計算機文化-課件npchapter

ComputersandDigitalBasics

Chapter1Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics2ChapterContentsSectionA:AllThingsDigital一切皆數(shù)碼（字）化SectionB:DigitalDevices數(shù)碼設備SectionC:DigitalDataRepresentation數(shù)碼數(shù)據(jù)表示SectionD:DigitalProcessing數(shù)字（碼）處理SectionE:PasswordSecurity密碼安全FastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse010100TheWebisjustanothernamefortheInternet.A010200Acomputer’soperatingsystemisatypeofapplicationsoftware.B010300Microcontrollersarespecialpurposemicroprocessorsthatcanbeembedded（嵌入）indevicessuchasrefrigerators,cars,andwashingmachines.A010400Abitisabinarydigit,suchasa1or0.A33Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsFastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse010500ASCII（美國信息交換標準代碼：AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange）,EBCDIC

(廣義二進制編碼的十進制交換碼：ExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchangeCode）,andUnicodeareusedtorepresentcharacterdata.A010600Amegabyte（MB）is1024bits.B010700Microprocessorsareatypeofintegratedcircuit.A010800C,COBOL,andJavaareexamplesofprogramminglanguages.A44Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsFastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse010900Acompilerconvertssourcecodetoobjectcode./編譯器將源代碼轉換成目標代碼A011000Thelistofcodesforamicroprocessor’sinstructionsetiscalledmachinelanguage./微處理器的指令集的代碼列表被稱為機器語言A011100Amicroprocessorholdsdataintheinterpreterregister./微處理器中寄存器保存數(shù)據(jù)的翻譯.

B011200Adictionaryattackisavirusthathidesoutinthespellingcheckerforyourwordprocessingsoftware./字典攻擊是一種病毒，隱藏在字處理軟件的拼寫檢查器.

B收集好密碼可能包含的字符串，然后通過各種方式組合。即相當于從字典中查密碼，逐一驗證！55Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics6AllThingsDigitalTheDigitalRevolutionConvergenceDigitalSocietyQuestion012100Computersandthedigitalrevolutionhavechangedourlivesinmanyfundamentalways.Ifyouwereonthefrontlinesofthedigitalrevolutionwhencomputerswerefirstdevelopedtobreakcodes（破解密碼）

andcalculatemissiletrajectories（計算導彈軌跡）,youweremostlikelylivinginwhattimeperiod?計算機和數(shù)字化革命已經(jīng)在許多基本方面改變了我們的生活。如果你在電腦最初被開發(fā)用破解密碼和計算導彈軌跡的數(shù)字革命的最前線，你是最有可能生活在什么時間段？A.WorldWarIB.Theroaringtwenties咆哮的20年代C.WorldWarIID.The1960sChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics7Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics8TheDigitalRevolutionThedigitalrevolutionisanongoingprocessofsocial,political,andeconomicchangebroughtaboutbydigitaltechnology,suchascomputersandtheInternet/數(shù)字革命是一個由諸如計算機和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等數(shù)字化技術所帶來的社會，政治和經(jīng)濟持續(xù)的變化過程Revolvesaroundaconstellationoftechnologies,includingdigitalelectronics,computers,communicationsnetworks,theWeb,anddigitization/這樣的革命是圍繞一個技術的星座來展開的，包括了數(shù)碼電子學、計算機科學、通信網(wǎng)絡科學、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和數(shù)字化等Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics9TheDigitalRevolutionDigitalelectronicsuseelectroniccircuitstorepresentdataToday,digitalelectronicdevicesincludecomputers,portablemediaplayerssuchasiPods,digitalcamerasandcamcorders（攝錄一體機）,cellphones,radiosandtelevisions,GPSs（全球定位系統(tǒng)：GlobalPositioningSystem）,DVD（數(shù)字多功能光盤：DigitalVersatileDisc）andCD(激光唱片，光盤pactDisk)players,e-bookreaders,digitalvoicerecorders,andhandheldgamingconsolesTheDigitalRevolutionChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics10Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics11TheDigitalRevolutionThesecondphaseofthedigitalrevolutionmaterializedwhentheInternetwasopenedtopublicuseE-mailBulletinboards(電子公告系統(tǒng)-論壇)Chatgroups（聊天組）BlogsOnlinesocial

networks（在線社交網(wǎng)絡）Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics12TheDigitalRevolutionAcomputernetworkisagroupofcomputerslinkedbywiredorwirelesstechnologytosharedataandresourcesTheWebisacollectionoflinkeddocuments,graphics,andsoundsthatcanbeaccessedovertheInternetCyberspaceisatermthatreferstoentitiesthatexistlargelywithincomputernetworks/網(wǎng)絡空間是指一個主要是計算機網(wǎng)絡內的實體存在術語，Digitizationistheprocessofconvertingtext,numbers,sound,photos,andvideointodatathatcanbeprocessedbydigitaldevices/數(shù)字化是將文本數(shù)字，聲音，照片，視頻轉換成可被數(shù)字設備處理的數(shù)據(jù)的轉換過程Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics13Convergence（交匯）Technologicalconvergence

（技術交匯）isaprocessbywhichseveraltechnologieswithdistinctfunctionalities（獨立功能）evolvetoform（發(fā)展成）asingleproductConvergencetendstoofferenhancedfunctionality（增強功能）

andconvenience（方便性）Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics14DigitalSociety（數(shù)字化社會）Digitaltechnologiesandcommunicationsnetworksmakeiteasytocrossculturalandgeographicboundaries（文化與地理邊界）Anonymous（匿名）Internetsites,suchasFreenet,andanonymizertools（匿名化工具）thatcloak（隱秘）aperson’sidentity,evenmakeitpossibletoexercisefreedomofspeechinsituationswherereprisals（報復）

mightrepress（遏制）itCitizensoffreesocietieshaveanexpectationofprivacy/自由社會的公民有一個期望的隱私Intellectualpropertyreferstotheownershipofcertaintypesofinformation,ideas,orrepresentations/知識產(chǎn)權是指某些類型的信息、創(chuàng)意或表達形式的所有權Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics15DigitalSocietyDigitaltechnologyisanimportantfactoringlobalandnationaleconomies,inadditiontoaffectingtheeconomicstatusofindividuals/數(shù)字技術在全球和國家經(jīng)濟的一個重要因素，除了影響個人的經(jīng)濟狀況Globalizationcanbedefinedastheworldwideeconomicinterdependenceofcountriesthatoccursascross-bordercommerceincreasesandasmoneyflowsmorefreelyamongcountries/全球化可以被定義為全球各國經(jīng)濟的相互依存，而這樣的依存是由于發(fā)生跨境（電子）商務的增加，資金流動更加自由所引起的Individualsareaffectedbythedigitaldivide,atermthatreferstothegapbetweenpeoplewhohaveaccesstotechnologyandthosewhodonot/個人受數(shù)字鴻溝的影響，數(shù)字鴻溝是指存在在那些已經(jīng)獲得數(shù)字技術的和那些還不曾獲得數(shù)字技術的人們之間的差距Digitaltechnologypermeatestheverycoreofmodernlife/數(shù)字技術滲透到現(xiàn)代生活??的核心Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics16DigitalDevicesComputerBasicsPersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputers/個人電腦，服務器，大型機和超級計算機PDAs(個人數(shù)字助理PersonalDigitalAssistant),Smartphones,andPortableMediaPlayers/個人數(shù)字助理（掌上電腦)，智能手機和便攜式媒體播放器Microcontrollers/\微控制器Question012200Today,consumerscanchoosefromawidevarietyofdigitaldevices,includingpersonalcomputers,workstations,videogameconsoles,smartphones,iPods,andPDAs.Knowingthestrengths(長處)ofthesedeviceshelpsyoumaketherightchoice.Whatisthefundamentaldifferencebetweenvideogameconsoles,personalcomputers,andsmartphones?A.Videogameconsolesandsmartphonesarenotbeclassifiedascomputersbecausetheydon’thavestoredprogramcapabilitieslikerealcomputers.NB.Videogameconsolesandsmartphonesfillspecializedniches(壁龕)andarenotreplacementsforpersonalcomputers.YC.PersonalcomputersandsmartphonescanbeusedtoaccesstheInternet,whereasvideogameconsolescannot.YD.Personalcomputersandsmartphoneshavebettergraphicsthanvideogameconsoles.N1717Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics18ComputerBasicsAcomputerisamultipurposedevicethatacceptsinput,processesdata,storesdata,andproducesoutput,allaccordingtoaseriesofstoredinstructions(存貯的指令）Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics19ComputerBasicsComputerinputiswhateveristyped,submitted,ortransmittedtoacomputersystem/計算機出入就是鍵入、提交或傳輸?shù)诫娔X系統(tǒng)的任何東西OutputistheresultproducedbyacomputerDatareferstothesymbolsthatrepresentfacts,objects,andideas/數(shù)據(jù)指的是事實，對象和思想的符號表示Computersmanipulate(操縱)datainmanyways,andthismanipulationiscalledprocessing（處理）CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)MicroprocessorChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics20ComputerBasicsMemory（內存）isanareaofacomputerthattemporarilyholdsdatawaitingtobeprocessed,stored,oroutputStorage（外存）istheareawheredatacanbeleftonapermanent（永久的）basiswhenitisnotimmediatelyneededforprocessingAfileisanamedcollectionofdatathatexistsonastoragemedium（介質）Theseriesofinstructions（指令序列）thattellsacomputerhowtocarryoutprocessingtasksisreferredtoasacomputerprogramSoftwareChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics21ComputerBasicsAstoredprogram（存儲程序）meansthataseriesofinstructionsforacomputingtaskcanbeloadedintoacomputer’smemory/存儲程序裝置是指為一個計算任務而設計的可以被加載到計算機的內存中一系列指令Allowsyoutoswitchbetweentasks/允許你在任務之間切換Distinguishesacomputerfromothersimplerandlessversatiledevices/這是計算機與其他簡單和通用性差的設備的主要區(qū)別之處Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics22ComputerBasicsApplicationsoftwareisasetofcomputerprogramsthathelpsapersoncarryoutatask/應用軟件是一套可以幫助一個人完成某項任務計算機程序Theprimarypurposeofsystemsoftwareistohelpthecomputersystemmonitoritselfinordertofunctionefficiently/系統(tǒng)軟件的主要目的是為了使計算機有效地發(fā)揮作用而設計的一套對計算機系統(tǒng)自身進行監(jiān)控軟件系統(tǒng)Operatingsystem(OS)/操作系統(tǒng)Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics23PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputersApersonalcomputerisamicroprocessor-basedcomputingdevicedesignedtomeetthecomputingneedsofanindividual/一臺個人電腦是一個基于微處理器的旨在滿足個人的計算需求計算設備Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics24PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputersThetermworkstationhastwomeanings:Anordinarypersonalcomputerthatisconnectedtoanetwork/一臺連到網(wǎng)絡上的普通個人電腦Apowerfuldesktopcomputerusedforhigh-performancetasks/一個強大的用于高性能計算任務的臺式電腦Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics25PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputersAvideogameconsole,suchasNintendo’s（任天堂）Wii,Sony’sPlayStation,orMicrosoft’sXbox,arenotgenerallyreferredtoaspersonalcomputersbecauseoftheirhistoryas

dedicatedgamedevices（專用的游戲設備）Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics26PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputersThepurposeofaserveristoservecomputersonanetwork(suchastheInternetorahomenetwork)bysupplyingthemwithdataAmainframecomputer(orsimplyamainframe)isalargeandexpensivecomputercapableofsimultaneouslyprocessingdataforhundredsorthousandsofusers/一臺大型機是一個龐大而昂貴的計算機，能夠同時處理數(shù)百或數(shù)千用戶數(shù)據(jù)Acomputerfallsintotheputercategoryifitis,atthetimeofconstruction,oneofthefastestcomputersintheworld/所謂超級計算機類是指在建造時它在世界上的最快的計算機之一Acompute-intensiveproblemisonethatrequiresmassiveamountsofdatatobeprocessedusingcomplexmathematicalcalculations/一項計算密集型問題是一個需要使用復雜的數(shù)學計算模型來處理大量的數(shù)據(jù)Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics27PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputersChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics28PDAs,Smartphones,andPortableMediaPlayersAPDA(personaldigitalassistant)isapocket-sizeddigitalappointmentbook（名片錄、約會登記表）withasmallqwertykeyboardoratouch-sensitivescreen,designedtorunonbatteriesandbeusedwhileholdingitAhandheldcomputerisessentiallyaPDAenhancedwithfeaturessuchasremovablestorage,e-mail,Webaccess,voicecommunications,built-incamera,andGPS/掌上電腦本質上是一個增強的PDA，帶有移動存儲，電子郵件，Web訪問，語音通信，內置攝像頭和GPS功能PDAs,Smartphones,andPortableMediaPlayersAsmartphone,whichinadditiontovoicecommunication,includesfeaturessuchasfullqwertykeypad,textmessaging,e-mail,Webaccess,removablestorage,camera,FMradio,digitalmusicplayer,andsoftwareoptionsforgames,financialmanagement,personalorganizer,GPS,andmaps/智能手機，它除了可以進行語音通信，還包括了QWERTY全鍵盤、短信、電子郵件、Web訪問、移動存儲、攝像頭、FM收音機、數(shù)碼音樂播放器和游戲軟件、財務管理等功能，個人通訊錄、GPS和地圖等iPodsandsimilardevicesareclassifiedasportablemediaplayersbecausetheirmainstrengthisplayingmusic,showingvideos,andstoringphotos/iPod和類似設備被列為便攜式媒體播放器,因為他們的主要用于播放音樂、視頻、照片存儲____________________________Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics2929Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics30PDAs,Smartphones,andPortableMediaPlayersChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics31MicrocontrollersAmicrocontrollerisaspecial-purposemicroprocessorthatisbuiltintothemachineitcontrols/微控制器是一種特殊用途的微處理器，被內置入它所控制的機器Microcontrollerscanbeembeddedinallsortsofeverydaydevices/微控制器可以被嵌入到各種日常設備中Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics32DigitalDataRepresentationDataRepresentationBasicsRepresentingNumbers,Text,andPicturesQuantifyingBitsandBytes/確定位和字節(jié)的量CircuitsandChips

/電路和芯片Question012300Whenyoushopfordigitaldevices,theircapabilitiesareoftentouted（兜售）intermsofspeedandcapacity.Supposeyou’reshoppingforaUSBFlashdrive.Afriendmendsonethat’s64GB.Whatdoesthatmean?A.Itoperatesat64gigabitspersecond.B.Itholds64billionbytesofdata./64,000,000,000bytes=64,000,000KBs=64,000MBs=64GBsC.Itholds64million0sand1storepresentdata.D.Ituses64-bitASCIIcodetoholddata.3333Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics34DataRepresentationDatarepresentationreferstotheforminwhichdataisstored,processed,andtransmitted/數(shù)據(jù)表示是指在其中的數(shù)據(jù)存儲，處理，傳輸形式Digitaldevicesworkwithdistinctandseparatedata

/數(shù)字設備以離散的數(shù)據(jù)形式工作Analogdevicesworkwithcontinuousdata

/模擬設備以連續(xù)的數(shù)據(jù)形式工作Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics35RepresentingNumbers,Text,

andPicturesNumericdata/數(shù)字數(shù)據(jù)BinarynumbersystemCharacterdata/字符數(shù)據(jù)ASCII,ExtendedASCII,EBCDIC,andUnicodeDigitizingistheprocessofconvertinganalogdataintodigitalformat/數(shù)字化是將模擬數(shù)據(jù)轉換成數(shù)字格式的過程Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics36DataRepresentation十進制484921Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics37QuantifyingBitsandBytes/位和字節(jié)的量Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics38CircuitsandChipsAnintegratedcircuit(computerchip)isasuper-thinslice/超薄薄片

ofsemiconductingmaterialpackedwithmicroscopiccircuitelements/顯微鏡可見的電路元器件DIP（Dualln-linePackage，雙列直插式封裝）,此封裝形式在當時具有適合PCB（印刷電路板）穿孔安裝，布線和操作較為方便等特點PGA（Pin-GridArray，引腳網(wǎng)格陣列）一種芯片封裝形式，多用于CPU等的封裝，缺點是耗電量大Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics39CircuitsandChipsTheelectroniccomponentsofmostdigitaldevicesaremountedonacircuitboardcalledasystemboard/大多數(shù)的數(shù)字設備的電子部件安裝在一個稱為系統(tǒng)板的電路板上Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics40DigitalProcessingProgramsandInstructionSets/程序和指令集ProcessorLogic/處理器邏輯Question012400Programmerswritecomputerprogramsforwordprocessing,displayingphotos,playingmusic,andshowingmovies.Whatprogrammerswrite,however,isnotwhatacomputeractuallyprocesses.Whyisthisthecase?A.Becauseprogrammersusuallywriteprogramsusinghigh-levelprogramminglanguages(高級編程語言)thathavetobeconvertedintomachinelanguage(機器語言)thatcomputerscanworkwith.B.Becauseprogramsarebasicallyoutlinesthatprogrammershavetofilloutusingopcodes.C.Becausehigh-levellanguagesaretoodetailedforcomputerstoprocess,soprogramswrittenintheselanguageshavetobesimplified.D.Becausecomputerprogrammersmaketoomanyerrorsforprogramstorunsuccessfully.4141Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics42ProgramsandInstructionSetsComputers,portablemediaplayers,PDAs,andsmartphonesallworkwithdigitaldataComputerprogrammerscreateprogramsthatcontroldigitaldevices.Theseprogramsareusuallywritteninahigh-levelprogramminglanguage/計算機程序員創(chuàng)建的程序，控制數(shù)字設備。這些程序通常用高級語言編寫Thehuman-readableversionofaprogramcreatedinahigh-levellanguagebyaprogrammeriscalledsourcecode一個/由程序員用高級語言創(chuàng)建的人類可讀的程序被稱為源代碼Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics43ProgramsandInstructionSets編譯器-編譯源代碼成機器代碼，可執(zhí)行代碼，然后執(zhí)行解釋器-解釋執(zhí)行指令，一句一句邊解釋邊執(zhí)行Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics44ProgramsandInstructionSetsAmicroprocessorishard-wiredtoperformisalimitedsetofactivities/微處理器通過用硬件連接的方式來執(zhí)行一套有限的動作Alimitedcollectionofpreprogrammedactivitiesiscalledaninstructionset/一預先編程好的有限動作的集合稱為指令集Eachinstructionhasacorrespondingsequenceof0sand1s/每條指令都有相應的0和1的序列Theendproductiscalledmachinecode/最終產(chǎn)品稱為機器代碼1sand0sChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics45ProgramsandInstructionSetsAnopcode(操作符

shortforoperationcode)isacommandwordforanoperationsuchasadd,compare,orjump（操作碼是一個操作命令字）Theoperand（操作數(shù)）foraninstructionspecifiesthedata,ortheaddressofthedata,fortheoperation/一個指令中的操作數(shù)是指一個操作中的用于操作的數(shù)據(jù)或數(shù)據(jù)的地址Inthefollowinginstruction,theopcodemeansaddandtheoperandis1,sotheinstructionmeansAdd1(20131022講)ProgramsandInstructionSetsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics46Sum=12+22+…Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics47ProcessorLogicTheALU(ArithmeticLogicUnit)isthepartofthemicroprocessorthatperformsarithmeticoperations/ALU（算術邏輯單元）是微處理器中執(zhí)行算術操作的部分TheALUusesregisterstoholddatathatisbeingprocessed/ALU使用寄存器來保持將被處理的數(shù)據(jù)Themicroprocessor’scontrolunitfetcheseachinstruction,justasyougeteachingredientoutofacupboardortherefrigerator/微處理器控制單元讀取每一條指令，就像你從櫥柜或冰箱得到各每一種餐料成分一樣Theterminstructioncyclereferstotheprocessinwhichacomputerexecutesasingleinstruction/術語指令周期是指在一個計算機執(zhí)行一條單一的指令的過程Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics48ProcessorLogicChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics49ProcessorLogicChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics50PasswordSecurityAuthenticationProtocols/認證協(xié)議PasswordHacks/密碼破解SecurePasswords/安全密碼Question012500Securityexpertsstressthattheuseof“strong”passwordscanpreventidentitytheftandhelptokeepyourcomputerfilessecure.Whichofthefollowingpasswordsislikelytobethemostsecure?A.12345becauseitisallnumbers.B.Hippocampus,becauseitisalongandunusualword.C.Il2baomw,becauseitcombinesnumberswithanonsenseword.D.Football88,becauseitcombinesawordandnumbers.5151Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics52AuthenticationProtocolsSecurityexpertsusethetermauthenticationprotocoltorefertoanymethodthatconfirmsaperson’sidentityusingsomethingthepersonknows,somethingthepersonpossesses,orsomethingthepersonis/安全專家使用術語認證協(xié)議來指利用人所知道、所擁有、或是什么的人用來確定一個人的身份的任何方法Apersoncanalsobeidentifiedbybiometrics,suchasafingerprint,facialfeatures(photo),orretinalpattern/一個人也可以以他的生物特性被識別，比如指紋、人臉特征（照片）、或視網(wǎng)膜圖案AuserIDisaseriesofcharacters—lettersandpossiblynumbersorspecialsymbols—thatesaperson’suniqueidentifier/一個用戶ID是一系列字母的字符和數(shù)字或特殊符號組合，以此來形成一個人的唯一標識符ApasswordisaseriesofcharactersthatverifiesauserIDandguaranteesthatyouarethepersonyouclaimtobe/密碼是一系列字符，他驗證用戶ID以保證你是你說的那個人Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics53AuthenticationProtocolsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBa