linux記一次給數(shù)據(jù)庫存放目錄擴(kuò)充大容量

一、Linux磁盤管理之GPT分區(qū)硬盤分區(qū)表掃盲：MBR和GPT表MBR全稱為MasterBootRecord主引導(dǎo)記錄，是傳統(tǒng)的分區(qū)機(jī)制，應(yīng)用于絕大多數(shù)使用BIOS的PC設(shè)備MBR+BIOSMBR支持32位和64位系統(tǒng)。MBR支持分區(qū)數(shù)量有限。MBR只支持不超過2T的硬盤，超過2T的硬盤將只能用2T空間（有第三方解決方法）。GPT（GUIDPartitionTable）全局唯一標(biāo)識(shí)分區(qū)表，是一個(gè)較新的分區(qū)機(jī)制，解決了MBR很多缺點(diǎn)。支持超過2T的磁盤（64位尋址空間）。fdisk最大只能建立2TB大小的分區(qū)，創(chuàng)建一個(gè)大于2TB的分區(qū)使用parted。向后兼容MBR。必須在支持UEFI的硬件上才能使用（Intel提出，用于取代BIOS）。GPT+UEFI必須使用64位系統(tǒng)。Mac、Linux系統(tǒng)都能支持GPT分區(qū)格式。Windows7/864bit、WindowsServer200864bit支持GPT。以上就是Linux系統(tǒng)MBR和GPT分區(qū)的區(qū)別，總得來說GPT比MBR更先進(jìn)，但是MBR的兼容性比GPT要好。在Linux系統(tǒng)中使用GPT分區(qū)格式（以CentOS7為例）：parted用法和常用選項(xiàng)：用法：parted［選項(xiàng)］...［設(shè)備［命令［參數(shù)］...］...］將帶有“參數(shù)”的命令應(yīng)用于“設(shè)備”。如果沒有給出“命令”，則以交互模式運(yùn)行幫助選項(xiàng)：-h,-l,-i,-h,-l,-i,-s,-v,--list列出所有設(shè)別的分區(qū)信息--interactive在必要時(shí)，提示用戶--script從不提示用戶--version顯示版本操作命令：檢查MINOR并對(duì)文件系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的檢查cp［FROM-DEVICE］FROM-MINORTO-MINOR并將文件系統(tǒng)復(fù)制到另一個(gè)分區(qū)help[COMMAND]的丁印通用求助信息，或關(guān)于help[COMMAND]的丁印通用求助信息，或關(guān)于COMMAND的信息mklabel標(biāo)簽類型并創(chuàng)建新的磁盤標(biāo)簽（分區(qū)表）mkfsMINOR文件系統(tǒng)類型并在MINOR創(chuàng)建類型為“文件系統(tǒng)類型”的文件系統(tǒng)mkpart分區(qū)類型［文件系統(tǒng)類型］起始點(diǎn)終止點(diǎn) 并創(chuàng)建一個(gè)分區(qū)mkpartfs分區(qū)類型mkpartfs分區(qū)類型printquitrescueresizeMINOR起始點(diǎn)MINOR名稱[MINOR]終止占printquitrescueresizeMINOR起始點(diǎn)MINOR名稱[MINOR]終止占Y-11,八、、起始點(diǎn)終止點(diǎn)MINOR起始點(diǎn)rmMINORselect設(shè)備setMINOR標(biāo)志操作實(shí)例：狀態(tài)#移動(dòng)編號(hào)為MINOR的分區(qū)并將編號(hào)為MINOR的分區(qū)命名為“名稱”肘丁印分區(qū)表，或者分區(qū)并退出程序并挽救臨近“起始點(diǎn)”、“終止點(diǎn)”的遺失的分區(qū)終止點(diǎn)并改變位于編號(hào)為MINOR的分區(qū)中文件系統(tǒng)的大小并刪除編號(hào)為MINOR的分區(qū)并選擇要編輯的設(shè)備并改變編號(hào)為MINOR的分區(qū)的標(biāo)志（parted）表示在parted中輸入的命令，其他為自動(dòng)打印的信息1、首先類似fdisk一樣，先選擇要分區(qū)的硬盤，此處為/dev/sdb：T#parted/dev/sdbGNUParted3.1UsingZdev/sdlbWelcometoGNUParted!Type1help'toviewalistofcommanids.(parttti)|2、選擇了/dev/sdb作為我們操作的磁盤，接下來需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)分區(qū)表(在parted2、選擇了/dev/sdb作為我們操作的磁盤，接下來需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)分區(qū)表(在parted中可以使用help命令打印幫助信息)：using/aev/idbWelcainetoGNUParted!Type'help-tovie^ialistofcoiwands.(parted)mklabelN噂*disklabeltype?gptWarning：Theexistingdisklabelon/dev/jdbwillbedestroyedandalldataonthisdiskwillbelast.Dayouwmnttocontinue?Y#s/No?y(parted}|(parted)mklabelNewdisklabeltype?(我們要正確分區(qū)大于2TB的磁盤，應(yīng)該使用gpt方式的分區(qū)表，輸入gpt后回車)gptWarning: Theexistingdisklabelon /dev/sdb will be destroyed andalldata onthisdiskwillbelost. Doyou want to continue?yes后回車)yyes后回車)y3、創(chuàng)建好分區(qū)表以后，接下來就可以進(jìn)行分區(qū)操作了，執(zhí)行nkpart命令，分別輸入分區(qū)名稱，文件系統(tǒng)和分區(qū)的起止位置b&lost.Doyouwanttocontinue?Yes/No?y(parted)mkpartPartitionname?[]?gptlFilesystemtype?[ext2]?ext4需;?。?池中Warning:Theresultingpartitionisnotproperlyalignedforbestp第芯博薪器^Warning；TheresultingpartitionisnotproperlyalignedtorbestpeIgnore/Cancel?i4、分好區(qū)后可以使用print命令打印分區(qū)信息，下面是一個(gè)print的樣例(parted)printModel:VMware,VMwareVirtual5(scsi)Disk/dev/sdb：64,4GBSectorsize(logicaL/physical):512B/512BPartitionTable：gptDiskFlags:NumberStartEndSizeFilesystemNameFlags1 17.4KB19.DGB1G66GMB gptl(pa1rt皿| 事皿5、如果分區(qū)錯(cuò)了，可以使用rm命令刪除分區(qū)，比如我們要?jiǎng)h除上面的分區(qū)，然后打印刪除后的結(jié)果(parted)rm1 #rm后面使用分區(qū)的號(hào)碼(parted)print

(parted)rm1{part&d}printModel：VMwaredVMwareVirtualS(scsi)Disk/dev/sdb:64.4GBSectorsize(logieal/physical}:512B/512BPartitionTable：gptDiskFlags：NumberStartEndSizeFilesystemNaiqgFlagstlCIWw.(parted)| ***6、按照上面的方法把整個(gè)硬盤都分好區(qū)，下面是一個(gè)分完后的樣例(parted)mkpartPartitionname?[]?mygptFilesystemtype?(ext2]?ext4Start?QEnd710GWarning：Theresultingpartitionisnotproperlyalignedicrbestperfor畸neeIgnare/Cancel?i(parted)mkpartPartitionnative?()?mygpt2Filesystemtype?[ext2]?ext4Start?10GEnd720G(parted)mkpartPartitionname?[]?mygptSFilesystemtype?(ext2]?ext4Start?2QGEnd730G(parted)(parted)printHodel:VMware,VMwareVirtualS(scsi)DiskZdev/sdb：64.4GBSectorsize(Icgical/physical)；512B/512BPartitionTable：gptDiskFlags(parted)printHodel:VMware,VMwareVirtualS(scsi)DiskZdev/sdb：64.4GBSectorsize(Icgical/physical)；512B/512BPartitionTable：gptDiskFlags:NumberStart17.4KB10.0GB20.0GBEnd10,0GB2Q.0GB30-0GBSize10000MB9999MB19.0GB(parted)mygptmygpt2mygp7、由于parted內(nèi)建的mkfs還不夠完善，所以完成以后我們可以使用quit命令退出parted并使用系統(tǒng)的mkfs命令對(duì)分區(qū)進(jìn)行格式化了，此時(shí)如果使用fdisk-l命令打印分區(qū)表會(huì)出現(xiàn)警告信息，這是正常的

[root@localhost~J#fdisk-1/dev/sdbWARNING:fdiskGPTsupportiscurrentlynew,andthereforeinanexpeourowndiscretion.Disk/dev/sdb:64.4GB,64424509440bytes,125829120sectorsUnits=sectorsof1*512=512bytesSectorsize(logical/physical):I/Osize(minimum/optimal):512Sectorsize(logical/physical):I/Osize(minimum/optimal):512512bytes/512bytesbytes/512bytesDisklabeltype：9Pt#StartEndSizeTypeName134195312509.3GMicrosoftbasicmygpt219531776390615039.3GMicrosoftbasic339061504535932799.3GMicrosoftbasic嶼。罌[root0localhost格式化[root@localhost~]#mkfs.ext4/dev/sdbl[root@localhost~]#mkfs.ext4/dev/sdb2[root@localhost~]#mkfs.ext4/dev/sdb3[rootfjilocalhost-]#mkfs.ext4/dev/sdblmke2fs1.42.9(2S-Dec-2Q13)Filesystemlabel=OStype:LinuxBlocksize=4G96{log=2}Fragmentsize=4096(log=2)Stride=0blocks,Stripewidth=Gblocks619800inodes,2441402blocks122G7Gblocks(54。%)reservedforthesuperuserFirstdatablock=0Maximumfilesystemblocks=215167795275blockgroups32768blockspergroup,32768fragmentspergroup8144inodespergroupSuperblockbackupsstoredonblocks;32768,98304r16384Gf229376,294912,819200,884736,16G5632Allocatinggrouptables：doneWritinginodetables:doneCreatingjournal(3276Sblocks):doneWritingsuperblocksandfilesystemaccountinginformation:則良[root(aiocalhostT#mkfs<ext4/dev/sdb2| 揄勒踮.掛載：[root@localhost~]#[root@localhost~]#[root@localhost~]#[root@localhost~]#[root@localhost~]#[root@localhost~]#mkdirmkdirmkdirmountmountmount/mnt/testl掛載：[root@localhost~]#[root@localhost~]#[root@localhost~]#[root@localhost~]#[root@localhost~]#[root@localhost~]#mkdirmkdirmkdirmountmountmount/mnt/testl/mnt/test2/mnt/test3/dev/sdbl/mnt/testl/dev/sdb2/mnt/test2/dev/sdb3/mnt/test3一開始沒有做好規(guī)劃，導(dǎo)致/home空間不足，再加上分區(qū)表不是GPT,導(dǎo)致無法擴(kuò)展超過2T,因此需要重新劃分一塊更大的硬盤給/home。.把新掛載的4T硬盤進(jìn)行分區(qū)和格式化.創(chuàng)建目錄sudomkdir/media/home.把/dev/sdbl掛載到/media/homesudomount/dev/sdb1/media/home.同步/home到/media/home，同步時(shí)間根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)量大小決定，建議在系統(tǒng)空閑時(shí)操作sudorsync-aXS/home/./media/home/. 〃在這一步我進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)的時(shí)候，對(duì)/orcl文件目錄進(jìn)行操作，報(bào)錯(cuò)skiping…，經(jīng)判斷后采用cp-r/orcl/orcl1,因?yàn)?orcl目錄下還有其他子文件.同步完成后重命名/homesudomv/home/home_old.新建/homesudomkdir/home.取消/dev/sdb1掛載sudoumount/dev/sdb1.重新掛載/dev/sdb1到homesudomount/dev/sdb1/home.查看/dev/sdb1的UUID

blkidblkid/dev/sda1:uuid="59e075fe-afeo-4872-9091)-3lazed99Qi3b'_prPE-,,ext4”/dev/sdbl:UUlD=',eda16fll2-ab9c-43^f-a85S-2484112fdla7'TYPE=',ext4":~5I.把UUID復(fù)制下來，修改/etc/fstab文件，實(shí)現(xiàn)開機(jī)自動(dòng)掛載sudogedit/etc/fstab在文件最后添加如下內(nèi)容：#home4TUUID=8da46012-ab9c-434f-a855-2484112fd1a7/homeext4nodev,nosuid02三、LVMXFS增加硬盤分區(qū)容量(resize2fs:Badmagicnumberinsuper-blockwhile)/etc/fstab:staticfilesy-stEmInformation./etc/fstab:staticfilesy-stEmInformation.UseUse1blkid'toprinttheuniversallyuniqueidentifierforadevice;thismaybeusedwithUUID二asamorerobustgaytonam#devicesthfltworks晉*ntfdisksareadded的dren&ved,Seefstab(S-)T<fllesystems<：mountpotnit>(type；*<GptiDcns?/wasom/de^/sdaiduringInstaHatt&n<pasE>UWJD=59eB?5feBfeB^BTZ-Sigb-^laSeJSSeiab/flswapwasom/deu/sdaSduringInstaLlattdn<fllesystems<：mountpotnit>(type；*<GptiDcns?/wasom/de^/sdaiduringInstaHatt&n<pasE>UWJD=59eB?5feBfeB^BTZ-Sigb-^laSeJSSeiab/flswapwasom/deu/sdaSduringInstaLlattdnUU10=declbd^O-225e-4M7-bSdl-4c4042c4ttS7dnonehome4Text4swaperrQrs=remD?nt-ro6UUTP-edi -alb^c-434f-3855-UUTP-edi -alb^c-434f-3855-24S4112fd1a?/Ihone"ME n2Plainitxt*Tjtwidtke-.保存之后重啟系統(tǒng)，查看分區(qū)的掛載情況df-h?ft?FilesystenSizeUsedAvailUse%Mountedan□dev16G12K16G1%/devtnpfs3.2G16M3.2G1%/run/dlev/sdal2-GT6.7G1.9T1*/none4.OK04■電K0%/sys/fs/cgroupnone5gH□5.0H0%/run/locknone16G232K16G1%/run/shnnone100H4BK190H1*/run/user/dev/&dbl4.0T2,4T1.4T64%/homeT1df-h.確認(rèn)一切正常后刪除/home_oldsudorm-rf/home_old至此，給/home增加空間的工作就完成了。LVMXFS增加硬盤分區(qū)容量(resize2fs:Badmagicnumberinsuper-blockwhile)給某個(gè)硬盤增加分區(qū)之后[root@Mysql01-213-66~]#df-hFilesystemSizeUsedAvailUse%Mounted,/dev/mapper/vg_mysql0121366-LogVol027.7G2.6G4.8G36%/tmpfs495M0495M0%/dev/shm/dev/sda1194M29M155M16%/boot/dev/mapper/vg_mysql0121366-LogVol018.0G3.1G5.0G38%/data這里增加/data大小[root@Mysql01-213-66~]#fdisk-l/dev/sdaDisk/dev/sda:40.8GB,40802189312bytes255heads,63sectors/track,4960cylindersUnits=cylindersof16065*512=8225280bytesSectorsize(logical/physical):512bytes/512bytesI/Osize(minimum/optimal):512bytes/512bytesDiskidentifier:0x000eb81fDeviceBootStart EndBlocksIdSystem/dev/sda1 * 12620480083LinuxPartition1doesnotendoncylinderboundary./dev/sda2 262350186685448eLinuxLVM進(jìn)行分區(qū)[root@Mysql01-213-66~]#fdisk/dev/sdaWARNING:DOS-compatiblemodeisdeprecated.It,sstronglyrecommendedtoswitchoffthemode(command'c')andchangedisplayunitstosectors(command'u').Command(mforhelp):nCommandactioneextendedpprimarypartition(1-4)pPartitionnumber(1-4):3Firstcylinder(2350-4960,default2350):Usingdefaultvalue2350Lastcylinder,+cylindersor+size{K,M,G}(2350-4960,default4960):Usingdefaultvalue4960Command(mforhelp):pDisk/dev/sda:40.8GB,40802189312bytes255heads,63sectors/track,4960cylindersUnits=cylindersof16065*512=8225280bytesSectorsize(logical/physical):512bytes/512bytesI/Osize(minimum/optimal):512bytes/512bytesDiskidentifier:0x000eb81fDeviceBootStart EndBlocksIdSystem/dev/sda1 * 12620480083LinuxPartition1doesnotendoncylinderboundary./dev/sda2 262350186685448eLinux LVM/dev/sda3 235049602096683283LinuxCommand(mforhelp):tPartitionnumber(1-4):3Hexcode(typeLtolistcodes):8eChangedsystemtypeofpartition3to8e(LinuxLVM)Command(mforhelp):wThepartitiontablehasbeenaltered!Callingioctl()tore-readpartitiontable.WARNING:Re-readingthepartitiontablefailedwitherror16:Deviceorresourcebusy.Thekernelstillusestheoldtable.Thenewtablewillbeusedatthenextrebootorafteryourunpartprobe(8)orkpartx(8)Syncingdisks.重啟服務(wù)器或者partprobe創(chuàng)建物理卷[root@Mysql01-213-66?]#pvcreate/dev/sda3Physicalvolume"/dev/sda3"successfullycreated使用vgscan查詢物理卷[root@Mysql01-213-66?]#vgscanReadingallphysicalvolumes.Thismaytakeawhile...Foundvolumegroup"vg_mysql0121366"usingmetadatatypelvm2使用新增物理卷擴(kuò)展vg[root@Mysql01-213-66?]#vgextendvg_mysql0121366/dev/sda3Volumegroup"vg_mysql0121366"successfullyextended[root@Mysql01-213-66?]#vgscanReadingallphysicalvolumes.Thismaytakeawhile...Foundvolumegroup"vg_mysql0121366"usingmetadatatypelvm2

查詢vg[root@Mysql01-213-66?]#vgdisplay Volumegroup VGNamevg_mysql0121366SystemIDFormatlvm2MetadataAreas2MetadataSequenceNo5VGAccessread/writeVGStatusresizableMAXLV0CurLV3OpenLV3MaxPV0CurPV2ActPV2VGSize37.79GiBPESize4.00MiBTotalPE9675AllocPE/Size4557/17.80GiBFreePE/Size5118/19.99GiBVGUUIDZy2PVv-xSsx-NEAv-L6ba-G8Oy-tBBq-5zXKQm查詢lv[root@Mysql01-213-66?]#lvdisplay---Logicalvolume-LVPath/dev/vg_mysql0121366/LogVol01LVNameLogVol01VGNamevg_mysql0121366LVUUID5znkJ2-wdeZ-Y2o1-ECDS-gzzl-PqaS-qo2yZRLVWriteAccessread/writeLVCreationhost,timeMysql01-213-66,2015-08-3020:42:13+0800LVStatusavailable#open1LVSize8.00GiBCurrentLE2048Segments1AllocationinheritReadaheadsectorsauto-currentlysetto256Blockdevice253:2---LogicalvolumeLVPath/dev/vg_mysql0121366/LogVol00LVNameLogVol00

LVUUIDb1FV1n-iKyK-kZ23-glRO-opFh-gDRp-TzWNcLLVWriteAccessread/writeVGNamevg_mysql0121366LVCreationhost,timeMysql01-213-66,2015-08-3020:42:14+0800LVStatusavailable#open1LVSize2.00GiBCurrentLE512Segments1AllocationinheritReadaheadsectorsauto-currentlysetto256Blockdevice253:0 Logicalvolume LVPath/dev/vg_mysql0121366/LogVol02LVNameLogVol02VGNamevg_mysql0121366LVUUIDeoVdk3-cbcP-9PlI-kZBL-6pY2-Jpbl-1WI2uHLVWriteAccessread/writeLVCreationhost,timeMysql01-213-66,2015-08-3020:42:14+0800LVStatusavailable#open1LVSize7.80GiBCurrentLE1997Segments1AllocationinheritReadaheadsectorsauto-currentlysetto256Blockdevice253:1[root@Mysql01-213-66~]#df-hFilesystemSizeUsedAvailUse%Mountedon/dev/mapper/vg_mysql0121366-LogVol027.7G2.6G4.8G35%/tmpfs495M0495M0%/dev/shm/dev/sda1194M29M155M16%/boot/dev/mapper/vg_mysql0121366-LogVol018.0G3.1G5.0G38%/data擴(kuò)展lv[root@Mysq山1-213-66~]#lvextend-