.隨著互互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)的出出現(xiàn)，，那些些原來來采用用EDI的貿(mào)易易伙伴伴開始始考慮慮用互互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)替代代昂貴貴的專專線和和撥號(hào)號(hào)連接接ThemajorroadblocktoconductingEDIovertheInternetwassecurity.在互聯(lián)聯(lián)網(wǎng)上上進(jìn)行行EDI的主要要障礙礙是互互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)的安安全性性較差差A(yù)stheTCP/IPwasenhancedandSHTTPprotocolwasdeveloped,businessesworriedlessaboutsecurityissues.隨著互互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)的TCP/IP基礎(chǔ)結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)用用SHTTP等安全全協(xié)議議和多多種加加密技技術(shù)增增強(qiáng)之之后，，企業(yè)業(yè)對(duì)互互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)安全全問題題的擔(dān)擔(dān)心減減少了了，但但還沒沒有完完全消消除。。29互聯(lián)聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)的的開開放放式式體體系系結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)Anumberofnewfirms,suchasCommerceOneandIPNet,havebegunprovidingEDIservicesontheInternet.CommerceOneandIPNet等很很多多新新企企業(yè)業(yè)已已開開始始提提供供互互聯(lián)聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)的的EDI服務(wù)務(wù)。。EDIontheInternetisalsocalled““openEDI””becausetheInternetisanopenarchitecturenetwork.互聯(lián)聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)的的體體系系結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)是是開開放放的的，，所所以以互互聯(lián)聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)EDI也稱稱為為開開放放式式EDINewtools,suchasXML,arehelpingtradingpartnersbeevenmoreflexibleinexchangingdetailedinformation.XML等新新工工具具可可以以使使貿(mào)貿(mào)易易伙伙伴伴間間的的信信息息交交換換更更加加開開放放靈靈活活30金融融EDITheEDItransactionsetsthatprovideinstructionstoatradingpartner’’sbankarecalledfinancialEDI(FEDI).向貿(mào)貿(mào)易易伙伙伴伴的的銀銀行行發(fā)發(fā)出出指指令令的的EDI報(bào)文文標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)稱稱為為金金融融EDIAllbankshavetheabilitytoperformelectronicfundstransfers(EFTs).所有有銀銀行行都都可可以以進(jìn)進(jìn)行行電電子子資資金金轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)帳帳(EFTs).MostEFTsarehandledthroughtheAutomatedClearingHouse(ACH).美國(guó)國(guó)大大部部分分的的EFTs都是是通通過過自自動(dòng)動(dòng)清清算算所所(ACH)完成成的的SecurityandreliabilityareissuesofFEDI.FEDI的問問題題是是安安全全性性和和可可靠靠性性31HybridEDISolutions混合合的的EDI解決決方方案案SomefirmsareofferinghybridEDIsolutionsthatusetheInternetforpartofthetransaction.一些企業(yè)業(yè)提供混混合的EDI解決方方案，，即通通過互互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)完成成部分分交易易活動(dòng)動(dòng)BottomlineTechnologies’payBasepackageisanexampleofhybridEDI.Bottomline技術(shù)公公司提提供的的payBase軟件包包就是是混合合的EDI的實(shí)例例。OtherhybridsolutionsincludeEDI-HTMLtranslationservices.其他混混合的的EDI解決方方案包包括提提供EDI-HTML翻譯服服務(wù)。。325.5SupplyChainManagement供應(yīng)鏈鏈管理理Thepartofanindustryvaluechainthatprecedesaparticularstrategicbusinessunitisoftencalledasupplychain.某個(gè)戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)略業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)單單元之之前的的行業(yè)業(yè)價(jià)值值鏈通通常稱稱為價(jià)價(jià)值鏈鏈Acompany’ssupplychainforaparticularproductorserviceincludesalltheactivitiesundertakenbyeverypredecessorinthevaluechaintodesign,produce,promote,market,deliver,andsupporteachindividualcomponent.企業(yè)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品或或服務(wù)務(wù)的供供應(yīng)鏈鏈包括括價(jià)值值鏈上上的各各種經(jīng)經(jīng)營(yíng)者者所開開展的的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)、生生產(chǎn)、、促銷銷、銷銷售、、運(yùn)輸輸和支支持等等活動(dòng)動(dòng)。Thepurchasingdepartmenthastraditionallybeenchargedwithbuyingallthesecomponentsatthelowestpricepossible.傳統(tǒng)意意義上上，采采購(gòu)部部門負(fù)負(fù)責(zé)以以可能能低的的價(jià)格格購(gòu)買買所有有零件件，而而忽略略了供供應(yīng)鏈鏈的總總成本本。335.5.1ValueCreationintheSupplyChain供應(yīng)鏈中的的價(jià)值創(chuàng)造造Theprocessoftakinganactiveroleinworkingwithsupplierstoimproveproductsandprocessesiscalledsupplychainmanagement(SCM).主動(dòng)同供應(yīng)應(yīng)商合作來來改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品品和業(yè)務(wù)流流程的過程程稱為供應(yīng)應(yīng)鏈管理SCMwasoriginallydevelopedasawaytoreducecosts.供應(yīng)鏈管理理最初的目目標(biāo)是降低低成本34ValueCreationintheSupplyChain供應(yīng)鏈中的的價(jià)值創(chuàng)造造Today,SCMisusedtoaddvalueintheformofbenefitstotheultimateconsumerattheendofthesupplychain.現(xiàn)在，供應(yīng)應(yīng)鏈管理的的目標(biāo)是為為供應(yīng)鏈末末端的最終終用戶提供供更多的價(jià)價(jià)值。Supplychainmemberscanreducecostsandincreasethevalueofproductsorservicestotheultimatecustomer.通過合作，，供應(yīng)鏈成成員可以降降低成本、、增加最終終顧客獲得得的產(chǎn)品或或服務(wù)的價(jià)價(jià)值35InternetTechnologiesintheSupplyChain供應(yīng)鏈中的的網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)術(shù)ClearcommunicationsandquickresponsestothosecommunicationsareakeyelementofsuccessfulSCM.明確的溝通通以及成員員對(duì)溝通的的快速響應(yīng)應(yīng)是供應(yīng)鏈鏈管理成功功的關(guān)鍵TechnologiesoftheInternetandtheWebcanbeveryeffectivecommunicationenhancers.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)術(shù)是實(shí)現(xiàn)這這一溝通的的有效工具具Figure5-3liststheadvantagesofusingInternetandWebtechnologiesinSCM.表5-3所示為在供供應(yīng)鏈管理理中使用互互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)術(shù)的好處36表5-3InternetTechnologiesintheSupplyChain供應(yīng)鏈中的的網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)術(shù)37表5-3InternetTechnologiesintheSupplyChain供應(yīng)鏈中的的網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)術(shù)38IncreasingEfficiencyintheSupplyChain提高供應(yīng)鏈鏈的效率ManycompaniesareusingInternetandWebtechnologiestomanagesupplychainsinwaysthatyieldincreasingefficiencythroughoutthechain.很多多公公司司利利用用互互聯(lián)聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)技技術(shù)術(shù)管管理理供供應(yīng)應(yīng)鏈鏈，，以以提提高高整整個(gè)個(gè)互互聯(lián)聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)的的效效率率年，，生生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)和和計(jì)計(jì)劃劃的的失失誤誤使使得得波波音音公公司司損損失失超超過過15億美美元元UsingEDIandInternetlinks,Boeingisworkingwithsupplierssothattheycanprovidetherightpartattherighttime.波音音公公司司用用EDI和互互聯(lián)聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)連連接接同同供供應(yīng)應(yīng)商商合合作作，，使使供供應(yīng)應(yīng)商商能能夠夠在在正正確確的的時(shí)時(shí)間間提提供供正正確確的的零零部部件件。。39TechnologyintheSupplyChain供應(yīng)應(yīng)鏈鏈技技術(shù)術(shù)DellComputerhasalsousedtechnology-enabledSCMtogivecustomersexactlywhattheywant.戴爾爾公公司司也也采采用用技技術(shù)術(shù)支支持持的的供供應(yīng)應(yīng)鏈鏈管管理理手手段段向向客客戶戶準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)確確提提供供所所需需產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品Dellhasbeenabletodramaticallyreducetheamountofinventoryitmusthold.戴爾公司通過過掌握更多的的市場(chǎng)信息，，大幅度降低低了庫(kù)存信息息。Dellhasalsosharedthisinformationwithmembersofitssupplychain.戴爾公司也與與供應(yīng)鏈的其其他成員共享享這些信息。。40UsingTechnologytoCreateanUltimateConsumerOrientation建立消費(fèi)者導(dǎo)導(dǎo)向Oneofthemaingoalsofsupplychainmanagementistohelpeachcompanyinthechainfocusonmeetingtheneedsoftheconsumerwhoisattheendofthesupplychain.供應(yīng)鏈管理的的一個(gè)主要目目標(biāo)是幫助供供應(yīng)鏈上的每每家公司專注注于滿足供應(yīng)應(yīng)鏈末端的消消費(fèi)者的需求求SinceInternettechnologiesaretoolsthatimprovecommunicationsataverylowcost,theyareidealaidsforenhancingthecreationofahighlycoordinatedandeffectivesupplychain.由于互互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)技術(shù)術(shù)是以以低成成本進(jìn)進(jìn)行溝溝通的的工具具，因因此非非常適適合輔輔助建建立協(xié)協(xié)調(diào)與與高效效的供供應(yīng)鏈鏈。41建立與與維系系供應(yīng)應(yīng)鏈的的信任任Themajorissuethatmostcompaniesmustdealwithinformingsupplychainalliancesisdevelopingtrust.對(duì)大多多數(shù)企企業(yè)來來說，，建立立供應(yīng)應(yīng)聯(lián)盟盟的主主要問問題是是建立立彼此此間的的信任任關(guān)系系Continualcommunicationandinformationsharingarekeyelementsinbuildingtrust.持續(xù)的的溝通通和信信息共共享是是建立立信任任的主主要手手段VendorsarefindingthattheWebgivesthemanopportunitytostayincontactwiththeircustomersmoreeasilyandlessexpensively.供應(yīng)商商發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)互聯(lián)聯(lián)網(wǎng)為為自己己提供供了同同客戶戶進(jìn)行行方便便、低低成本本溝通通的機(jī)機(jī)會(huì)。。425.6ElectronicMarketplacesandPortals電子集集市與與門戶戶AstheWebemergedinthemid-1990s,manybusinessresearchersandconsultantsbelievedthatitwouldprovideanopportunityforcompaniestoestablishinformationhubsforeachmajorindustry.在20世紀(jì)90年代中中期互互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)的時(shí)時(shí)候，，很多多企業(yè)業(yè)研究究顧問問認(rèn)為為它可可以提提供一一個(gè)為為企業(yè)業(yè)建立立行業(yè)業(yè)信息息中心心的機(jī)機(jī)會(huì)Theseindustryhubswouldoffernews,researchreports,analysesoftrends,andin-depthreportsoncompaniesintheindustry.這些行行業(yè)信信息中中心將將提供供新聞聞、研研究報(bào)報(bào)告、、趨勢(shì)勢(shì)分析析和公公司深深度分分析等等，就就像行行業(yè)貿(mào)貿(mào)易雜雜志的的內(nèi)容容Inadditiontoinformation,thesehubswouldoffermarketplacesandauctions.除此之之外，，它還還提供供交易易和拍拍賣中中心。。43ElectronicMarketplacesandPortals電子集市與與門戶BecausethesehubswouldofferadoorwaytotheInternetforindustrymembersandwouldbeverticallyintegrated,theseplannedenterpriseswerecalledverticalportalsorvortals.由于這些些交易中中心為本本行業(yè)成成員提供供了網(wǎng)上上門戶和和垂直集集成，這這些企業(yè)業(yè)也被稱稱為垂直直門戶。。Aswithmanyelectroniccommercepredictions,thepredictionthatverticalportalswouldchangebusinessforeverdidnotturnouttobeexactlycorrect.像其他許許多對(duì)電電子商務(wù)務(wù)的預(yù)言言一樣，，垂直門門戶將會(huì)會(huì)改變行行業(yè)的預(yù)預(yù)言也沒沒有成為為現(xiàn)實(shí)。。44行業(yè)集市市Thefirstcompaniestolaunchindustryhubsthatfollowedtheverticalportalmodelcreatedtradingexchangesthatwerefocusedonaparticularindustry.最早采用用垂直門門戶模式式的公司司建起行行業(yè)交易易中心，，它強(qiáng)調(diào)調(diào)于特定定的行業(yè)業(yè)。Theseverticalportalsbecameknownbyvariousnamesincludingindustrymarketplaces,independentexchanges,orpublicmarketplaces.這些垂直直門戶有有各種名名稱，包包括行業(yè)業(yè)電子集集市，第第三方交交易中心心，或公公共電子子集市。。45IndustryMarketplaces行業(yè)集市市Ventroopeneditsfirstindustrymarketplace,Chemdex,in1997totradebulkchemicals.Ventro公司在1997年初建立立了自己己第一個(gè)個(gè)行業(yè)電電子集市市Chemdex。VentroalsoopenedPromedixforspecialtymedicalsupplies,AmphireSolutionsforfoodservice,MarketMileforgeneralbusinessproductsandservices,andanumberofothers.Ventro公司又創(chuàng)辦辦了面向醫(yī)醫(yī)療用品的的Promedix，面向食品品業(yè)的AmphireSolutions面向企業(yè)普普通用品與與服務(wù)的MarketMile以及其他許許多電子集集市。ThehomepageofCheM,whichcompeteddirectlywithVentrointhebulkchemicalsmarket,appearsinFigure5-12.下圖所示為為目前還在在運(yùn)營(yíng)的散散裝化學(xué)品品行業(yè)集市市CheM的主頁(yè)46IndustryMarketplaces行業(yè)集市47IndustryMarketplaces行業(yè)集市Thenumberofnewentrantsintothesebusinessesgrewrapidlyduringthenexttwoyears.接下來的兩兩年進(jìn)入這這些行業(yè)的的很多公司司快速成長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)Bymid-2000,thereweremorethan2200independentexchangesinawidevarietyofindustries.到2000年中期，大大約有2200家各行各業(yè)業(yè)的第三方方交易中心心。Forexample,therewere200exchangesoperatinginthemetalsindustryalone.例如：僅金金融行業(yè)就就有200家交易中心心在運(yùn)營(yíng)。。485.6.2PrivateStoresandCustomerPortals專門店鋪與與客戶門戶戶Asestablishedcompaniesinvariousindustrieswatchednewbusinessesopenmarketplaces,theybecameconcernedthattheseindependentoperatorswouldtakecontroloftransactionsawayfromtheminsupplychains.各行行業(yè)業(yè)的的公公司司都都在在關(guān)關(guān)心心著著這這些些新新建建的的公公共共電電子子集集市市，，擔(dān)擔(dān)心心這這些些電電子子集集市市會(huì)會(huì)從從他他們們手手里里奪奪取取供供應(yīng)應(yīng)鏈鏈交交易易的的控控制制權(quán)權(quán)，，而而這這是是他他們們花花了了多多年年才才取取得得的的。。Largecompaniesthatselltomanyrelativelysmallcustomerscanexertgreatpowerinnegotiatingprice,quality,anddeliverytermswiththosecustomers.面對(duì)很很多小小客戶戶的大大公司司就價(jià)價(jià)格與與交付付條款款進(jìn)行行談判判時(shí)處處于有有利地地位，，Thesesellersfearedthatindustrymarketplaceswoulddilutethatpower.他們擔(dān)擔(dān)心行行業(yè)電電子集集市會(huì)會(huì)奪取取這個(gè)個(gè)權(quán)力力。49PrivateStoresandCustomerPortals專屬店店鋪與與客戶戶門戶戶ManyoftheselargecompanieshadalreadyinvestedheavilyinWebsitesthattheybelievedwouldbettermeettheneedsoftheircustomersthananyindustrymarketplace.這些大大公司司已經(jīng)經(jīng)在自自己的的網(wǎng)站站上投投入巨巨資，，認(rèn)為為自己己會(huì)比比任何何行業(yè)業(yè)電子子集市市更好好地滿滿足客客戶。。Forexample,CiscoandDellofferprivatestoresforeachoftheirmajorcustomerswithintheirsellingWebsites.例如：：思科科和戴戴爾都都在自自己的的網(wǎng)站站上偉偉大客客戶提提供專專屬店店鋪。。Othercompanies,suchasGraingerandMilacron,provideadditionalservicesforcustomersontheirsites.其他公公司，，例如如GraingerandMilacron公司還還提供供額外外的服服務(wù)。。50專屬電電子集集市Largecompaniesthatpurchasefromvendorsthatarerelativelysmallcanexertgreatpoweroverthosevendorsinpurchasingnegotiations.從許多多小的的供應(yīng)應(yīng)商那那里采采購(gòu)的的大公公司在在交易易談判判時(shí)也也處于于有利利地位位。Thesecompaniescaninvestinprocurementsoftware.這些公公司能能在采采購(gòu)軟軟件商商投資資。Companiesthatimplemente-procurementsoftwareusuallyrequiretheirsupplierstobidfortheirbusiness.實(shí)施了了電子子采購(gòu)購(gòu)軟件件的公公司會(huì)會(huì)要求求供應(yīng)應(yīng)商在在網(wǎng)上上投標(biāo)標(biāo)，51PrivateCompanyMarketplaces私人電電子集集市Whenindustrymarketplacesopenedforbusiness,theselargecompanieswerereluctanttoabandontheirinvestmentsine-procurementsoftware.出現(xiàn)行行業(yè)電電子集集市以以后，，這些些大公公司不不愿意意放棄棄自己己在電電子采采購(gòu)軟軟件方方面的的投資資Thesecompaniesusetheirpowerinthesupplychaintoforcesupplierstodealwiththemontheirowntermsratherthannegotiatewithsuppliersinanindustrymarketplace.這些公公司利利用自自己在在供應(yīng)應(yīng)鏈上上的權(quán)權(quán)力，，直接接要求求供應(yīng)應(yīng)商同同自己己交易易，而而不是是在電電子集集市里里同供供應(yīng)商商談判判。Asmarketplacesoftwarebecamemorereliable,manyofthesecompaniesdevelopedprivatecompanymarketplaces.隨著電子子集市軟軟件的逐逐漸可靠靠，這些些公司開開始建立立專屬電電子集市市。52行業(yè)共同電子子集市Somecompanieshadrelativelystrongnegotiatingpositionsintheirindustrysupplychain,butdidnothaveenoughpowertoforcesupplierstodealwiththemthroughaprivatecompanymarketplace.有些公司在行行業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈中中處于相對(duì)強(qiáng)強(qiáng)勢(shì)的談判地地位，但沒有有強(qiáng)到迫使供供應(yīng)商在專屬屬電子集市進(jìn)進(jìn)行交易。Thesecompaniesbegantoformconsortiatosponsormarketplaces.這些公司開始始結(jié)盟共同建建立電子集市市Anindustryconsortia-sponsoredmarketplaceisamarketplaceformedbyseverallargebuyersinaparticularindustry.行業(yè)共同電子子集市是由某某個(gè)行業(yè)多家家大采購(gòu)者聯(lián)聯(lián)合建立的電電子集市53Marke