專四英語閱讀練習

(-)Peoplehavebeenpaintingpicturesforatleast30,000years.Theearliestpictureswerepaintedbypeoplewhohuntedanimals.Theyusedtopaintpicturesoftheanimalstheywantedtocatchandkill.PicturesofthiskindhavebeenfoundonthewallsofcavesinFranceandSpain.Nooneknowswhytheywerepaintedthere.Perhapsthepaintersthoughtthattheirpictureswouldhelpthemtocatchtheseanimals.Orperhapshumanbeingshavealwayswantedtotellstoriesinpictures.About5,000yearsago,theEgyptiansandotherpeopleintheNearEastbegantousepicturesaskindofwriting.Theydrewsimplepicturesorsignstorepresentthingsandideas,andalsotorepresentthesoundsoftheirIanguage.Thesignsthesepeopleusedbecameakindofalphabet.TheEgyptiansusedtorecordinformationandtotellstoriesbyputtingpicturewritingandpicturestogether.Whenanimportantpersondied,scenesandstoriesfromhislifewerepaintedandcarvedonthewallsoftheplacewherehewasburied.Someofthesepicturesarelikemoderncomicstripstories.IthasbeensaidthatEgyptisthehomeofthecomicstrip.But,fortheEgyptians,picturesstillhadmagicpower.Sotheydidnottrytomaketheirwayofwritingsimple.Theordinarypeoplecouldnotunderstandit.Bytheyear1,000BC,peoplewholivedintheareaaroundtheMediterraneanSeahaddevelopedasimplersystemofwriting.Thesignstheyusedwereveryeasytowrite,andtherewerefewerofthemthanintheEgyptiansystem.Thiswasbecauseeachsign,orletter,representedonlyonesoundintheirIanguage.TheGreeksdevelopedthissystemandformedthelettersoftheGreekalphabet.TheRomanscopiedtheidea,andtheRomanalphabetisnowusedallovertheworId.Thesedays,wecanwritedownastory,orrecordinformation,withoutusingpictures.Butwestillneedpicturesofallkinds:drawing,photographs,signsanddiagrams.Wefindthemeverywhere:inbooksandnewspapers,inthestreet,andonthewallsoftheplaceswhereweliveandwork.Pictureshelpustounderstandandrememberthingsmoreeasily,andtheycanmakeastorymuchmoreinteresting.?PicturesofanimalswerepaintedonthewallsofcavesinFranceandSpainbecause??.?thehunterswantedtoseethepictures?thepainterswereanimallovers?thepainterswantedtoshowimagination?thepictureswerethoughttobehelpful?TheGreekalphabetwassimplerthantheEgyptiansystemforallthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat?.theformerwaseasytowrite?therewerefewersignsintheformer?theformerwaseasytopronounce?eachsignstoodforonlyonesound?WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE??TheEgyptiansignslaterbecameaparticularalphabet.?TheEgyptianslikedtowritecomic?stripstories.?TheRomanalphabetwasdevelopedfromtheEgyptianone.?TheGreekscopiedtheirwritingsystemfromtheEgyptians.?Inthelastparagraph,theauthorthinksthatpictures??.?shouldbemadecomprehensible?shouldbemadeinteresting?areofmuchuseinourlife?havedisappearedfromourlife參考答案：D）根據(jù)文章第一段第五行“Perhapsthepaintersthoughtthattheirpictureswouldhelpthemtocatchtheseanimals.”可知古代人以為在墻上畫畫會對他們有所幫助，故選項D為正確答案。？C）在做此類題時要注意題干的要求。通過閱讀文章第四段很清楚就知道選項C“前者容易發(fā)音〃在文中沒有提及，故為正確答案。？A）可用排除法來做本題。通過閱讀文章很清楚選項B和D為錯誤陳述。選項C''羅馬字母是從埃及字母發(fā)展而來的〃根據(jù)文章第四段第四，五句可知為錯誤論述，因此只有選項A為正確答案。C）文章最后一段講述了圖畫在今天的用途，故選項C為正確答案。（二）Asthemerchantclassexpandedintheeighteenth?centuryNorthAmericanColonies,thesilversmithandthecoppersmithbusinessesrosetoserveit.OnlyafewsilversmithswereavailableinNewYorkorBostoninthelateseventeenthcentury,butintheeighteenthcenturytheycouldbefoundinallmajorcolonialcities.Noothercolonialartisansrivaledthesilve「smiths'prestige.Theyhandledthemostexpensivematerialsandpossesseddirectconnectionstoprosperouscolonialmerchants.Theirproducts,primarilysilverplatesandbowls,reflectedtheirexaltedstatusandtestifiedtotheircustomers'prominence.Silverstoodasoneofthesurestwaystostorewealthatatimebeforeneighborhoodbanksexisted.Unlikethesilvercoinsfromwhichtheyweremade,silverarticleswerereadilyidentifiable.Oftenformedtoindividualspecifications,theyalwayscarriedthesilversmith'sdistinctivemarkingsandconsequentlycouldbetracedandretrieved.Customersgenerallysecurethesilverforthesilverobjecttheyordered.Theysavedcoins,tookthemtosmiths,anddiscussedthetypeofpiecestheydesired.Silversmithscompliedwiththeserequestsbymeltingthemoneyinasmallfurnace,addingabitofcoppertoformastrongeralloy,andcastingthealloyinrectangularblocks.Theyhammeredtheseingotstotheappropriatethicknessbyhand,shapedthemandpresseddesignsintothemforadornment.Engravingwasalsodonebyhand.Inadditiontoplatesandbowls,somecustomerssoughtmoreintricateproducts,suchassilverteapots.Theseweremadebyshapingorcastingpartsseparatelyandthensolderingthemtogether.Colonialcoppersmithingalsocomeofageintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandprosperedinnortherncities.Copper'sabilitytoconductheatefficientlyandtoresistcorrosioncontributedtoitsattractiveness.ButbecauseitwasexpensiveincolonialAmerica,coppersmithswereneververynumerous.VirtuallyallcopperworkedbySmithswasimportedassheetsorobtainedbyrecyclingoldcoppergoods.Copperwasusedforpracticalitems,butitwasnotadmiredforitsbeauty.Coppersmithsemployedittofashionpotsandkettlesforthehome.Theyshapeditinmuchthesamemannerassilverormelteditinafoundrywithleadortin.Theyalsomixeditwithzinctomakebrassformaritimeandscientificinstruments.?Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingeighteenthcenturydevelopmentshadstrongimpactonsilversmiths??Adecreaseinthecostofsilver.?Theinventionofheatefficientfurnaces.?Thegrowingeconomicprosperityofcolonialmerchants.?Thedevelopmentofnewtoolsusedtoshapesilver.?2.1ncolonialAmerica,wheredidsilversmithsusuallyobtainthematerialtomakesilverarticles??Fromtheirownmines.?Fromimporters.?Fromothersilversmiths.?Fromcustomers.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingasusesforcopperinColonialAmericaEXCEPT??.?cookingpots?scientificinstruments?musicalinstruments?maritimeinstrumentsAccordingtothepassage,silversmithsandcoppersmithsincolonialAmericaweresimilarinwhichofthefollowingways??Theamountofsocialprestigetheyhad.?Thewaytheyshapedthetheyworkedwith.?Thecostofthegoodstheymade.?Thepracticalityofthegoodstheymade.參考答案:C）根據(jù)文章第一句“Asthemerchantclassexpandedintheeighteenth?centuryNorthAmericanColonies,…”可知，隨著在十八世紀的北美殖民地商人階級膨脹起來，也就是說那時的商人財富有了很大的發(fā)展，銀匠銅匠們有機會發(fā)揮他們的專長了，這與選項C正好相符。？D）根據(jù)文章第十四、五行“Customersgenerallysecures...objecttheyordered.Theysavedcoins,tookthemtosmiths,and…”可知顧客要做銀器，首先要積攢銀幣，然后拿到銀匠處加工成他們想要的形狀。選項D“來自客戶〃與之相符。C）文章末尾在提到銅的用途時惟獨沒有提到樂器。？B）根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第四行“Theyshapeditinmuchthesamemannerassilverormelteditinafoundrywithleadortin.”可知銀匠和銅匠在銀器和銅器的塑型方式上是一樣的，故選項B為正確答案。（三）Nature'sGiganticSnowPloughOnJanuary10,1962,anenormouspieceofglacierbrokeawayandtumbleddownthesideofamountaininPeru.Ameresevenminuteslater,whencascadingicefinallycametoastoptenmilesdownthemountain,ithadtakenthelivesof4,000people.Thisdisasterisoneofthemost“devastating"examplesofaverycommonevent:anavalancheofsnoworice.Becauseitisextremelycoldatveryhighaltitudes,snowrarelymelts.Itjustkeepspilinguphigherandhigher.Glaciersareeventuallycreatedwhentheweightofthesnowissogreatthatthelowerlayersarepressedintosolidice.Butmostavalanchesoccurlongbeforethishappens.Assnowaccumulatesonasteepslope,itreachesacriticalpointatwhichtheslightestvibrationwillsenditslidingintothevalleybelow.Evenanavalancheoflightpowercanbedangerous,butthePeruviancatastrophewasparticularlyterriblebecauseitwascausedbyaheavylayerofice.Itisestimatedthattheicethatbrokeoffweighedthreemilliontons.Asiterasheddownthesteepmountainsidelikeagiganticsnowplough,itsweptuptrees,bouldersandtonsoftopsoil,andcompletelycrushedanddestroyedthesixvillagesthatlayinitspath.Atpresentthereisnowaytopredictoravoidsuchenormousavalanches,but,luckily,theyareveryrare.Scientistsareconstantlystudyingthesmaller,morecommonavalanches,totrytounderstandwhatcausesthem.Inthefuture,perhapsdangerousmassesofsnowandicecanbefoundandremovedbeforetheytakehumanlives.?Thefirstparagraphcatchesthereader'sattentionwitha??.firsthandreport?dramaticdescription?talltale?vividworIdpicture?Inthispassage"devastating"means??.violentlyruinous?spectacularlyinteresting?stunning?unpleasant?Thepassageismostlyabout??.?avalanchesglaciersPerumountains參考答案：A）文章的第一段就像一個新聞報道，報道了在秘魯發(fā)生的雪崩的災難性后果，一下子就吸引了讀者的注意力。？A）根據(jù)語境線索可判斷出詞義為A。?A）通讀全文可知，文章主要是講述雪崩的形成。Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid—thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygivenmessage.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthoseassociationsifwelistenformorethanwords.Wedon'talwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.Sometimesourwordsdon'tmeananythingexcept"I'mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon'treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI'msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI'mfeeling."Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner,"ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI'llbuy."Theownersays,"It'sbeenlikethatforyears."Actually,thestephasn'tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:"Idon'twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan'tyou?"Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedofexaminingamessageintermsofwhosaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.Whenamessageoccurscanalsorevealassociatedmeaning.Letusassumetwocouplesdoexactlythesameamountofkissingandarguing.Butonecouplealwayskissesafteranargumentandtheothercouplealwaysarguesafterakiss.Theorderingofthebehaviorsmaymeanagreatdealmorethanthefrequencyofthebehavior.Afriend'sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.Forexample,apersonwhosays"No!"toaserialsofchargeslike"You'redumb,""You'relazy,"and"You'redishonest,"mayalsosay"No!"andtrytojustifyhisorherresponseifthenextstatementis"Andyou'regoodlooking."Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessagesarepresented.Thewords,"Ifsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover,"canbesaidwithemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceorrepeatedseveraltimes.Andthemeaningsweassociatewiththephrasewillchangeaccordingly.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthelessimportaneeitassumes.?Effectivecommunicationisrenderedpossiblebetweentwoconversingpartners,if.theyuseproperwordstocarrytheirideas.theybothspeaktrulyoftheirownfeelings.theytrytounderstandeachother'sideasbeyondwords.theyarecapableofassociatingmeaningwiththeirwords."I'mlettingoffsomesteam"inparagraph1means.I'mjustcallingyourattention.I'mjustkidding.I'mjustsayingtheopposite.I'mjustgivingoffsomesound.Thehouse-owner'sexampleshowsthatheactuallymeans.thestephasbeenlikethatforyears.hedoesn'tthinkitnecessarytofixthestep.theconditionofthestepisonlyaminorfault.thecostinvolvedinthefixingshouldbeshared.4.Someresponsesandbehaviorsmayappearveryillogical,butarejustifiableif.linkedtoanabnormalamountofassertiveness.seenasone'shabitualpatternofbehavior.takenaspartofanorderingsequence.expressedtoaseriesofcharges.Theword"ritualistically"inthelast^^^^^lequalssomethingdone.withouttrueintention.light-heartedly.inawayofceremony.withlessemphasis.答案：Migrationisusuallydefinedas"permanentorsemipermanentchangeofresidence"."Thisbroaddefinition,ofcourse,wouldincludeamoveacrossthestreetoracrossacity.Ourconcerniswithmovementbetweennations,notwithinternalmigrationwithinnations,althoughsuchmovementsoftenexceedinternationalmovementsinvolume.Today,themotivesofpeoplewhomoveshortdistancesareverysimilartothoseofinternationalmigrants".Studentsofhumanmigrationspeakof"push"and"pull"factors,whichinflueneeanindividual'sdecisiontomovefromoneplacetoanother.Pushfactorsareassociatedwiththeplaceoforigin.ApushfactorcanbeassimpleandmiIdamatterasdifficultyinfindingasuitablejob,orastraumaticaswar,orseverefamine.Obviously,refugeeswholeavetheirhomeswithgunspointedattheirheadsaremotivatedalmostentirelybypushfactors(althoughpullfactorsdoinfluencetheirchoiceofdestination).Pullfactorsarethoseassociatedwiththeplaceofdestination.Mostoftheseareeconomic,suchasbetterjobopportunitiesortheavailabilityofgoodIandtofarm.ThelatterwasanimportantfactorinattractingsettlerstotheUnitedStatesduringthe19thcentury.Ingeneral,pullfactorsadduptoanapparentlybetterchanceforagoodlifeandmaterialwell?beingthanisofferedbytheplaceoforigin.Whenthereisachoicebetweenseveralattractivepotentialdestinations,thedecidingfactormightbeanon?economicconsiderationsuchasthepresenceofrelatives,friends,oratleastfellowcountrymenalreadyestablishedinthenewplacewhoarewillingtohelpthenewcomerssettlein.Considerationsofthissortleadtothedevelopmentofmigrationflow.Besidespushandpullfactors,therearewhatthesociologistscall"interveningobstacles".Evenifpushand/orpullfactorsareverystrongtheystillmaybeoutweighedbyinterveningobstacles,suchasthedistanceofthemove,thetroubleandcostofmoving,thedifficultyofenteringthenewcountry,andtheproblemslikelytobeencounteredonarrival.Thedecisiontomoveisalsoinflueneedby"personalfactors"ofthepotentialmigrant.Thesamepush?pullfactorsandobstaclesoperatedifferentlyondifferentpeople,sometimesbecausetheyareatdifferentstagesoftheirlives,orjustbecauseoftheirvaryingabilitiesandpersonalities.Theprospectofpackingupeverythingandmovingtoanewandperhapsverystrangeenvironmentmayappearinterestingandchallengingtoanunmarriedyoungmanandappallinglydifficulttoaslightlyoldermanwithawifeandsmallkids.Similarly,theneedtolearnanewIanguageandcustomsmayexciteonepersonandfrightenanother.Regardlessofwhypeoplemove,migrationoflargenumbersofpeoplecausesconflict.TheUnitedStatesandotherwesterncountrieshaveexperiencedadjustmentproblemswitheachnewwaveofimmigrants.Thenewestarrivalsareusuallygiventhelowest?paidjobsandareresentedbynativepeoplewhomayhavetocompetewiththemforthosejobs.Ithasusuallytakenseveraldecadesforeachgrouptobeacceptedintothemainstreamofsocietyinthehostcountry.?Theauthorthinksthatpullfactors??.?areallrelatedtoeconomicconsiderations?arenotasdecisiveaspushfactors?includearangeofconsiderations?aremoreimportantthanpushfactors?People'sdecisionstomigratemightbeinflueneedbyallthefollowingEXCEPT?.?personalities?B.education?C.maritalstatus?D.abilities?Thepurposeofthepassageistodiscuss?.?theproblemsofinternationalmigrants?themotivesofinternationalmigrants?migrationinsidethecountry?migrationbetweencountries?C）根據(jù)第三段可知pullfacttors不僅和economicconsiderations有關，還和non?economicconsiderations有關，由此可排除選項A。選項B和D在文中沒有提及,故只有C為正確答案。？2.B）此題為細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段可知惟有education沒有提及。3.B）此題為主旨題。通過閱讀該文可知文章主要是講述促使人們在國際間移民的因素,這與選項B相符。Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyingpoetry,art,ormathematicsduringpregnancyseemutterlyimpossible.Howcouldsuchextremelycomplexinfluencespassfromthemothertothechild?Thereisnoconnectionbetweentheirnervoussystems.Eventhebloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly.Anemotionalshocktothemotherwillaffectherchild,becauseitchangestheactivityofherglandsandsothechemistryherblood.Anychemicalchangeinthemother'sbloodwillaffectthechildforbetterorworse.Butwecannotseehowalookingformathematicsorpoeticgeniuscanbedissolvedinbloodandproduceasimilarlikingorgeniusinthechild.Inourdiscussionofinstinetswesawthattherewasreasontobelievethatwhateverweinheritmustbeofsomeverysimplesortratherthananycomplicatedorverydefinitekindofbehavior.Itiscertainthatnooneinheritsaknowledgeofmathematics.Itmaybe,however,thatchildreninheritmoreorlessofarathergeneralabilitythatwemaycallintelligence.Ifveryintelligentchildrenbecomedeeplyinterestedinmathematics,theywillprobablymakeasuccessofthatstudy.Asformusicalability,itmaybethatwhatisinheritedisanespeciallysensitiveear,apeculiarstructureofthehands