04-08北外高翻英漢互譯

北京外國語大學(xué)2008年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷一、將下列段落譯為漢語（25分）OutsideEurope,themostimportantpowersin1939wereundoubtedlyJapanandtheUnitedStates.JapanwasatthetimealreadydeeplyinvolvedinhostilitieswithChina.Afterseizingthenorthernprovincesofthatcountryin1931andorganizingthemintothepuppetstateofManchukuo,JapanhadtriedtoprotectitsrichlootandtoexpanditsinfluenceinChinabyaseriesofinterventions,particularlyintherestofnorthernChina.Thesestepshadnotsurprisinglyproducedarisingtideofanti-JapanesesentimentsinChina,whichinturnledtheJapanesetoembroilthemselvesevenmoredeeplyintoChineseaffairs.WhenthistendencytointerfereinChinawascombinedwithadegreeofinternalconfusionandincoherencewithintheJapanesegovernmentthatmadetheChinesewarlordsofthetimelookwellorganized,newtroublewasalmostcertaintofollow.（141words）二、將下列短文譯為漢語（50分）Inflation:China‘sleastwantedexportWheninflationstartstokillpeoplethenitisaseriousproblem.Threepeoplediedand31wereinjuredonSaturdayinastampedetobuycut-pricecookingoilinthewesternChinesecityofChongqing.Chinacannolongerexplainawayinflationasashort-termresultoffloodsandepidemicsofanimaldisease?norcanitignorethestrainsitsmacroeconomicpoliciesareproducing.Cookingoilisaspecialcase?itspriceinfluencedbydemandfromChina‘sglutofnewbiofuelrefineries?butthebroaderpriceoffoodhasriseninrecentmonthsbymorethan15percentcomparedwithayearearlier.FloodsandotheractsofGodhavehadtheireffect,ashastheglobalriseinwheatprices,buttherearestructuralforcesatworkaswell.Norisinflationconfinedtofoodanylonger:producerpricesarecreepingup.ThePPIformanufacturedgoodswasup3.2percentinOctober?manysteelproductsrosebymorethan10percent?andthePPIislikelytogoevenhigherwhentherecent10percenthikeinthecontrolledpumppriceofdieselfeedsthrough.Giventhelikelihoodthatmorestate-controlledpriceswillhavetorise,andgiventhattheofficialinflationdatadonotproperlycaptureimportantprices,suchasthecostofeducation,therealsituationmaybeevenworse.ThatisaworryfortherestoftheworId,usedtoenjoyingthe''Chinaprice",aseeminglyopen-endeddeflationarypressureontheworldeconomy.ThesurgeinChineseinflationsinceJunehasbarelyfedthroughintoexportpricesye?tbutitwiII.China‘scurrencyhasaIsobeengentlyappreciating,butsofarimprovementsinproductivityhavemeantthatChinesemanufacturershavenotneededtoraiseexportprices.Ifcurrencyappreciationspeedsup,thatwillchange.TherenminbimayhavetorisefasterbecausethetoolsthatChinaisusingtotackleinflationhavenotworked.Bankreserverequirementswerehikedagainovertheweekend,to13.5percent,butthestrainonthebankingsector‘sprofitabilitywillstarttotell.Interestrateshaverisenrepeatedly,butwithCPIinflationabove6percent,andbenchmarklendingratesonlyslightlyhigher,realinterestratesarelow.Theremustnowbealow,butnon-zero,probabilitythatChinaoptsforaone-offrevaluationoftherenminbiinordertoeaseitsdomesticmonetaryproblems.Thatwouldbetherightmove.TheadjustmentwouldbeeasierbothforChinaandfortherestoftheworldiftherenminbihadnotbeenkeptsolowforsolong.Butthepainofunwindingglobalimbalanceswillonlygetworsethelongertheyareleft.（451words）三、將下列段落譯為英語（25分）科學(xué)發(fā)展觀是協(xié)調(diào)的發(fā)展觀。唯物辯證法認(rèn)為，世界是普遍聯(lián)系的，任何事物的發(fā)展必然與其他事物相互聯(lián)系、相互制約，只有協(xié)調(diào)好各方面關(guān)系，才能實現(xiàn)健康發(fā)展；否則，只能是畸形的發(fā)展。要實現(xiàn)全面發(fā)展，就必須立足新的歷史起點，處理好由發(fā)展的階段性特征所伴生的新矛盾和新問題，因此，協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展是實現(xiàn)全面發(fā)展的正確道路和政策途徑。協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，是指各個方面的發(fā)展要相互適應(yīng)，就是要統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌區(qū)域發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌人與自然和諧發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌國內(nèi)發(fā)展和對外開放，促進現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)各個環(huán)節(jié)、各個方面相協(xié)調(diào)，促進生產(chǎn)關(guān)系與生產(chǎn)力、上層建筑與經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)相協(xié)調(diào)。（268字）四、將下列短文譯為英語（50分）無論如何，創(chuàng)造財富的物質(zhì)資源，不論其初始分配如何，最終是要通過各種各樣的渠道，流入到具有企業(yè)家精神的人手里，這是自由市場的一個基本趨勢。這些人獲得對他人的財富的支配權(quán)、使用權(quán)，以之為自己創(chuàng)造財富，并積累財富。這正是自由市場具有效率的根源。它可以動態(tài)地、自發(fā)地把資源從資源利用效率較低的人手里轉(zhuǎn)移到資源利用效率較高的人手里。中國人講''富不過三代〃，其中有一些無奈，但也揭示了自由市場的精髓所在：財富本身并不能充當(dāng)財富的保障。因為，財富本來就不是財富創(chuàng)造出來的。所以，由于企業(yè)家精神積累了財富的人的后代，未必總是能夠最有效地利用他們手里所掌握的資源。如果是在身份制社會，這就將損害全社會的資源利用效率。而自由市場向這些家庭提供了足夠的制度安排，使之自然地將其掌握資源交給富有企業(yè)家精神的人控制。假如他們不愿意這樣做，那市場就會無情地淘汰他們，以破產(chǎn)倒閉的方式使其交出對資源的控制權(quán)。市場總是頑固地要把資源轉(zhuǎn)移到能力最高的企業(yè)家手里。權(quán)力控制經(jīng)濟的社會、身份制社會、國有企業(yè)制度，都無法做到這一點，因而其經(jīng)濟整體效率必然要比市場配置資源的社會低很多。所以，假如人們期望市場發(fā)揮其高效配置資源的功能，那就根本沒有必要去操心成功的企業(yè)家退休之時如何安排企業(yè)的未來。反正財富、資源是要向具有企業(yè)家精神的人手里集中的，只要市場是自由的，這種趨勢無人能夠改變。那么，對社會來說，最重要的事情是設(shè)計種種健全的制度，讓那些不具有企業(yè)家精神的人可以方便地將其資源控制交給富有企業(yè)家精神的人，而企業(yè)家只要可以充分發(fā)揮其企業(yè)家精神、其財產(chǎn)權(quán)得到切實保障，自然可以發(fā)現(xiàn)、創(chuàng)造出這些制度來。（680字）2007年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷I.將下列短文譯成漢語（25分）After28yearsofreform,Chinafaceschallengesofanunprecedentedscale,complexity,andimportance.Chinahasalreadyliberalizeditsmarkets,openeduptoforeigntradeandinvestment,andbecomeaglobaleconomicpowerhouse.Nowitsleadersandpeoplemustdealwithpopulardissatisfactionwithlocalgovernment,environmentaldegradation,scarcenaturalresources,anunderdevelopedfinancialsystem,aninadequatehealth-caresystem,arestlessruralpopulation,urbanizationonamassivescale,andincreasingsocialinequality.Mostoftheseproblems,ofcourse,haveexistedthroughouttheperiodofreform.Whatisdifferentnowisthatthepaceofchangeisacceleratingwhiletheabilityofthestatetomanagethatchangeisnotkeepingpace.Solvinganyoneoftheseproblemsbyitselfwouldbeaformidabletask.AndtheChinesegovernmenttodayfindsitharderthanevertoattract,develop,andretaintalent.Graduatesfromthecountry'stopuniversities,whooncewouldhavefilledgovernmentposts,areinsteadchoosingtotakejobsintheprivatesector.Moreover,thestructureofthecountry'sbureaucracystiflesinitiativeandpromotesmediocrity.Worse,manyofficials,fromthevillagetothecentralgovernment,arecorrupt,erodingthegovernment'seffectivenessandfeedingpopulardiscontent.OfallofChina'schallenges,noneismorecritical--ormoredaunting--thanthatofnurturinganewgenerationofleaderswhoareskilled,honest,committedtopublicservice,andaccountabletotheChinesepeopleasawhole.（236）III.將下列短文譯成英語（25分）中國特色社會主義社會是一個變革的社會，是一個開放的社會，是一個不斷發(fā)展和完善的社會。改革開放是決定中國命運的重大決策，要貫穿社會主義社會發(fā)展的全過程。只有堅持改革開放，才能不斷激發(fā)億萬人民的積極性和創(chuàng)造性，解放和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，永葆社會主義的生機與活力。我們要堅定不移地推進經(jīng)濟體制改革，建立和完善社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制，貫徹落實科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，促進國民經(jīng)濟持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展。同時，要積極推進政治體制改革、文化體制改革和社會管理體制改革，促進社會主義物質(zhì)文明、政治文明、精神文明與和諧社會建設(shè)全面協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。（248節(jié)選自領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人講話）2006年北外高翻的同傳試卷2006年北外高翻同傳試卷1.Aradicalchangeinmentalitiesisunderwaybothinthepublicsector,whichhasnowbeenforcedtoadmitthatitsownmeansofactionareinsufficienttomeettheirdevelopmenttargets,andtheprivatesector,whichisbecomingawareofitscapacitytocontributetothedevelopingcountries'emergenceontheworldstageintheroleoffuturepartnersinlocalandglobalmarkets.Dialoguecanbeestablishedwithintheframeworkofanalreadyincreasingnumberofforums,aswellasinprojectformulation.Thepresenceofothercivilsocietyactorsandsupportfromtheinternationalorganizations—asmuchinthethinkinganddebateasintheactionsundertaken-arecrucialfactorsorenablingpeopletomakesenseofthenewprospectsforcooperation.Thenewtwenty-firstcenturyworldorderdemandsthatdecision-makingbeopeneduptodialoguewithnewactors.Civilsociety'sinnovativeenergyhasalreadyproducedagoodnumberofimportantinitiativesandproposalsinmanyareas.Andthebusinessworldofferseconomicresourcesandknow-howthatcangreatlycontributetodevelopmentstrategydeploymentandthepromotionofculturaldiversity.ThesearethereasonsbehindtheUnitedNationsSecretary-General'sdecisiontolaunchthe“GlobalCompact”programme,whichoutlinesabasiccodeofethicsforprivatesectorpartnership.UNESCOintendstoestablishculturalpatronageagreementswithbusinessesaimed,interalia,atsupportingtheinitiativesofcountriesintheSouth.2.Economistshavelongbeenanaturalconstituencyinfavorofgrowth.Sinceeventherichestcountryhaslimitedresources,thecentraleconomicproblemischoice:Shallwefundtaxcutsfortherichorinvestmentininfrastructureandresearchanddevelopment,warinIraqorassistanceforthepoorindevelopingcountriesandourown?Byprovidingmoretotalresources,growthshould,intheory,makethesechoiceslesspainful.TheUnitedStates,however,haspowerfullydemonstratedthatwhilegrowthincreasessupply,italsoraisesaspirations.Choicesthatrichcountrieshavetomakethusseemtobenoeasierthanthoseconfrontingpoorcountries,eventhoughthetradeoffsaremoreheart-wrenchinginthecaseofthepoor.Brazil,forexample,mustchoosewhethertouseitslimitedhealthbudgettopayfull-marketpriceforAIDSdrugs;someAIDSvictimsmayliveasaresult,butpeopleinneedofotherhealthcarewilldie,becausemoneythatcouldhavebeenspentontheirneedsissimplynotthere.Moregrowth-providedresources,inthisinstance,meanthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath.Still,growthhashaditscritics.Thereisawell-developedpopulistantigrowthliteratureconcernedwith,amongotherthings,theimpactofgrowthontheenvironmentandonpoverty.Historically,economistshavequestionedwhether,atleastintheearlystagesofdevelopment,growthisaccompaniedbysocietalgoodssuchasgreaterequalityandabetterenvironment.NobelPrize-winningeconomistSimonKuznetsargued,basedonexperienceslargelybeforeWorldWarII,thatthereisanincreaseininequalityintheearlystagesofdevelopment.ArthurLewis,anotherNobeleconomist,wentfurther:greaterinequality,heargued,isnecessarytogeneratethesavingsthatgrowthrequires.AlatergenerationofeconomistshaspositedtheexistenceofanenvironmentalKuznetscurve:theearlystagesofgrowthcauseenvironmentaldegradation,notenvironmentalhealth.Kuznetsandhisdescendantsheldouttheprospectthateventuallygrowthwouldbringmoresocialjustice(greaterequality,lesspoverty)andabetterenvironment.Butthereisnothinginevitableaboutthis--whichmeansthatevenifithasbeentrueinthepast,itmaynotbeinthefuture.InequalitydidseemtofallintheUnitedStatesaftertheGreatDepression,butinthelast30yearsithasincreasedenormously.Manyformsofpollutionhavegonedownasrichercountrieshaveturnedtheirmindtoair-qualityissues,butgreenhousegasemissions--withallthedangerstheypresentforglobalwarming--havecontinuedtoincreasewitheconomicgrowth,especiallyintheUnitedStates.3.中國是歐亞地區(qū)重要的國家。中國的發(fā)展離不開世界，更離不開歐亞地區(qū)。同樣，世界的發(fā)展、歐亞地區(qū)的發(fā)展也離不開中國。中國的發(fā)展給世界各國尤其是歐亞地區(qū)國家?guī)碇匾獧C遇。中國穩(wěn)定和諧的政治社會環(huán)境、豐富優(yōu)秀的勞動力資源和潛力巨大的市場，為與世界各國尤其是歐亞地區(qū)國家開展互利互惠的經(jīng)濟合作提供了理想的場所。我們高興地看到，通過這些年的不懈努力，中國的中西部地區(qū)和東北等老工業(yè)基地有了長足進步，呈現(xiàn)美好的發(fā)展前景。我們歡迎歐亞地區(qū)國家積極參與中國西部大開發(fā)和東北老工業(yè)基地振興，增強中國與歐亞地區(qū)各國互利合作的生機與活力。歐亞地區(qū)國家與中國有傳統(tǒng)友誼，經(jīng)濟互補性強，中國政府將鼓勵、支持中國企業(yè)與歐亞地區(qū)發(fā)展貿(mào)易、投資辦廠，實現(xiàn)共同發(fā)展。4.中國公司想創(chuàng)造世界品牌，外國公司想增加在中國的銷量，這些都正改變著中國的設(shè)計產(chǎn)業(yè)。中國制造商意識到，若他們想在本國市場脫穎而出，在外國市場嶄露頭角，就必須設(shè)計更好的產(chǎn)品。索尼這樣的外國公司也開始明白，從前海外公司常把隨便什么地方設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品拿到中國來賣，而現(xiàn)在，中國消費者變得更加挑剔，他們不再那樣容易滿足了。盡管全球大量的電子產(chǎn)品和鞋等都是中國制造，但這些產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計都是在歐美或日本完成的。中國公司制造自己品牌的產(chǎn)品時，通常是模仿國外。但如今不同了，他們都想開創(chuàng)自己的品牌。隨著中國公司在設(shè)計上的改進，跨國公司意識到，他們的產(chǎn)品需要專門針對中國消費者的品味進行“量身定做”了。這些使中國設(shè)計產(chǎn)業(yè)開始繁榮起來。中國公司開始建立設(shè)計中心或雇人幫他們打造自己的品牌。成百上千的設(shè)計顧問公司在上海、北京和廣州涌現(xiàn)。國外年輕設(shè)計師也開始擁入中國，想在這個全球最有活力的消費市場上一試身手?，F(xiàn)在，中國約有400所學(xué)院提供設(shè)計課程，每年有1萬名畢業(yè)生。一些中國設(shè)計師獲得國際大獎，許多人開始到米蘭、東京、紐約等地工作。設(shè)計成為中國最熱門的專業(yè)之一，甚至已滲入到社會生活中。2005年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷I.將下列短文譯成漢語（25分）Whileassemblinganewnationalsecurityteam,PresidentGeorgeW.Bushisconfrontingwhatcouldbecomethebiggestchallengeofhissecondterm:howtocontainIran‘snuclearprogramandwhatAmericansbelieveisitssupportofviolenceinIsraelandinsurgentsinIraq.InaneerierepetitionofthepreludetotheIraq,hawksintheadministrationandcongressaretrumpetingominousdisclosuresaboutIran‘snuclearcapacitiestomakethecasethatIranisathreatthatmustbeconfronted,eitherbyeconomicsanctions,militaryaction,orregimechange.ButBritain,FranceandGermanyareurgingdiplomacy,placingtheirhopesinadealbrokeredbytheEuropeansinthepastweekinwhichIranagreedtosuspenditsuraniumenrichmentprograminreturnfordiscussionsaboutfutureeconomicbenefits.SecretaryofStateColinPowellthrusthimselfintothedebateonWednesdaybycommentingtoreporterswhileonthewaytoChilethatfreshintelligenceshowedthatIranwas—activelyworking"onaprogramtoenableitsmissilestocarrynuclearbombs,adevelopmenthesaid''shouldbeofconcerntoallparties."ThedisclosuresalludedtobyPowellwereseenbyhard-linersintheadministrationasanothersignofIranianperfidy,andbyEuropeansasnothingnew.AlthoughPowellhaspraisedthenegotiationsbetweentheEuropeansandIran,anadministrationofficialsaidtherewas'asteadytighteningofoutlookbetweenhawksanddoves"thatIranwillusethenegotiationsasapretexttocontinueitsnuclearprograminsecret.II.將下列文章譯成漢語（50分）ThePatentClerk'sLegacyAlbertEinsteinloomsover20th-centuryphysicsasitsdefining,emblematicfigure.Hisworkalteredforeverthewayweviewthenaturalworld."Newton,pleaseforgiveme,"Einsteinbeggedasrelativitytheorywhollyobliteratedtheabsolutesoftimeandspacethatthereigningarbiterofallthingsphysicalhadembracedmorethantwocenturiesearlier.Withlittlemoretoshowthanarejecteddoctoralthesisfromafewyearsbefore,this26-year-oldpatentclerk,whopracticedphysicsinhissparetimeandontheslyatwork,declaredbrashlythatthephysicistsofhisdaywere"outof[their]depth"andwentontoproveit.Besidesspecialandgeneralrelativity,hisworkhelpedtolaunchquantummechanicsandmodernstatisticalmechanics.ChemistryandbiotechnologyoweadebttostudiesbyEinsteinthatsuppliedevidenceoftheexistenceofmoleculesandthewaystheybehave.Whatisevenmoreamazingisthathepurveyedmanyoftheseinsightsthroughaseriesofpapersthatappearedduringasinglemiraculousyear,1905.Noothercomparablyfertileperiodforindividualscientificaccomplishmentcanbefoundexceptduring1665and1666,whenIsaacNewton,confinedtohiscountryhometoescapetheplague,startedtolaythebasisforthecalculus,hislawofgravitationandhistheoryofcolors.Theinternationalphysicscommunityhassetaside2005astheWorldYearofPhysicsasatributetoEinstein'scentennial.Scientistsinmanyrealmsofphysicsandengineeringspentthe20thcenturytesting,realizingandapplyingtheideasfallingoutofEinstein'swork.Aseverybodyknows,Einstein'sE=mc2formulawasakeytotheatomicbomb--andallthehistorythatsprangfromit.Einstein'sexplanationofthephotoelectriceffectunderpinnedtechnologiesrangingfromphotodiodestotelevisioncameratubes.AhundredyearslatertechnologistsarestillfindingnewwaystoharvestnovelinventionsfromEinstein'stheories.Onemarkofgeniusrelatestothelengthoftimeneededtofullyexplore,throughexperimentation,theimplicationsofanewtheory.Inthatsense,Einsteinisstillgoingstrong.Arecentlylaunchedspaceprobewillexaminevariouspredictionsofgeneralrelativity.Butphysicistsarenotwaitinguntiltheanswersareallinbeforeaskingwhatcomesnext.MuchofthemostexcitingworkinphysicsnowhasthemoreambitiousaimofgoingbeyondEinstein--oftranscendinghisideasandachievingataskakintotheonetowhichhedevotedthelast30yearsofhislife,righttohisdeathbed,withoutsuccess.III.將下列短文譯成英語（25分）中國是一個發(fā)展中國家，也是一個負責(zé)任的國家。中國愿意為推進合作共贏、實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展做出自己的貢獻。中國保持經(jīng)濟快速健康發(fā)展，對全球經(jīng)濟及地區(qū)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展有利。改革開放20多年來，中國經(jīng)濟年均增長9．4％，不僅成功解決了十幾億人的溫飽問題，而且使中國人民的生活總體上達到小康水平。當(dāng)前，中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展總的形勢很好。雖然經(jīng)濟運行中出現(xiàn)了一些問題，但在我們的宏觀調(diào)控下，一些不健康、不穩(wěn)定因素已經(jīng)得到了有效抑制。IV.將下列文章譯成英語（50分）一位師范教師提醒家長，千萬不要迷信專家和特殊的早教方案，家長自己才是孩子早期教育最好的老師。受狹隘早教觀念影響，一些年輕父母熱衷于迷信專家和特定環(huán)境的親子游戲，將孩子送進早教機構(gòu)接受某種方案的專門訓(xùn)練?？茖W(xué)研究表明，無論是''小學(xué)化〃式的超常教育，還是盲目跟風(fēng)的特長教育，既違背嬰幼兒身心發(fā)展規(guī)律，又脫離孩子天性和興趣，不僅難以收到成效，還可能為孩子長遠發(fā)展埋下隱患。這位教師還說，游戲和快樂才是孩子早教的主要構(gòu)成，生活則是最好的內(nèi)容。家長與其帶著孩子在各種拔苗助長的特長班之間疲于奔命，不如有的放矢地進行寓教于樂的親子游戲，使其在學(xué)中玩，玩中學(xué)，順其自然，因勢利導(dǎo)。比如敲盆敲碗，可以培養(yǎng)嬰幼兒的節(jié)奏感和聽覺；如果孩子對抽水馬桶好奇，就可講解馬桶幾個開關(guān)的使用關(guān)系，讓孩子知道'抽水馬桶的水箱怎么用了又會滿〃的小秘密等。通過這些共同參與的游戲，同樣可開發(fā)孩子的觀察能力。更重要的是，親子互動加強了與孩子的溝通，有利于培養(yǎng)兒童健全的心智。千萬別以為早教就是要教什么難懂的大道理，其實就是在''玩水"'玩米〃等活動中教孩子怎么生活。作為實踐者，家長需要的是科學(xué)理念、認(rèn)識，并掌握正確的方法，提高早教水平。只要有心，都能做好。2004年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷將下列單句譯成漢語(25分)Inthefirsthalfofthisyear,China‘sGDPgrewby8.2%--despitetheSARSvirus.Electricitydemandroseby15%inthesameperiod,ledbypower-hungryindustriessuchassteelandaluminium.China,anxiousaboutcapitalflightandproudofitseconomicsovereignty,willnotbebrow-beatenintofloatingtheyuanbyhectoringAmericans.Powerstationstendtobebuiltfarfromcities,andtobesurroundedbyidle''buffer"land.Itissuggestedthatgreenhousescouldbebuiltonthislandwiththeexhaustfromthepowerstationpumpedintosupplytheheattheyneed.Suchgreenhousescouldbeusedtogrowfruit,vegetablesandflowerscheaply.Outofalltheunbecomingpartsofdrugaddiction,thesearchforcleanneedlesisparticularlyghastly.DirtyneedlesaccountforathirdofallreportedAIDScases:theyalsoexplainwhyhalfofalllong-termaddictsgethepatitisC.ThefightoverfarmtradeattheWTOministerialmeetingintheMexicancityofCancanboilsdowntohowfartherichworIdcutstariffsonagriculturalgoodsanddismantlesitsvastfarm-subsidies,andbyhowmuchdevelopingcountriesreducetheirownconsiderabletariffsinreturn.II.將下列短文譯成漢語(50分)UnemploymentinAmericaishigh,andelectionsareonthehorizon.Itmustbetimetolookeastagainforscapegoats.Japanisonlystartingtorecoverfromitsprotractedrecession,soChinawillbehandedtheroleofeconomicvillaininthecomingU.S.electioncycle.ExpecttohearachorusofpresidentialcandidatesblameunfairChinesecompetitionforAmerica'smanufacturingwoes.China'stradingpartnersdohavelegitimategrievances,butitwouldbeirresponsibleandinaccurateforAmericanpoliticianstopintheUnitedStates'economicsluggishnessonschemingculpritsinBeijing.TravelinginAsiainOctober,TreasurySecretaryJohnSnowheededpoliticalpressuresbackhomeinexhortingChineseleaderstoletthemarketpricetheircurrency.Thisisadesirableoutcomeinthelongrun,butaraftofimmediatecaveatscometomind.China'sfinancialsystemremainsfragile,andsuddencurrencyvolatilitycouldleadtoabankingcrisisthatcouldspelldisasterfortheworldeconomy.WashingtonwoulddobettertourgeChina'sleaderstofocusontheirlackofpreparationtoassumetheirproperroleintheworld'sfinancialorder,ratherthantodemandanysupposedlyquickfix.Moreover,China'srefusaltodevalueitscurrencyintheaftermathofthelate1990'scrisesinEastAsia--muchappreciatedbyitsneighborsandWashingtonatatimewhentheyuanseemedovervalued--addscredencetoBeijing'sinsistencethatitprizesstabilitywhenitcomestoexchangerates,notshort-termadvantage.WithmosteconomistsconcernedthatChina'srobustgrowthcouldfuelinflationandaspeculativebubble,therearevalidreasonsforBeijingtofearasurgingcurrency.III.將下列單句譯成英語（25分）1） 盡管20世紀(jì)90年代全國經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇，美國家庭最富有者和最貧窮者收入之間的差距繼續(xù)擴大。2） 中華民族大家庭，靠文化價值觀一風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、語言、文字一凝聚成一體。但家庭內(nèi)部也有紛爭，家庭延續(xù)也有興衰。3） 如果沒有移民，美國不可能在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間制造出原子彈；沒有移民，美國也不會成為當(dāng)今世界上的唯一超級大國。4） 已經(jīng)有一整年沒活動筋骨了，整天坐在研究室里，翻閱資料，逐漸感覺到身體的機能在退化，筋骨像是長了銹，甚至出現(xiàn)腰酸背痛的跡象。5） 澳門是中國南海邊的一個小城，面積現(xiàn)有約24平方公里，人口也不過約43萬人。但是，在中國的高等教育發(fā)展史上，書寫了光輝的開創(chuàng)篇，因為中國第一所西式大學(xué)就是在這里于1594年創(chuàng)辦的。IV.將下列短文譯成英語（50分）在市場經(jīng)濟的條件下，資源肯定要向成本低、效益高、利潤大的地方流動。所以，生產(chǎn)要素往城市和經(jīng)濟發(fā)達地區(qū)集中，是完全自發(fā)和自動的必然流向。在一全球化〃的過程中，會伴生一個副作用，就是富者越富，窮者越窮。不要說■全球化〃，就是一全國化〃也一樣，有錢的地區(qū)，就能提供各種優(yōu)惠來吸引投資，沒錢的地區(qū)，由于各種困難而屢屢失去機會，東西部差距、城鄉(xiāng)差距就會越來越大。在這種情況下，農(nóng)村、農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)民肯定處于弱勢地位，而保障農(nóng)民各項權(quán)益，都是要花錢的，如果單靠其自身的努力，情況肯定難以改變，必須由相對富裕的地區(qū)給予大力幫助，也包括各級政府的財政轉(zhuǎn)移支付、政策優(yōu)惠，以及各種社會公共資源的傾斜。因此，保障農(nóng)民權(quán)益的根本出路就在于發(fā)展經(jīng)濟，首先得讓農(nóng)民逐步富裕起來。如果仍舊保持在傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的框架之下，只靠那一畝三分地〃，不管種什么也只能勉強糊口，發(fā)不了財。要解決當(dāng)前的三農(nóng)〃問題，必須從結(jié)構(gòu)上進行大調(diào)整，盡可能去賺城里人的錢。而政府則要改善大環(huán)境，幫助農(nóng)民從小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟的桎梏中走出去，打開新天地，農(nóng)民才能富裕起來。北京外國語大學(xué)2009年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試復(fù)語同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷I■將下列文章譯成漢語(50分)IndiaandChinaneedhelptogrow,nothectoringEverytimethereisaspikeinoilprices,orwhenfoodcostsmore,orthereisarenewedworryaboutcarbonandclimatechange,academics,pundits,andthepressimmediatelypointtothehigh-consumptionfutureofIndiaandChina.Theyarewrongtodosowhenweconsiderthecausesofenergyandfoodchallenges,and,moreimportantly,whenwethinkoftheactionsandpoliciesneededtomanagechangesincomingdecades.IfitisquestionablethatIndiaandChinaaretoblamefortheglobalenergycrunch,itisevenlessacceptabletoexpectthemtoadheretopleastomoderatetheirenergyconsumption.Historically,energyconsumptionhascorrelatedwitheconomicgrowth.Thepresentdebateoverenergyoftenfocusesontwodimensions:climatechange(fromgreenhousegases),andthescarcityoffossilfuels.Withgrowingpopulationsandeconomies,IndiaandChinawillcertainlyconsumeagrowingfractionofglobalresources,buttheyconsumeonly3percentand9percent,respectively,oftheworId'spetroleumtoday.Thegloballeader,theUS,consumesjustunderaquarter.Lookingatfutureoptions,whydoesitmatterifIndiaandChinaareorarenotsimilarintermsofenergyconsumptionandneeds?Globaltreatiesaimtomodifyfutureconsumption,andmechanismsorformulaethatareconsideredfair(andlikelytoberatified)mustbecognizantofdifferences.Giventhedifferencesintheirsystems,needs,andincentives,aproposalmeanttoappealtobothmaynotappealtoeither.Withoutglobalparticipation,nosolutionislikelywork.ChinaalreadyhastheworId'ssecond-largestelectricitygrid,and,atcurrentratesofgrowth,itwillsoonbecomethelargestelectricityproducerintheworId.LikeIndia,mostofthisisbasedoncoal,theleast—green"oftheleadingfossilfuels.India'spresentinstalledelectricitycapacityisnotinthesameleague.Theresultisthat,forthecomingdecade,itwillnotbeabletogrowatarateanywherenearthatofChina.Inabsolutenetgrowth,theUSwilladdmorethantwiceasmuchcapacitythanIndiain2007-08.China'sgrowthofenergyconsumptionhasbeenpositiveforitspopulation.Ithasnowprovidedelectricitytoanestimated98percen(tfhouseholds,unlikeIndiaorAfrica.Indiahasnotmetitsenergygrowthtargetsevenintheabseneeofcarbonconstraints一canwerealisticallyexpectittomoderateduetoglobalconcernswhenitwillsayitisnottheprimepolluter?(425)II.將下列短文譯成漢語(25分)TheCauseofEarthquakesTheearthisdividedintothreemainlayers-ahardoutercrust,asoftmiddlelayerandacentercore.Theoutercrustisbrokenintomassive,irregularpiecescalled"plates."Theseplatesmoveveryslowly,drivenbyenergyforcesdeepwithintheearth.Earthquakesoccurwhenthesemovingplatesgrindandscrapeagainsteachother.InCalifornia,thePacificPlateandtheNorthAmericanPlatemeet.ThePacificPlatecoversmostofthePacificOceanfloorandtheCaliforniacoastline.TheNorthAmericanPlatestretchesacrosstheNorthAmericancontinentandpartsoftheAtlanticOcean.TheprimaryboundarybetweenthemistheSanAndreasFault.Itismorethan650mileslongandextends10milesdeep.Manysmallerfaults,suchastheHaywardFault,branchfromtheSanAndreasFault.ThePacificPlategrindsnorthwestwardpasttheNorthAmericanPlateatarateofabouttwoinchesperyear.PartsoftheSanAndreasFaultsystemadapttothismovementbyaconstant"creep"resultinginfrequent,moderate,earthtremors.Inotherareas,movementisnotconstantandstraincanbuildupforhundredsofyearsresultinginstrongearthquakeswhenitisreleased.Unlikeothernaturaldisasters,thereisnowarningforearthquakes.FutureearthquakesareaseriousthreattoCalifornians,whichiswhytheFireDepartmentrecommendspreparingbeforeanearthquakehits.（232）III.將下列文章譯成英語（50分）''將來韻韻考上'北大‘或'牛津‘，我可能都不會這么興奮！〃魏倫斯感慨道。韻韻是她的兒子，今年3歲。前不久，他終于被一家公辦托兒所''錄取〃。''勝出〃的條件之一是，可一次性交清''贊助費〃3萬元人民幣。盡管有明碼標(biāo)價--按照教育局、財政局等部門的文件規(guī)定收費，但不少公辦托兒所都要收取規(guī)定之外、不怎么合法的''贊助費〃以及各種名目的費用，實際上，除了每月700元的日托費，這些已成為約定俗成的''必須〃費用，一般在幾千元至幾萬元不等。''贊助費我們交得非常心甘情愿，畢竟兒子沒有'輸‘在'起跑線‘上?！ㄎ簜愃拐f。她與丈夫的年收入加起來近22萬元人民幣，與很多人相比，算是比較'有錢〃的，但他們還是最終放棄了一家贊助費要5萬的''更好一些〃的托兒所，''這屬于'漫天要價‘了。〃魏倫斯也感受到''無底洞〃的壓力與負擔(dān)，她要隨時準(zhǔn)備交費、交費、再交費。托兒所經(jīng)常開展聯(lián)誼活動、戶外比賽，并要統(tǒng)一服裝--都需要家長另外付費。魏倫斯自己也明白，家長們對學(xué)前教育期望值過高，導(dǎo)致了托兒所費用的水漲船高。據(jù)她了解，很多父母均認(rèn)同這樣一種看法：如今每個家庭都是一個孩子，于是一些托兒所利用家長''望子成龍〃（''望女成鳳〃）的心態(tài)，''投其所好〃，想方設(shè)法推出各種名目的學(xué)前教育計劃和培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，無形中，也大大增加了家長的投入。（538）IV.將下列短文譯成英語（25分）目前，在我國許多農(nóng)民并不是沒有能力消費，而是不敢消費。不敢消費的原因，除了世世代代養(yǎng)成能儉即儉、能不要就不要的良好生活習(xí)慣外，根本原因在于農(nóng)民需要為今后的日子做好儲蓄準(zhǔn)備。所以，我們能否給農(nóng)民一個放心的保障體系，成為能否拉得動農(nóng)民消費的關(guān)鍵。農(nóng)民不敢消費，而是把錢積蓄起來的目的主要有三個：一是養(yǎng)老，二是看病，三是教育。由此可見，我們要使農(nóng)民敢于消費關(guān)鍵在于為農(nóng)民建立一個以養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)療、教育為主的完善社會保障體系。這個社會保障體系一旦建立起來，農(nóng)民自然而然就會敢于消費。（235）北京外國語大學(xué)2008年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷（復(fù)語班）一、將下列段落譯為漢語（25分）Nevertheless,insteadofexpandingnorth,theJapanesemovedsouth.By1937,theconflicthadspreadtoallofeasternChinaandthewarhadbeguninearnest.Anti-JapanesefeelingwasexacerbatedbytheattackbytheJapaneseonChinesesoldiersandciviliansattheMarcoPoloBridge,nexttowhichwasavitalrailwayline,inJuly1937.Becauseofitsstrategicimportance(itwasonlytenmileswestofBeijing),JapanesetroopsinnorthernChinahadbeenconductingmanoeuvresinthearea.However,on7July1937,afteraJapanesenightmanoeuvreduringwhichtheChinesehadfiredsomeshells,aJapanesesoldierwentmissing.Inretaliation,theJapaneseattackedandwarcommenced.ThismayrightlybedesignatedthefirstbattleoftheSecondWorldWar.BytheendofJuly,JapanesesoldiershadnotonlyseizedthebridgebuttakencontroloftheentireTientsin-Pekingregion.ThespeedwithwhichJapanesetroopsconqueredpartsofChinawasastounding.By1938,Cantonhad'fallen‘a(chǎn)nd,despitenotablemilitaryvictories,includingoneinthetownofTaierzhuanginsouthernShantung,where30,000JapanesesoldierswerekilledbyNationalistChinesetroops,theChinesewereatadistinctdisadvantage.TheJapanesemilitarywasvastlysuperior.Aslateas1940,Chinahadonly150militaryaircraftcomparedwiththeJapanesetotalofover1,000.Bytheendof1939,thewholeofthenorth-easternquarterofChinawasunderJapaneseoccupation.Still,theChinesedidnotsurrender,forcingJapantomovestillfurtherinland,lengtheningsupplyroutesandstretchingmanpowertoabsolutelimits.Whatfollowedwasawarofattrition.(268words)二、將下列短文譯為漢語(50分)Thailand:AnExceptio