外研八年級上冊英語語法復(fù)習(xí)

八年級上冊語法復(fù)習(xí)

考試題型一、聽力二、單選三、完型四、閱讀（三篇文章，每篇5道題）五、補(bǔ)全對話（七選五）六、完成句子（考5個(gè)兩個(gè)單詞組成的短語）七、任務(wù)型閱讀八、綜合填空九、作文選擇題?？颊Z法點(diǎn)冠詞要注意選a\an是看首字母的發(fā)音，而不是看是否是原因字母，如以h開頭的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)用an.)Itis+adj+of\for+sb+to+do+sth情態(tài)動詞---今年重點(diǎn)是can’t表否定推測不可能比較級.最高級，今年最高級為重點(diǎn)分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)法分子基，分母序。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)不定式（常見的動詞如ask\tell等后加雙賓語）修飾不定代詞遵循形容詞后置原則。名前代形后閱讀(一)主旨題1．文章主旨題.2.

段落主旨題

(1)What

is

the

main

idea

of

this

passage?

(2)This

passage

is

mainly

about

?

(3)What

is

the

best

title

of

this

passage?(1)What

does

the

first

（second，third?）paragraph

mainly

discuss？

(2)From

the

first

(2nd,

3rd,

4thetc)

paragraph,

we

can

learn

that

.(二)作者觀點(diǎn)題和態(tài)度題1．作者態(tài)度題2．作者觀點(diǎn)題(1)What

is

themoodof

the

passage?

(2)From

the

text

we

can

see

that

the

writer

(3)The

author's

main

thought

is

that

(1)what

does

the

writer

think

of?

(2)According

to

the

author,

.

(3)In

the

author’s

opinion,

.

(三)詞義/句意題

(1)what

does

the

underlined

word

“?”mean?

(2)The

underlined

phrase

(word,

sentence)

probably

means

.

(3)The

phrase

(word,

sentence)

suggests

.(四)推理引申題1)We

can

infer

that

.

(2)The

author

suggests

in

the

passage

that

(五)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題(題量最多)(1)According

to

the

passage/

the

author,

who

(what,

where,

which,

when,

why,

how,

etc)?

(2)Which

of

the

following

is

true/correct/

false/not

included?

(3)All

of

the

following

are

(not)

true,

are

(not)

mentioned

except

.一）一般將來時(shí)一般將來時(shí)，事情發(fā)生在將來，時(shí)間，時(shí)間，放后邊，tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextyear,nextmonth,nextweek,in100years等。begoingtodo

（動詞原形）：表示打算、準(zhǔn)備做的事情或者肯定要發(fā)生的事Itisgoingtorain.will結(jié)構(gòu)表示將來的用法：1.表示預(yù)見Doyouthinkitwillrain?2.表示意圖Iwillborrowabookfromourschoollibrarytomorrow.例：Idon’tfeelwelltoday.用will改寫（bebettertomorrow）

I’llbebettertomorrow.There

afootballmatchnextweek.中考題will(isgoingto)

be

3．一般過去時(shí)的用法：a.主要用于過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。

MyfatherworkedinShanghailastyear.b.表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，常與often，always等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。

Ioftenwenttoschoolonfoot.c.與when等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句連用。

Whendidyoubuythebook?d.過去時(shí)間：amomentago（剛才），yesterdaymorning，lastnight/week，thedaybeforeyesterday（前天），justnow（剛才），in2006,threedaysago等一般過去時(shí)的用法：過去時(shí)，時(shí)過去，過去時(shí)間是標(biāo)志。否定句很簡單，did之后not添。疑問句也不難，did置于主語前。謂語動詞要還原。

2．實(shí)義動詞過去式的句式。

①肯定式：主語+動詞過去式+其它。如：Theyhadagoodtimeyesterday.

②否定式：主語+didnot（didn’t）+動詞原形+其它。

如：Theydidn’twatchTVlastnight.

③一般疑問句：Did+主語+動詞原形+其它？

肯定回答：Yes，主語+did.否定回答：No，主語+didn’t.如：Didtheyhaveameetingtwodaysago？Yes，theydid./No，theydidn’t.

④特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+did+主語+動詞原形+其它？如：Whattimedidyoufinishyourhomework？行為動詞的一般過去時(shí)過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則“直”一般情況下在動詞原形后直接加-ed.如：want—wanted“去”以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動詞，去掉e再加-ed.如：hope—hoped“雙”重讀閉音節(jié)單詞需雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母再加-ed.如：stop—stopped（輔元輔）“改”以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動詞改y為i，再加-ed.如：study—studied用所給動詞的正確形式填空

1.I__________(go)toschoolyesterday.2.She_________(play)footballlastweek.3.Look!Jack_________(sing)now.4.You_____(read)thenewpaperthedaybeforeyesterday.5.I_________(see)Jackinthezoolastweekend.6.I__________(do)myhomeworklastnight7.She_________(open)themailboxthedayaftertomorrow.8.I_______(help)thelittlebabydrinkthemilkthenextmorning.9.Thefarmers__________(work)onthefarmnextweek.10.Myparents_________(watch)TVlastMonday.wentplayedissingingreadsawdidwillopenwillhelpwillworkwatched句型轉(zhuǎn)換1.

IwenttothepartylastFriday.（改為一般疑問句）______you______tothepartylastFriday?2.

IhadanicetimelastSunday.（改為一般疑問句）______you_______nicetimelastSunday?3.

WewenttoLondontwoyearsago.

（對劃線部分提問）____________you_______toLondon?4.

Hedidhishomeworkinthemorning.（改為否定句）He___________hishomeworkinthemorning.DidgoDidhaveWhendidgodidn’t

do現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)各種句式結(jié)構(gòu)肯定式：主語+have/has+過去分詞+其他否定式：主語+haven’t/hasn’t+過去分詞+其他一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他？特殊疑問句：疑問詞+have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他？Ihavelivedherefortenyears.Lucyhaslivedheresince2001.Theyhaven’thadbreakfastyet.HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?Howlonghashelivedhere?謂語構(gòu)成：助動詞have/has+動詞的過去分詞用法（1）表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，常與already(已經(jīng)),ever(曾經(jīng)),yet,just(剛剛),before(以前)等詞連用。（2）表示過去發(fā)生的動作持續(xù)到了現(xiàn)在，常與for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。標(biāo)志詞（1）just，never，ever，already，yet等（2）for＋一段時(shí)間；since＋點(diǎn)時(shí)間或

引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句（一般多為過去時(shí)）（3）sofar(到目前為止)；inthepast/last＋表示一段時(shí)間的詞語現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)1、see—2、hear—

3、study—4、stop—

5、write—6、teach—7、catch—8、go—

9、play—10、live—11、make—12、forget—寫出下列動詞的過去分詞形式:seenheardstudiedstoppedwrittentaughtcaughtgoneplayedlivedmadeforgotten(一)考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般用法

()1．——Kitty,willyougotoseethefilmColdMountainthisevening?

——No，Iwon’t．I_______italready．

A．sawB．haveseenC．seeD．willsee()2.GonewiththeWindisawell—knownnovel．She_______ittwice．

A．readB．isreadingC．readsD．hasread()3．——Howlong_____you_____here?——Forabouttwoyearssofar．

A.have;studiedB.did;liveC.do;stayD.havechangedABD（二）考查非延續(xù)性動詞與一段時(shí)間連用的表達(dá)方式()1．——Oh．Mrs．king,yourdresslooksnice．

Isitnew?——No，I_____itsincetwoyearsago.A．hadB．havehadC．boughtD．havebought()2．Jeffborrowedahistorybookfromhisfriend．He____itforaweek．A．hasborrowedB.haslentC.haskeptD．lend()3.Thestudentsaresorrytohearthatthefamoussinger_____forhalfanhour．

A．hasleftB．hasgoneC.hasbeenawayD.hasgoneawayBCC

(三)考查have／hasbeento，have／hasgoneto與have／hasbeenin的區(qū)別()1．——Where'syourfather?——He____Shanghai．He’llbebacknextweek．

A．hasgonetoB．hasbeentoC．havegonetoD．havebeento()2．——WhereisDavid?——He_____toEnglandonbusiness．

A．isgoingB．hasgoneC．hasbeenD．goes()3.——_____youever_____totheUnitedStates?

—----Yes,twice．A．Have;goneB．Have;beenC．Do；goD．Were;goingABB(四)考查for與since接時(shí)間狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別()1．——Whatanicedog!Howlonghaveyouhadit?----_____twoyears．

A．ForB．SinceC.In()2．MissGaohastaughtinthisschool____1993．A.forB．a(chǎn)tC．inD．since(五)考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別()1．---HehasalreadygonetoEngland．

---When______he_______there?A．will;goB．is;goingC．did;goD．has;gone()2．—Haveyoureadthisbook?—yes,I____ittwoweeksago.．A．a(chǎn)mreadingB．havereadC．willreadD．readADCD(六)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在特定語境下的使用()1．——Helen，Itoldyoutodoyourhome-workascarefullyasyoucan?——Yes，butI——fewermistakesthanIusuallydo．A．wasmakingB．havemadeC．willmakeD．hadmade()2．——Hasthematchstarted?——Started?Finished！GuoYue______．A．iswinningB．winsC．willwinD．haswon()3.XiaoWang_____Englishforthirteenyears.SohecanspeakquitegoodEnglish.A.hadlearnedB.haslearnedC.willbelearningD.learnsBD

B

()4.Thefilm_______forhalfanhour.A.hasbegunB.hasbeenbegunC.hasbeenonD.began()5.Youdon’thavetodescribeher.I______herseveraltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC.meetD.met()6.MissYangisnotathome.She____totheschoollibrary.A.wentB.hasbeenC.goesD.hasgone()7.HehasnevervisitedtheGreatHallofthePeople._____?A.hasn’theB.hasheC.doesheD.doesn’the

BCDB過去進(jìn)行時(shí):謂語構(gòu)成:was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing用法：表示在過去的某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)時(shí)間狀語：atthistimeyesterday（昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候）atthattimelastweek（上周那個(gè)時(shí)候）atnineyesterdayevening（昨晚九點(diǎn)時(shí)）fromseventotenlastnight（昨晚從七點(diǎn)到十點(diǎn)）等，when或while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的主、從復(fù)合句。

Iwasreadinganewspaperwhenhecamein．他進(jìn)來時(shí)，我正在看報(bào)。

WhileIwaswalkinghome,ImetMrGreen.

我步行回家時(shí)遇到了格林先生.Myfatherwasreadinganewspaperwhilemymotherwascooking.

媽媽做飯時(shí)爸爸在看報(bào)。注：while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的主、從復(fù)合句，兩個(gè)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)并用，表示動作同時(shí)發(fā)生。過去進(jìn)行時(shí):各種句式結(jié)構(gòu)肯定式：否定式：Hewassleepingwhenshearrived.

她到達(dá)時(shí)他正在睡覺。Theyweren’tplantingtreesatnineyesterday.

昨天早上九點(diǎn)他們不在植樹。一般疑問句：Was／Were+主語+v-ing+其它?主語+was/were+v-ing+其它主語+was／werenot+v-ing+其它Washeplayingfootballwhenyourangme?你打電話給我時(shí)．他正在踢足球嗎?特殊疑問句:疑問詞+was／were+主語+v-ing+其它?WhatwasPeterdoingatthistimelastweek?上周這個(gè)時(shí)候彼特在于什么?用was/were填空:1、I＿＿＿listeningtothemusic.2、She＿＿＿playingthepiano.3、They＿＿lookingattheflowers.4、We＿＿＿h(yuǎn)avingapicnic.5、Lingling＿＿＿watchingTV.6、Twoboys＿＿＿readingbook.7、Youruncleandaunt＿＿visitingtheGreatWall.8、Everyone＿＿＿h(yuǎn)avinglunch.9、People＿＿workingonthefarm.10、Somewomen＿＿singingpopmusic.waswaswaswaswerewerewerewerewerewere用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.You____________(have)ameetingat9lastMondaymorning．2.They__________(play)footballwhenIpassed．3.She___________(take)awalkwhenwehadatalk．4.____they_______(try)todrawhorsesontheblackboardwhentheteachercamein?5.Thestudents_________(1isten)totheteachercarefullywhilehewasteaching。werehavingwereplayingwastaking

Weretryingwerelistening

反意疑問句意義概念回答規(guī)律構(gòu)成當(dāng)我們陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)，而又不是很有把握，就可以在陳述句后加一個(gè)簡短問句，稱為反意疑問句?！?對吧/是吧?陳述句+簡短問句〖助動詞/系動詞be/情態(tài)動詞+主語（代詞）〗陳述句是肯定的，簡短問句用否定形式；而陳述句是否定的，簡短問句就用肯定形式；（前肯后否，前否后肯）

按事實(shí)回答反意疑問句語法歸納:一、祈使句用于反意疑問句中

這種類型較特殊，前一部分是祈使句，后一部分是肯定疑問形式。

句型1:Let’s+動詞原形+其它，shall

we?

例：Let’s

go

for

a

walk,shallwe?

而

Letusgoforawalk,willyou?句型2:其它形式的祈使句，will

you?

Come

into

the

classroom,

will

you?

Please

be

careful,

will

you?Don’tpanic,willyou?二、含be(is,

are,

was,

were)動詞的反意疑問句，需用be的適當(dāng)形式.①

You

are

from

America,

aren't

you?

Yes,

I

am.

No,

I'm

not.

②

The

Green

weren't

at

home

last

night,

were

they?

—Yes,

they

were.

No,

they

weren’t.

注意：陳述部分主、謂語是I

am...時(shí)，反意疑問句用aren‘t

I

而不是am

not

I例如：

I'm

working

now,

aren’t

I?

我在工作，是嗎？

二、行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的反意疑問句,需用do/does的適當(dāng)形式。

①

You

often

watch

TV

in

the

evening,

don't

you?

Yes,

I

do.

No,

I

don't.

②The

first

class

begins

at

eight,

doesn't

it?

Yes,

it

does.

No,

it

doesn't.

三、行為動詞的一般過去時(shí)的反意疑問句，需用did的是適當(dāng)形式。

①The

rain

stopped,

didn't

it?

Yes,

it

did.

No,

it

didn't.

②

Jim’s

parents

didn't

go

to

Hong

Kong

last

month,

did

they?

Yes,

they

did.

No,

they

didn't.四、一般將來時(shí)的反意疑問句

，需用will的適當(dāng)形式。

①

The

boys

will

play

games,

won't

they?

Yes,

they

will.

No,

they

won't.

②

It

won't

stop

raining,

will

it?

Yes,

it

will.

No,

it

won't.

五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的反意疑問句，需用have、has的適當(dāng)形式。

①

You

have

been

to

Shanghai

before,

haven't

you?

Yes

I

have.

No,

I

haven't.

②

Jack

hasn't

done

his

homework,

has

he?

Yes,

he

has.

No,

he

hasn't.六、陳述部分的主語是everything,

nothing,

anything或something

時(shí)，反意疑問句的主語應(yīng)用代詞it。

例如：Something

is

wrong

with

my

radio,

isn't

it?

我的收音機(jī)出毛病了，是吧？

七、陳述部分的主語是

everybody,

everyone,

anybody,

anyone,

somebody,

someone,

nobody,

no

one,

none,

neither

時(shí),

其反意疑問句的主語需用復(fù)數(shù)代詞they。例如：

Everyone

is

here,

aren't

they?

大家都到了，是嗎？

No

one

knows

about

it,

do

they?

沒有人知道這件事，對嗎？

八、陳述部分的主語是指示代詞this或that時(shí)，反意疑問句的主語用it，當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是指示代詞these或those時(shí)，其反意疑問句的主語用they。例如：

This

is

a

plane,

isn't

it?

這是一架飛機(jī)，是嗎？

These

are

grapes，aren't

they?

這些是葡萄，是嗎？

九、注意：There

be句型

1﹒There

is

an

old

picture

on

the

wall,

isn’t

there?2.There

aren’tany

children

in

the

room,

arethere?

3.There

wasn’t

a

telephone

call

for

me,

was

there?4．There

were

enough

people

to

pick

apples,

weren’t

there?5．There

will

be

a

basketball

match

tomorrow,

won’tthere?

★

值得注意的是有時(shí)英語的謂語動詞并不用否定式（即沒加上not），而是用上了“never,

little,

few,

hardly,

nothing,

nobody”等表否定意義的詞，后半部分應(yīng)用肯定疑問式。

①

You

have

never

been

to

Beijing,

have

you?

②

Mr.

Fat

has

few

friends

here,

does

he?

③

There

is

little

milk

in

the

bottle,

is

there?

④

He

could

do

nothing,

could

he?

完成下列反意疑問句：

1.Marylistenedtopopmusic,____________?2.HehasneverbeentoShanghai__________?

3.Hehasfewfriendsatschool,_____________?4.Themusicsoundsbeautiful,______________?5.Youcan’tdancetojazz,___________?6.Theyweren’tattheconcert,_____________?7.Let’sstopwriting,______________?8.Don’tbelate,_______________?didn’tshehashedoeshedoesn’titcanyouwerethereshallwewillyou動詞不定式動詞不定式是初中英語的語法重點(diǎn)之一，也是每年中考英語試題的考點(diǎn)之一。它是動詞的一種非謂語形式，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，不能單獨(dú)作句子的謂語。其構(gòu)成形式為＂to+動詞原形＂，to為動詞不定式的符號，本身無意義。動詞不定式具有兩大特點(diǎn)：1.具有動詞的特點(diǎn)，因此，后面可以跟表語、賓語或狀語，構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語。2.具有名詞、形容詞或副詞的特點(diǎn)，可以在句子中用作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語、定語、表語及同位語等。一、動詞不定式作主語

()

1.It'shardforus______Englishwell.

A.learnB.learnsC.tolearnD.learning

()2.It'sverynice_________youtogetmetwotickets_________theWorldCup.

A.for，ofB.of，forC.to，forD.of，to［簡析］動詞不定式作主語時(shí)，可以直接放在謂語動詞前面的主語位置，也可以用先行詞it作形式主語，而將真正的主語(不定式)置于后面。常見的句式有：(1)Itis+形容詞(ofsb)todosth.(2)Itis+形容詞(forsb)todosth.(3)Ittakessbsometimetodosth.(4)Itis+名詞短語(forsb)todosth.

CD句式(1)中常用nice，kind，clever，good，right，wrong，foolish，careless等形容詞，與介詞of搭配，這些形容詞常表述不定式邏輯主語的屬性或性質(zhì)；句式(2)中常用hard，difficult，easy，important等形容詞，與介詞for搭配，表示不定式表示的動作、行為的性質(zhì)。二、動詞不定式作賓語()1.Hewants______somevegetables.A.buyB.buyingC.tobuyD.buys()2.Don'tforget______yourhomeworkwithyouwhenyoucometoschool.tobringB.bringingC.totakeD.taking

()3.Hefounditverydifficult______.A.sleepingB.sleepsC.sleptD.tofallasleep

［簡析］在want，like，agree，hope，wish，learn，begin，start，decide，hate，choose，forget，remember等動詞后面，可以接不定式作賓語。如果其后接形容詞補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，則可以用it作形式賓語，而把作真正賓語的不定式放到后面。CAD三、動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語()1.Robertoftenasksus______hisChinese,sohisChineseismuchbetterthanbefore.helphimB.tohelphimwithC.tohelpwithD.helpshimwith()2.MrLioftenteacheshisJapanesefriends______Chinesefood.A.cookB.cooksC.tocookD.cooked

［簡析］不定式可以用作賓語補(bǔ)足語。后面可以接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有：ask，teach，expect，tell，allow等。BC四、動詞不定式作狀語()1.Shewent______herteacher.A.toseeB.looksC.sawD.seeing

()2.MeimeilikesEnglishverymuch.Shedoesherbest______Englishwell.A.learnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns

［簡析］go，come，try，do/tryone'sbest等動詞或短語動詞作謂語時(shí)，其后常?？梢越硬欢ㄊ阶髂康臓钫Z。AC()3.I'msorry______that.A.hearsB.hearingC.hearD.tohear()4.I'msorry______you.A.troubleB.totroubleC.troublingD.troubled()5.Mymotherwasveryglad______heroldfriend.A.tomeetB.meetC.metD.meets

［簡析］＂be+形容詞+todosth＂結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式作狀語，常表示原因或方式。DBA五、動詞不定式作定語()1.Wouldyoulikesomething______?A.drinkB.drinkingC.todrinkD.drinks()2.Ihavealotofhomework______.A.doB.doingC.didD.todo()3.Heisnotaneasyman______.A.getonB.togetonC.getonwithD.togetonwith

［簡析］不定式作定語時(shí)，常放在被修飾的詞語之后，與被修飾的詞語為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系；如果不定式的動詞是不及物動詞，其后要加上必要的介詞或副詞，構(gòu)成的短語動詞相當(dāng)于及物動詞。CDD六、不帶to的動詞不定式()1.Wesawhim______thebuildingandgoupstairs.A.toenterB.enterC.enteringD.entered()2.Somuchworkusuallymakesthem______verytired.A.tofeelB.feelsC.feelingD.feel()3.Yourfatherissleeping.You'dbetter______.A.notwakeuphimB.nottowakeuphimC.notwakehimupD.nottowakehimupBDC［簡析］1.在see，watch，hear，feel等感官動詞和make，have，let等使役動詞后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式不帶to.三眼，二耳，一注意，三個(gè)小使役，半個(gè)help要注意。2.在＂hadbetter＂后面接不帶to的不定式。七、動詞不定式的否定形式()1.Theoldmantoldthechild______noisy.A.notbeB.nottobeC.tonotbeD.benot()2.Thereisgoingto______animportantmeetingtomorrow.Pleasetry______late.A.have，nottobeB.have，notbeC.be，nottobeD.be，notbe

［簡析］動詞不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符號to的前面加上not，如果是不帶to的不定式就直接在動詞原形前面加上not.BC八、某些動詞后面接不定式和接動詞-ing形式的區(qū)別()1.Pleasestop______arestifyoufeeltired.A.tohaveB.havingC.haveD.has

()2.——Whydidn'tyoubuysomebreadonyourwayhome?

——Sorry,Iforgot______somemoneywithme.A.takeB.takingC.totakeD.took()3.——Let'shavearest,shallwe?——Notnow,Ican'tstop______theletters.A.writeB.towriteC.writingD.andwrite4.Jimwasbadlyhurt,sohehadtostop______(walk).ACCwalking

雙賓語用法要點(diǎn)此結(jié)構(gòu)由主語+及物謂語動詞+間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（事物）組成。如，

Hebringsmecookieseveryday.Shemademeabeautifuldress.但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），則要借助于介詞to或for,如，

Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.用to側(cè)重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。用for側(cè)重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,

return,send,show,teach,等。（需借助for

的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,