Ireland 1114 愛爾蘭 英美文化

UNIT11:IRELAND

LAND,PEOPLEandhistoryIreland:LandoftheGreenGreenyearroundWashedbytheGulfStreamTemperateclimateCoolClimateWashedbytheGulfStreamAlmostalwaysdampLittlechangeinseasonsRockyCoastlineRockyCoastlineGeographyofIslandMiddleisrichagriculturalfarmlandLandsuitedforplantsandanimalsPerfectformanydomesticanimalsWesternislandandcoastlineisrockypoorsoilSuitedforgrasslandandgrazingPopulatedwithGhostsGreatFamineof1800sAperiodofmassstarvationBetween1845and1852PotatocropfailedMorethan2millionIrishdiedofstarvationanddiseasesMassiveemigrationManyleftbeforetheGreatFamineLargefamilieswithnolandtoinheritLeftforNewWorldManyIrishbecameprominentcitizens7U.S.PresidentsThomasMellonAndrewCarnegieFamilyfarm:dyingenterpriseYoungIrishpeoplewell-educatedtodayLeaveforjobsinthecity“CelticTiger”EconomicBoom1995-2007IrishHistoryBronzeAge:UnnamedpeoplegroupHousesofsticksandmud“wattle”Surroundedby“RingForts”BronzeAge:1200B.C.Guardedtheirfamiliesandlivestock“RingForts”canstillbeseentodayIreland:Ahistoryofinvasions600B.C.byCelticwarriors500A.D.byChristianity9thCenturybyVikings11thCenturybyNormans16thCenturyonwardsbyBritishInvasionbyCeltsWarriorTribesFierceNomadicEarlyas600B.C.SettledallofBritishIslesbytimeofChristRemainedinIrelandthroughhistoryNomadicTribeTheCelticWarriorMostfearedbyRomansSackedRomein300B.C.TerrorizedCentralandEasternEuropeBroughttheirlanguageandculturetoIrelandTheDyingGaulTheCelticWarriorRomanscopiedtheirarmorandwartacticsLearnedartofwarfightingacrossEuropeFamousforwarchariots,armorandbattletacticsRomansdrovethemtoBritishIslesWarLordsFoughtamongstthemselvesTribesbasedonfamilylineageFewHigh-KingsNoneabletounifythecountryIrishareCelticPeopleDescendedfromwarriortribesNeverabletounifyAnglo-SaxonsdominatedRetainedtheircultureandheritageIrishlanguage:requiredtostudyuntilage16TheComingofChristianityCeltswerepaganConversionbeganin5thCenturyTradition:broughtbySt.PatrickBy461A.D.allIrelandwasChristianMiddleAges:VikingsAround800A.D.9thand10thCenturies:twowavesAttackedIrelandandEnglandGreatTradersHelpeddevelopcommerceFoundedmajorIrishtownsDublinCorkLimerickMiddleAges11thand12thCenturiesProgressinartsandcultureStrongRomanCatholicchurchAttemptstomakestrongcentralizedmonarchyMiddleAges12ththrough15thCenturiesNormansconqueredEnglandTriedtodominateIrelandIrishwonthe“culture”warEarlyModernPeriod16thCentury:Henrythe8thdeclaredhimselfKingofIrelandFirstEnglishmonarchtodosoBroughtEnglishsettlersintoIrelandBeganmilitarycampaignsEarlyModernPeriodQueenElizabethIIncreasedherfather’sIrishcampaignsDefeatedIrishatBattleofKinsalein1601A.D.ForcedProtestantreligiononCatholicIrishEarlyModernPeriod1640s:EnglishCivilWarIrishtriedtorebelOliverCromwellParliamentaryarmymassacredmanyIrishThe18thCenturyRomanCatholicsseenasthreattoEnglandNotallowedtoOwnlandAttenduniversityEnterprofessionsConcentratedpowerintheProtestantminorityTheGreatHungerNothingchangedIrelandmoredramaticallyMorethan1/3ofpeoplediedoremigratedSteadydeclineofpopulationuntil1961BritishhatredforIrish“Thepoordeservedtobepoor”BritishdespisedIrishStereotypeofIrishLazyDrunkenDirtyUntrustworthyClosetoanimalsDesireforIndependenceAmericanRevolutionencouragedIrish1782:IrishParliamentgrantedindependenceSeparateKingdomsharingamonarchFrenchRevolution:“Liberty,Equality,Fraternity”1798Rebellion1800IrishParliamentwasdissolvedHomeRuleandIndependence1858:IrishBrotherhood(IRB)1874:IsaacButtstartedaConstitutionalmovementinBritishParliament“HomeRulers”wonhalftheIrishseats1905“SinnFein”(Weourselves)HomeRuleBillpassedin19141919-1921WarofIndependence1921Anglo-IrishTreatymadeIrelandanindependentnation6countiesofUlsterbecameNorthernIrelandAgrarianMovementSinceElizabethantimesEnglishlandlords“owned”theIrishtenantsCatholicEmancipationbroughtsomereliefAgrarianmovementAbolishedlandlordsystemTransferredlandownershiptothosewhoworkeditIrishpainterHenryJonesThaddeus:“WoundedPoacher”IrishNationalLandLeague1879:MichaelDavittSecurebasicrightsforIrishtenantfarmersThethreeF’sFairrentFreesaleFixedtenureStarteduprisingknownasTheLandWarResultedinabolitionofLandlordSystemMichaelDavittModernTurnaroundIn1961IrishpopulationdeclinebottomedoutThelast50yearshasbeenacompleteturnaroundinpopulationgrowthEuropeandEnglandinsteadypopulationdeclineTodayIrishpopulationgrowsat2%30%ormorecomesfromimmigrationAbout4.6milliontodayCelticTiger(1998-2007)PeriodofEconomicBoominIrelandFollowedbyincreaseinpopulation,educationandlivingstandardsManybusinessesstartedbyoverseasinvestorsfromU.S.andEuropeEconomiccollapsein2007TodayIrelandisatopdebtornationwithEuropeandtheU.S.Ireland:TheEmeraldIsleUNIT12:IRELAND

POLITICSANDECONOMY IrishPoliticsRepresentativeDemocracyMostofficesfilledthroughelectionGovernmentstructure:ablendofBritishandU.S.governmentsNomonarchbutaPresident(likeU.S.)PresidentismostlysymbolicHeadofState(notmuchpower)ParliamentandPrimeMinister(likeU.K.)GovernmentarrangedwithchecksandbalancesThePrimeMinisterCalledTaoiseach(means“Chieftain”)AppointedbyPresidentSelectedbylargestpartyMustretainsupportofthemajorityofParliamentFormstheGovernmentwithappointedCabinetTaoiseachEndaKennyThePresidentofIrelandElectedbydirectvoteEvery7yearsSymbolicHeadofStateNoexecutivepowersLiketheQueenofEnglandGuardianoftheConstitutionOnepower:forceanunpopularTaoiseachtoformanewgovernment2011-presentPresidentMichaelHiggins1997–2011MaryMcAleeseTheParliamentSolepowerformakinglawsTwoHousesDail:MostvisibleandpowerfullegislatesmoneySeanad(Senate):canonlymakerecommendationsBothpartiesdebateinapublicforumGovernmentisvisibletothepeople VotingIrishCitizenscanvotein5proceduresElectionofPresident(7years)DailParliament(5years)ProposedConstitutionalamendmentsRepresentativesofEUParliament(5years)ElectionsoflocalauthoritiesIrishLegalSystemPoliceForcecalledGardaSiochana(GuardiansofthePeace)UnarmedJudgesappointedbyPresidentCourtsinthreelevelsIrishEconomyBeforethe1970s:MostlyagrarianFamilyfarmsSocietybasedonlandownershipManystudentsleftschooltoworkthefamilyfarm.Ireland:LandoftheCelticTigerIrelandmaderadicalchangesinitspoliticsinthe1970sChangedfrominwardtooutward-lookingResultedingreateconomicandsocialchangeTheBigChange:JoiningtheEU1960s:Irishpopulationboom1971:JoinedtheEUGovernmentconvertedtomarketeconomicsGainedaccesstoEuropeanmarkets1990s:becamearichcountryforfirsttimeEconomicChangesLowcorporatetaxesbroughtinmulti-nationalcompaniesYoungeducatedIrishstayedinIreland.PharmaceuticalsandElectronicsdominateIrelandElectronicsIndustryComputingaccountedfor53%oftotalelectronicsproductionin2008SecondlargestproducerinWesternEurope.Apple,Dell,Fujitsu,HPandIBMAlsoamajorplayerinR&DEUFundingImprovedinfrastructureIncreasedhighereducationTechnicaltrainingImplementednewagriculturepolicyModernizedfarmingDeathtofamilyfarmEUSocialPoliciesBiggestchangesforwomenBefore1973marriedwomendeniedaccesstosatejobsGainedaccesstoworkplaceaftermarriageChangedIrelandfromagrariantoserviceindustryIrelandisnowamultinationalcountryIrelandTodayTheEUopenedIrelandtoworldmarkets.EUIrishPassportToday’syoungIrishthinkonglobalratherthanlocalterms.MoreforeignersliveandworkinIrelandIrishworkinEurope,theU.K.andtheU.S.Unit13:IrishCultureRapidSocialChangeRomanCatholicvaluesConflictbetweenCatholicsandProtestantsWomen’sMovementInvestmentinEducationFreePublicEducationThePublicHouseLargeIrishFamiliesUNITs13&14:IrishCulture

Language,Literature,artsandScienceUnit13:IrishCultureRapidSocialChangeRomanCatholicvaluesConflictbetweenCatholicsandProtestantsWomen’sMovementInvestmentinEducationFreePublicEducationThePublicHouseLargeIrishFamiliesIrish:TheLanguageStilltheOfficialNationalLanguageCalledIrish,ErseorIrishGaelicSpokenwidelybypeasantsuntilmid-19thCenturyGreatFamine:1845–18492milliondiedoremigratedMostlyIrish-speakingpeasantsFreeState(1922):TaughtinschoolIrish:TheLanguageIrishlanguage:taughtfromage4-15AllteachersrequiredtolearnIrishMandatoryleveltoenteruniversityLessthan15%todayspeakIrishWesternCoastline(theGaeltacht)IrishpeoplespeakHiberno-EnglishLive,Love,LaughOralCultureIrelandremainedruralthroughhistoryIrishlovetotellstoriesIrishpoemsrecitedfrommemory19thCentury:writtenculturebeganLiteratureCultureofgreatwritersFourNobelPrizewinnersforliteratureSamuelBeckettGeorgeBernardShawWilliamYeatsSeamusHeaneyMusicandDanceRootsinancientcultureseannos(oldstyle)IRISHHARPIRISHBAGPIPESeanNosMusicUnaccompaniedvoiceUnrequitedloveLostloveLastlineisspokenSportsCulture1878:SoccerintroducedFastestgrowingsporttoday1990WorldCupRugbyTripleCrownMatchEngland,Scotland,WalesHurling:AncientIrishOneofoldestsports1272B.C.(Tradition)MostpopularIrishSportsGaelicfootballisthemostpopularsportinIrelandintermsofmatchattendanceIn2003accountedfor34%oftotalsportsattendancesateventsintheRepublicofIrelandHurlingat23%Soccerat16%Rugbyat8%ScienceandTechnologyIrelandhasarichtraditionofscientificinquiryandtechnologicalinventionRobertBoyle:FatherofChemistry(Boyle’sGasLaws)Anglo-IrishScienceandTechnologyLordKelvin:BorninBe