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RoboticsUnit22
機(jī)器人技術(shù)RoboticsRoboticsTranslationReadingMoreTranslatingSkillsText
Robotsarenotonlythestuffofspacemovies.Rightnow,allovertheworld,robotsareonthemove.They’repaintingcarsatFordplants,assemblingcookiesforPepperidgeFarms,walkingintolivevolcanoes,drivingtrainsinParis,anddefusingbombsinNorthernIreland.Today’srobotsaredoingmoreandmorethingswecan’t—ordon’twantto—do,becausetheyaretougher,nimbler,andsmarternow.Whatisarobotthen?There’snoprecisedefinition,butbygeneralagreementarobotisaprogrammablemachinethatimitatestheactionsorappearanceofanintelligentcreature—usuallyahuman.Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical—suchasmoveormanipulateobjects[1].Ascomputersmarter.Thecurrentmechanicalrobotsofpopularculturearenotmuchdifferentfromthosefictionalbiologicalcreations.Basicallyarobotconsistsof:1.Amechanicaldevice,suchasawheeledplatform,arm,orotherconstruction,capableofinteractingwithitsenvironment.2.Sensorsonoraroundthedevicethatareabletosensetheenvironmentandgiveusefulfeedbacktothedevice.3.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation[2].Traditionally,robotsareappliedanywhereoneofthe3Dsexistsinanyjobwhichistoo:Dirty,Dangerous,and/orDullforahumantoperform.Theyfunctiontorelieveusfromdangerandtedium:1.Safety:Roboticshavebeendevelopedtohandlenuclearandradioactivechemicalsformanydifferentusesincludingnuclearweapons,powerplants,environmentalcleanup,andtheprocessingofcertaindrugs.2.Unpleasantness:Robotsperformmanytasksthataretediousandunpleasant,butnecessary,suchasweldingorjanitorialwork.3.Repetitionandprecision:Assemblylineworkhasbeenoneofthemainstaysoftheroboticsindustry.Robotsareusedextensivelyinmanufacturingand,moreglamorously,inspaceexploration,whereminimummaintenancerequirementsareemphasized.Nowadaysrobotsarealsousedforentertainmentofcourse.defuse[,di:'fju:z]vt.平息;去掉…的雷管;使除去危險(xiǎn)性tough[t?f]adj.艱苦的,困難的;堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的;強(qiáng)壯的n.惡棍adv.頑強(qiáng)地nimble['nimbl]adj.敏捷的;聰明的;敏感的precise[pri'sais]adj.精確的;明確的;嚴(yán)格的manipulate[m?'nipjuleit]vt.操縱;操作;巧妙地處理;篡改sensor['sens?;-s?:]n.感受器;傳感器;敏感元件;探測裝置device[di'vais]n.裝置;策略;圖案function['f??k??n]n.功能;函數(shù);職責(zé);盛大的集會vi.運(yùn)行relieve[ri'li:v]vt.解除,減輕;使不單調(diào)乏味;換……的班;使放心tedium['ti:di?m]n.冗長乏味,單調(diào),沉悶handle['h?ndl]n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口實(shí)vt.處理;運(yùn)用;觸摸radioactive[,reidi?u'?ktiv]adj.放射性的;有輻射能的weld[weld]vt.焊接;使結(jié)合;使成整體vi.焊牢n.焊接;焊接點(diǎn)janitor['d??nit?]n.房屋管理員(負(fù)責(zé)維修供暖系統(tǒng)等);[古語]看門人mainstay['meinstei]n.支柱;中流砥柱;主要的依靠;主桅支索glamorous['ɡl?m?r?s]adj.富有魅力的,迷人的,有誘惑力的;刺激性的maintenance['meint?n?ns]n.維護(hù),維修;保持;生活費(fèi)用emphasize['emf?saiz]vt.強(qiáng)調(diào),著重1.Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical--suchasmoveormanipulateobjects.
譯文:為證明一個(gè)機(jī)器人的合格性,它應(yīng)當(dāng)至少可以做到兩件事:1)從它周邊的環(huán)境中獲取信息;2)做一些實(shí)際工作,比如移動物體或操作物體。說明:qualifyas(使)(某人)具有資格;(使)合格又如:AnyexternalpowersupplymeetingtheperformancerequirementsforlevelVandabovewouldqualifyasENERGYSTAR(Version2.0).
符合V級或以上等級要求的外部電源可通過“能源之星(2.0版)”認(rèn)證。2.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation.譯文:要有一個(gè)根據(jù)設(shè)備所處情形處理傳感器輸入的系統(tǒng),并能夠根據(jù)情況指揮設(shè)備去完成(相應(yīng))動作。說明:inthecontextof在……情況下;在……背景下又如:Inthecontextofthemodernaerospaceindustrytheseproblemsareseldomsimpleorroutine.在現(xiàn)代空間工業(yè)范疇內(nèi),這些問題很少是簡單的或常規(guī)的問題。I.Answerthefollowingquestions.
Toqualifyasarobot,whichtwothingsdoesamachinehavetobeabletodo?2.
Whyarerobotsgettingsmarterandsmarter?Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical—suchasmoveormanipulateobjects.Ascomputerprocessorsaregettingfasterandcheaper,robotsaregettingsmarterandsmarter.KeyKeyI.Answerthefollowingquestions.3.Basicallywhatdoesarobotconsistof?
Basicallyarobotconsistsof:1.Amechanicaldevice,suchasawheeledplatform,arm,orotherconstruction,capableofinteractingwithitsenvironment.2.Sensorsonoraroundthedevicethatareabletosensetheenvironmentandgiveusefulfeedbacktothedevice.3.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation.
KeyII
.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.Rightnow,allovertheworld,robotsareonthemove.2.Thecurrentmechanicalrobotsofpopularculturearenotmuchdifferentfromthosefictionalbiologicalcreations.現(xiàn)在,全世界范圍內(nèi),機(jī)器人都在活動著呢!當(dāng)今流行文化中的機(jī)械器人與小說中塑造的那些生物已經(jīng)沒有太大區(qū)別。Key
Key
II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.3.Theyfunctiontorelieveusfromdangerandtedium:4.Robotsperformmanytasksthataretediousandunpleasant,butnecessary,suchasweldingorjanitorialwork.而它們的職能就是將我們從危險(xiǎn)和沉悶中解放出來機(jī)器人可以完成許多煩悶、無趣但卻是必需的工作,比如焊接或守門的工作。KeyKey
英文招聘廣告是較常見和實(shí)用的應(yīng)用文之一,它具有一般廣告的共同特點(diǎn),但又有別于產(chǎn)品廣告,非商業(yè)廣告和政治廣告,它是一種特定的以招募各種勞動力為目的的文體,因此在語言和結(jié)構(gòu)上也具有自己的特點(diǎn)。英文招聘廣告的閱讀屬于語用性閱讀,要達(dá)到高效省事的效果,必須掌握英文招聘廣告的特點(diǎn)和一些實(shí)際的閱讀技巧。英文招聘廣告具有以下特點(diǎn):
一、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,層次分明招聘廣告通常由“廣告標(biāo)題”、“公司簡介”、“工作職責(zé)”、“資格要求”、“薪金待遇”、“聯(lián)系方式”等六部分組成,雖然某些部分也會省略,但每一部分通常都獨(dú)立成段,各部分之間的界限清晰明了。
怎樣閱讀英文招聘廣告
二、標(biāo)題言簡意賅,精確具體英語招聘廣告往往以招聘單位名稱或招聘職位作標(biāo)題,使求職者一目了然。如:Avon(Shanghai)CompanyLimited
上海雅芳有限公司R&DsoftwareEngineer研發(fā)軟件工程師Businessadvisor商務(wù)顧問
三、多用省略句 為了節(jié)省廣告的篇幅和廣告的費(fèi)用,同時(shí)使讀者一目了然,英語招聘廣告經(jīng)常省略句子的主語,動詞,定冠詞,不定冠詞和從句。由于特定的上下文,讀者也十分清楚,不會產(chǎn)生誤會或歧義。如:ExcellentwrittenandverbalcommunicationskillsinEnglishandmandarin
良好的口頭和書面中英文表達(dá)能力
(省略了實(shí)義動詞have)Abilitytoreactquicklyandefficiently
tocrisis能夠快速有效地應(yīng)對危機(jī)(省略了冠詞the)Qualificationsneeded:
所需資格:(省略了從句whichare)
四、多用各種短語或短句英語招聘廣告在描述工作職責(zé)和應(yīng)聘資格時(shí)廣泛使用名稱短語、形容詞短語和介詞短語以縮短廣告的篇幅。短語的使用既方便記憶,又能節(jié)約版面,同時(shí)突出了關(guān)鍵詞,容易引起求職者的注意。如:Goodanalyticskills,problemsolvingandconflictmanagementskills(良好的分析能力、解決問題能力和沖突管理能力)Familiarwithgeneralofficesoftware(熟悉辦公軟件)Undertheageof40(40歲以下)With2-3yearsexperienceintelecom(2~3年電信行業(yè)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn))
五、常用祈使句一般用來說明應(yīng)聘方法。為表示禮貌,使讀者感到親切,開頭都用個(gè)“請”字。如:PleaseapplyinyourownhandwritingwithfullEnglishresumeandresentphototo:
請親自謄寫詳細(xì)的英文簡歷并附上近照寄:Pleasecalorinterviewing.
請致定面試事宜。
六、采用縮略詞
為了節(jié)省廣告撰稿人的撰稿時(shí)間與讀者的閱讀時(shí)間,并節(jié)省費(fèi)用,英語廣告中能用縮略的詞語都盡可能縮略。如:Dept:Department部門
CV:CurriculumVitae
個(gè)人簡歷JV:jointventure
合資
G.M.:GeneralManager
總經(jīng)理Ad:advertisement
廣告
add:address
地址P/T:parttime兼職(的)
refs:references推薦信
exp’d:experienced有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的
Wpm:wordsperminute打字/每分鐘
req:required需要
CAD:computerassisteddesign計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)因此,在閱讀英文招聘廣告時(shí),首先要瀏覽廣告標(biāo)題,確定招聘單位和招聘職位。然后瀏覽公司簡介,掌握招聘公司的一些基本情況。接下來,要細(xì)讀工作職責(zé)和資格要求,確定自己是否能夠勝任這份工作,注意辨別一些省略句和縮略詞。最后,要留意聯(lián)系方式,必要時(shí)要?jiǎng)邮钟浵戮唧w的聯(lián)系方式。
七、英文招聘廣告(范例)Sample1Machineoperator
Responsibilities:---Basicoperationofmachine,includingstart-up,shutdownandtesttomachine.---Workaccordingtoproductionplanandprogramorprocessdrawings.---Replaceandmaintainthemachineparts.
Requirements:---Collegedegreeorabove,majoredinmechanicalengineeringorrelevant---Excellentinreadingandinterpretingmachiningworkinstructions---Experienceinanindustrialproductionenvironmentisaplus.---GoodsenseofresponsibilityandworkingattitudeWeofferattractivesalarydependentonqualificationandexperience.Interestedpartiespleasesendfullresumewithexpectedsalary,photo,contactaddressandtel.no.toPersonnelDept.beforeJune18,2011.Theaddressofourcompany:106Fang-yuanRoad,Guangzhou.Ourpostcode:510370招聘機(jī)床操作員
工作職責(zé):1.用機(jī)床進(jìn)行基本的操作,包括機(jī)床的啟動、關(guān)閉及調(diào)試。2.依據(jù)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃與加工程序或工藝圖紙,進(jìn)行加工。3.維護(hù)及更換機(jī)床內(nèi)部零件。
職位要求:1.機(jī)械相關(guān)專業(yè)大學(xué)專科及以上學(xué)歷2.能看懂機(jī)床加工工作指令3.有工廠實(shí)際操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)者優(yōu)先4.崗位責(zé)任心強(qiáng),工作態(tài)度認(rèn)真我們將根據(jù)各人的學(xué)歷和經(jīng)驗(yàn)提供富有吸引力的薪酬。有興趣的人員請將希望待遇、照片、聯(lián)系地址、電話和簡歷2010年6月18日前寄到我公司人事部。公司地址:廣州市方圓大道106號,郵編:510370。
Sample2
MarketingAssistantResponsibilities:---Responsibleforthelocalmanagementofmarketingandsalesactivitiesaccordingtoinstructionsfromheadoffice.---Collectrelatedinformationfortheheadoffice.Requirements:---CollegedegreeorabovewithgoodEnglish(speakingandwriting).---Developrelationshipwithlocalmediaandcustomers.---Withbasicideaofsalesandmarketing,relatedexperienceispreferred.---Workingexperienceinaninternationalorganizationisamust.---Goodcommunicationandpresentationskills.
Therightcandidatewillreceiveanappropriateandattractivecompensationpackage.InterestedcandidatespleaseapplyinwritinginbothEnglishandMandarinasfollows:1.Qualifications,jobexperiencewithsalaryhistoryandexpectedcompensationpackage.2.Recentphoto.AndsendthemtotheaddressbelowbyJuly31:Room302,InternationalHotel,1S.St.Beijing100088.AllemploymentswillbedonethroughFESCO.Notelephonecallwillbeentertained.招聘銷售助理
工作職責(zé):1.根據(jù)總公司的要求負(fù)責(zé)區(qū)域銷售管理及銷售活動2.收集相關(guān)信息資料上報(bào)總公司職位要求:1.大學(xué)及以上文憑,英語口語流利,書面表達(dá)能力強(qiáng)。2.開發(fā)和維護(hù)所負(fù)責(zé)區(qū)域的客戶和合作伙伴。3.了解市場,熟悉銷售相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)工作者優(yōu)先4.外資企業(yè)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)是必備的條件5.具有良好的溝通及表達(dá)能力應(yīng)聘者將獲得合理而富有吸引力的薪酬待遇。有意者請用中英文書寫以下應(yīng)聘材料:包含學(xué)歷,工作經(jīng)驗(yàn),以往工作待遇和期望的工資福利待遇,并準(zhǔn)備近照一張。請于7月31日前,將應(yīng)聘材料寄往:北京南街1號國際賓館302房間郵編:100088所有招聘都將通過外國企業(yè)服務(wù)公司進(jìn)行。恕不接受電話查詢。
Robot&itscontrolRobot&itscontrolAtypicalrobot(Fig.22.1)willhaveseveral,thoughnotnecessarilyallofthefollowingproperties:(1)isnot‘natural’,i.e.itisartificiallycreated.(2)cansenseitsenvironment,andmanipulateorinteractwiththingsinit.(3)hassomeabilitytomakechoicesbasedontheenvironment,oftenusingautomaticcontrolorapreprogrammedsequence.(4)moveswithoneormoreaxesofrotationortranslation.(5)appearstohaveintentoragency.Fig.22.1robotThemechanicalstructureofarobotmustbecontrolledtoperformtasks.Thecontrolofarobotinvolvesthreedistinctphases—perception,processingandaction.Sensorsgiveinformationabouttheenvironmentortherobotitself(e.g.thepositionofitsjointsoritsendeffector).Thisinformationisthenprocessedtocalculatetheappropriatesignalstotheactuators(motors)whichmovethemechanicalstructure.Theprocessingphasecanrangeincomplexity.Itmaybethefirststeptoestimateparametersofinterest(e.g.thepositionoftherobot’sgripper)fromnoisysensordata.Animmediatetask(suchasmovingthegripperinacertaindirection)isinferredfromtheseestimates[1].Techniquesfromcontroltheoryconvertthetaskintocommandsthatdrivetheactuators.Atlongertimescalesorwithmoresophisticatedtasks,therobotmayneedtobuildandreasonwitha“cognitive”model.Cognitivemodelstrytorepresenttherobot,theworld,andhowtheyinteract.Pattenrecognitionandcomputervisioncanbeusedtotrackobjects.Mappingtechniquescanbeusedtobuildmapsoftheworld.Finally,motionplanningandotherartificialintelligencetechniquesmaybeusedtofigureouthowtoact.Controlsystemsmayalsohavevaryinglevelsofautonomy.Directinteractionisusedforhapticortele-operateddevices,andthehumanhasnearlycompletecontrolovertherobot’smotion.Operator-assistmodeshavetheoperatorcommandingmedium-to-high-leveltasks,withtherobotautomaticallyfiguringouthowtoachievethem[2].Anautonomousrobotmaygoforextendedperiodsoftimewithouthumaninteraction.Higherlevelsofautonomydonotnecessarilyrequiremorecomplexcognitivecapabilities.Forexample,robotsinassemblyplantsarecompletelyautonomous,perty['pr?p?ti]n.性質(zhì),性能;財(cái)產(chǎn);所有權(quán)intent[in'tent]n.意圖;目的;含義adj.專心的;急切的;堅(jiān)決的perception[p?'sep??n]n.知覺;感覺;看法;洞察力;獲取actuator['?ktjueit?]n.操作者,執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu);驅(qū)使者,激勵(lì)者;傳動裝置
phase[feiz]n.相;階段;位相vt.使定相;逐步執(zhí)行vi.逐步前進(jìn)range[reind?]n.范圍;幅度v.平行;延伸;漫游;使并列;歸類于parameter[p?'r?mit?]n.參數(shù);系數(shù);參量gripper['ɡrip?]n.夾子,鉗子;抓器,抓爪infer[in'f?:]vt.推斷;推論vi.推斷;做出推論sophisticated[s?'fistikeitid]adj.復(fù)雜的;精致的;富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的cognitive['k?ɡnitiv]adj.認(rèn)識的;認(rèn)識過程的;以實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)為依據(jù)的track[tr?k]n.軌道;蹤跡;小道vt.追蹤;通過;循路而行vi.追蹤1.Atypicalrobotmoveswithoneormoreor2.Thecontrolofarobotinvolvesthreedistinctphases—and.Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.
axesofrotationtranslationperceptionprocessingaction
KeyKey3.Atlongertimescalesorwithmoresophisticatedtasks,therobotmayneedtobuildandreasonwitha.4.andcanbeusedtotrackobjects..Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.
“cognitive”modelPattenrecognitioncomputervision
KeyKey5.isusedforhapticortele-operateddevices,andthehumanhasnearlycompletecontrolovertherobot’smotion.6.maygoforextendedperiodsoftimewithouthumaninteraction.Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.
DirectinteractionAnautonomousrobotKeyKey機(jī)器人及其控制典型機(jī)器人(圖22.1)有以下一些特征,盡管不一定
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