科技英語(yǔ)翻譯專題 知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總

計(jì)算機(jī)冀導(dǎo)那一部分詞匯pig金屬錠塊dog擋塊，止動(dòng)爪cat吊錨，履帶拖拉機(jī)cock旋塞，吊車horse支架，鐵桿fish接合板，夾板monkey打樁錘；煤礦通風(fēng)巷道fox繩索belly爐腰mildsteelstructure低碳鋼結(jié)構(gòu)Bendableswitchesconsistofacontinuous無(wú)縫的steelbeam.？可彎曲的開(kāi)關(guān)由連續(xù)鋼條組成。曲性道岔由無(wú)縫鋼條組成。Bricksarealsoproducedinmanydifferentcolorsandwithvariousfinishes,particularlythoseusedfordecorativepurpose.磚也可以燒制成許多不同的顏色，具有不同的光潔度，尤其是那些用于裝飾的磚。catalyst催化劑Resolvingpower分辨率Combiningpower化合價(jià)Base堿Basemetals非貴金屬Brass黃銅Difficultlabor難產(chǎn)ForeignMaterial雜質(zhì)Castiron鑄鐵Ingeneral,thedesignprocedureisnotstraightforwardandwillrequiretrialanderror.一般說(shuō)來(lái)，設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程不是一帆風(fēng)順的，而需要反復(fù)試驗(yàn)。（簡(jiǎn)單的）Furnace爐子（1）Rubberisnothard,itgiveswaytopressure.橡膠性軟，受壓變形。（2）Porcelainiscommonlyusedtoresistelectriccurrent.陶瓷常用來(lái)隔絕電流。（3）Whenwespeak,soundwavesbegintotravelandgoinalldirections.我們說(shuō)話時(shí)，聲波就開(kāi)始向四面八方傳播。（4）Zinciseasytoobtainfromitsore.鋅容易從鋅礦中提煉。Ore礦電視通過(guò)無(wú)線電波發(fā)射和接受活動(dòng)物體的圖象。改譯：Televisionisthetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.Uranium鈾Kineticenergy動(dòng)能thermalpowerplant火力發(fā)電廠Nolessthan25percentofthecropsarepolluted.受污染的莊稼竟高達(dá)25%。Theimportanceofproperlubricationcannotbeoveremphasized.應(yīng)特別強(qiáng)調(diào)適當(dāng)進(jìn)行潤(rùn)滑的重要性。材料：Atomicbomb原子彈Discreteparticle離散顆粒metalsinorganicnonmetallicmaterials（無(wú)機(jī)非金屬材料）polymers（高分子材料）composites（復(fù)合材料）semiconductors（半導(dǎo)體材料）biomaterials（生物材料）Subatomic亞原子Chemicalbond化學(xué)鍵Property性能Performance使用性能Processing工藝elasticmodulus（彈性模量）yieldstrength（屈服強(qiáng)度）Thermalproperties（熱性能）heatcapacity（熱容量）andthermalconductivity（導(dǎo)熱性）Chemicalproperties（化學(xué)性能）anti-oxidation（防氧化）Casting（鑄造）welding（焊接）forging（鍛造）Limestone石灰石Silicon硅Aluminum鋁Alloy合金Sintering燒結(jié)plasticdeformation塑性變形Elementsshouldbeconsideredformaterialandprocessselectionaretheproduct’squalityspecifications,theprojectedcostlevelandthepart’scomplexityandfunction.選擇材料和工藝的考慮因素應(yīng)包括:產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量規(guī)范、成本預(yù)算以及零件的復(fù)雜性和功能。Alloys,knownasahalf-wayhousebetweenmixturesandcompounds,containmorethanonemetallicelement.合金包含不止一種金屬元素，也是一種介于混合物和化合物之間的中間結(jié)構(gòu)”Theactualseparationofthemetalstartsasayieldingorfracture,dependinguponthecuttingconditions,startingfromthecuttingtooltip.金屬的實(shí)際分離始于屈服或斷裂(視切削條件而定)，從切削刀尖開(kāi)始”。Machinable可機(jī)加工的thermallyinsulating隔熱airtightfilm密封性的薄膜polyethylene「paHeBolin/'pnl-]n.聚乙烯Grade鋼種Polymerization聚合Crystalline晶體材料Grain晶粒Corrosionresistance抗腐蝕Polycrystalline多晶體材料Grainboundaries晶粒間界Stainlesssteelsare‘stainless’becausetheirchromiumcontentgivesthemremarkableresistancetocorrosion.Ferriticgrades,containingonlychromiumandpossiblyotherelements(Mo,Ti,Nb,etc.),arenoexception.不銹鋼的“不銹”，是由于所含的鉻使其具有了顯著的耐蝕性。鐵素體不銹鋼也不例外，有的鋼種僅含鉻，有的鋼種還含有其他元素(如Mo、Ti、Nb等)。Well-knownstandardferriticgrades409,410and430arereadilyavailableallovertheworld.Verysuccessfullyusedinimportantapplications,suchaswashing-machinedrumsandexhaustsystems,theyactuallyhavemuchbroaderapplicationpotential,innumerousfields.大家熟知的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鐵素體不銹鋼409、410和430在全世界都可買到。它們?cè)谙匆聶C(jī)滾桶、排汽系統(tǒng)等許多重要應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域中的使用都非常成功。實(shí)際上，鐵素體不銹鋼在無(wú)數(shù)領(lǐng)域中都有更加廣泛的應(yīng)用潛力。Weaccordinglydesignourproductswiththenecessarymanufacturingconsiderationsinmindandoccasionallyselectacoatedgradeandevenafingerprint-protectedcoatedgrade,ifneedbe,toensurelongservicelife.Wemay,onoccasion,useahigher-alloyedferriticgrade.Theimportantthingistobenefitfromtheeconomicadvantagesofusingferritics.我們按照必須的制造要求來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)我們的產(chǎn)品，有時(shí)會(huì)選擇有涂層的鐵素體不銹鋼，甚至在需要時(shí)選擇有防指紋涂層的不銹鋼，以確保較長(zhǎng)的使用壽命。我們有時(shí)也會(huì)采用高合金的鐵素體不銹鋼。重要的是，能夠從鐵素體不銹鋼的使用中獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。Infactorieswhere304ispredominantlyused,changingtoferriticgradesmeansadjustingthemanufacturingprocessanddies.Thisiscostly.Ourexperience,however,showsthattotalproductioncostscanbeloweredwithferritics.對(duì)那些主要采用304的廠家來(lái)說(shuō)，轉(zhuǎn)而采用鐵素體不銹鋼意味著必須對(duì)制造工藝和沖模進(jìn)行調(diào)整。這需要一定投資。但從我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看，采用鐵素體不銹鋼能夠降低整個(gè)生產(chǎn)成本。Exhaustsystemsareexposedtohightemperaturesandcorrosiveenvironmentalconditions.Theuseofferriticstainlesssteelmakesitpossibletoextendthewarrantyperiodoftheseparts.汽車排氣系統(tǒng)長(zhǎng)期在高溫和腐蝕環(huán)境下使用，選用鐵素體不銹鋼可大幅度延長(zhǎng)汽車排氣系統(tǒng)部件的壽命周期。Washing-machinedrumshavetowithstanddetergentsandavirtuallyconstantlyhumidenvironment.Inthiscontext,however,localizedcorrosionwouldbeutterlyinadmissible.洗衣機(jī)滾筒在有洗潔劑和長(zhǎng)期潮濕的環(huán)境下使用。在這種環(huán)境下，絕對(duì)不允許局部腐蝕現(xiàn)象存在。detergent[detergentIIdi't3：d3nt]n.清潔劑機(jī)械：Smarthome智能家居Mechanics力學(xué)Kinematics運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)Mechatronics機(jī)電一體化Nanotechnology納米技術(shù)aerospaceengineering航空航天工程biomedicalengineering生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程biomechanics生物力學(xué)transportphenomena傳遞現(xiàn)象bionanotechnology生物納米技術(shù)modelingofbiologicalsystems生物系統(tǒng)建模Steamlocomotive蒸汽機(jī)車Piston活塞Driveshaft傳動(dòng)軸seismometer[seis?mom?e?ter||saiz'mamito（r）/-'mom-]n.地震儀凸輪軸camshaft曲軸crankshaftCalculus微積分Newton'sLawsofMotion牛頓運(yùn)動(dòng)法Grindingmachine磨床Statics靜力學(xué)Dynamics動(dòng)力學(xué)Robotics機(jī)器人技術(shù)Sectionlining襯砌斷面assembly/集會(huì)，集合/組裝，裝配center/中心/頂尖finish/結(jié)束/修整，精加工直接結(jié)合合成詞有:break+down-breakdown（斷裂）oil+proof-oilproof（耐油的）連符結(jié)合的有：all-in-service（維修）precision-machined（精密加工的）如：Computerlanguage（計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言）Grindingwheel（砂輪）Machinetool（機(jī)床）numericalcontrol（數(shù)字控制）Aluminiumalloy鋁合金Titaniumalloy鈦合金耐腐蝕Anti-corrosion耐高溫HighTemperatureResistance高強(qiáng)度Highstrength高韌性Hightoughness-bility性castability可鑄性-able可的soluable可溶的常用金屬元素的名稱Aluminum（鋁）/。'ljuminom/copper（銅）chromium（鉻）/〔kroumiom/magnesium（鎂）/m出gMizom/manganese（錳）/m出qgoni：z/molybdenum（鉬）/mo'libdonom/nickel（鎳）/‘nik（o）l/tungsten（鎢）/'t^ost（o）n/vanadium（釩）/vo'neidiom/金屬元素和steel也可組成下列詞匯：nickelsteel（銀鋼）nickel-chromiumsteel（鎳鉻鋼）vanadiumsteel（釩鋼）金屬材料中鋼分多種，只要掌握中心詞steel，就可擴(kuò)展記憶住這一類的專業(yè)詞匯。如：anglesteel（角鋼）caststeel（鑄鋼）stainlesssteel（不銹鋼）toolsteel（工具鋼）alloysteel（合金鋼）carbonsteel（碳鋼）hardening（硬化、淬火）tempering（回火）annealing（退火）normalizing（正火）spheroidizing（球化處理）常用的機(jī)械加工設(shè)備有l(wèi)athe（車床）drillingmachine（鉆床）grindingmachine（磨床）punchingmachine（沖床）機(jī)械加工的主要方法有turning（車削）grinding（磨削）casting（鑄造）forging（鍛造）welding（焊接）It（cyberspace）includestherapidlyexpandingwirelessservices;microwavetowersthatcarrygreatquantitiesofcellularphoneanddatatraffic;communicationssatellitesstrunglikebeadsingeosynchronousorbit;low-flyingsatellitesthatwillsooncrisscrosstheglobelikebusybees,connectingfolkstoofar-flungortoomuchonthegotobetetheredbywires.電腦空間包括飛速發(fā)展的無(wú)線通訊系統(tǒng)：微波發(fā)射塔、通訊衛(wèi)星和低飛的衛(wèi)星。其中，微波發(fā)射塔傳送著大量的蜂窩電話信號(hào)和數(shù)據(jù)，通訊衛(wèi)星像串珠一樣與地球在同步軌道上運(yùn)行，而低飛的衛(wèi)星就像忙碌的蜜蜂往返穿梭于全球，使得因相距遙遠(yuǎn)或行蹤不定而無(wú)法使用有線通訊器材的人們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。?計(jì)算機(jī)中央處理器CPU=centralprocessingunit存儲(chǔ)器memoryInputdevice輸入設(shè)備操作系統(tǒng)OperatingsystemApplicationsoftware應(yīng)用軟件Databasesystem數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)parallelcomputation并行計(jì)算computer-humaninteraction人機(jī)交互computergraphics,計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)numericalandsymboliccomputation數(shù)值與符號(hào)計(jì)算VirtualReality-虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)CloudComputing-云計(jì)算Silicon^silikan,-|kan]Valley(硅谷)Searchengine搜索引擎basicprogrammer基礎(chǔ)程序員theInternetofThings物聯(lián)網(wǎng)wiredandwirelessnetworks有線/無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)量(volume)、速度(velocity)、多樣性(variety)。Stockvalues股票市值DT(DataTechnology)-數(shù)據(jù)處理技術(shù)Retrieve檢索Offlinecomputing-離線計(jì)算Memorycomputing-內(nèi)存計(jì)算(秒級(jí))：Stream/Real-timecomputing流式/實(shí)時(shí)計(jì)算(毫秒)collaborativefiltering協(xié)同過(guò)濾Smartcity智慧城市barometric[ib出ra'metrik]sensors氣壓傳感器customerretention客戶挽留coupledmodels耦合模型冶金Aerosiderite隕鐵Coke焦炭BF=blastfurnaces高爐basicoxygenfurnace氧氣頂吹轉(zhuǎn)爐;Converter轉(zhuǎn)化爐Reduce還原Bosh爐腹Belly爐腰Shaft軸Hearth爐膛Raceway燃燒空窩Decarburize脫碳Ladle鋼包Recrystallization再結(jié)晶tundish[,tAndiJ]中間包;中間罐;中間流槽;澆口盤Two-strand二流Rolling軋制tightlyadherentoxidelayers（致密氧化層）Excellentformability可塑性creepatelevatedtemperatures高溫蠕變性Goodhardenability淬透性Toughness韌性Inclusion夾雜物Matrix基質(zhì)（矩陣）Plate電鍍Breakout漏鋼Crudeironmetalisproducedinblastfurnaceswhereoreisreducedbycoketopigiron.生鐵是在高爐內(nèi)通過(guò)焦炭還原原料而得到的。Inrecentyears,moreexactcontrolhasbeenrequiredonthecompositionandmorphologyofinclusionsinmoltensteel.近年來(lái)，對(duì)鋼中夾雜物成分和形貌的控制有了更精確的要求。Oxideinclusionswithirregularandclustered（團(tuán)聚）morphologymaycausecrackflawduringtherollingprocess.不規(guī)則以及團(tuán)聚狀的氧化物夾雜可能會(huì)在軋制過(guò)程中造成裂紋缺陷。Thetypesofcontinuouscastersincludetheverticaltypeandthehorizontaltype.連鑄機(jī)的種類有立式連鑄機(jī)和水平連鑄機(jī)兩類。ferrousmetallurgy鋼鐵冶金non-ferrousmetallurgy非鐵金屬冶金Smelting熔煉MineralProcessing選礦Pyrometallurgy火法冶金Hydrometallurgy濕法冶金Electrometallurgy電冶金Precipitation沉淀cementation（粘結(jié)）purificationandconcentration凈化和濃縮Electrowinning電熱冶金Electro-refining電化冶金Thermalspraying熱力噴霧Plating電鍍Amalgam汞合金，汞齊Thermocouple熱電偶plate在普通英語(yǔ)中：“盤子”在冶金英語(yǔ)中：“電鍍”breakout在普通英語(yǔ)中：“打破”在冶金英語(yǔ)中：“漏鋼”BF=blastfurnace高爐DRI=directlyreducediron直接還原鐵ESR=electroslagremelting電渣重熔VOD=vacuumoxygendecarburizationprocess真空吹氧脫碳法名詞+名詞carbonsteel碳鋼furnaceroof爐頂equilibriumconstant平衡常數(shù)pigiron生鐵名詞+動(dòng)詞airblow吹氣副詞+動(dòng)詞overblow過(guò)吹副詞+過(guò)去分詞magneticallyseparated磁性分離形容詞+名詞predominancearea優(yōu)勢(shì)區(qū)exothermicreaction放熱反應(yīng)longnozzle長(zhǎng)水口interfacialenergy界面自由能finepowder細(xì)粉借詞+名詞by-product副產(chǎn)品動(dòng)詞+副詞breakout拉漏anti-反對(duì)、防止：antibody抗體antioxidants抗氧化劑auto-自己的、獨(dú)立的：autobiographic自傳體的automate自動(dòng)操作iso-相同、相等：isobar等壓線isotherm等溫線thermo-熱的：thermocouple熱電偶thermometer溫度計(jì)hydro-水的、液體的：hydrometallurgy濕法冶金Whenthevoltageisstepped-upby10times,thestrengthofthecurrentisstepped-downby10times,sothatthepowerremainsthesame.當(dāng)電壓升高10倍時(shí)，電流強(qiáng)度則降低到1/10，因此功率保持不變。DRIderivedfromvirginironoreunitsisarelativelypurematerialwhichdilutescontaminantsinthescrapandimprovesthesteelquality.譯文：由天然鐵礦石冶煉而成的直接還原鐵是一種相對(duì)純凈的產(chǎn)品，它的雜質(zhì)比廢鋼中的少，從而提高了鋼的質(zhì)量。eg：Concreteismadeofcement,sand,stonesandwater.譯文：混凝土是用水泥、沙子、石子和水制成的。eg：Solventsareusedtotreatoresandconcentrates.譯文：采用溶劑來(lái)處理礦石或精礦。Liquidmetaliscastintometalingotsordirectlyintofinishedmetalobjects.譯文：把液態(tài)金屬鑄成金屬錠，也可以直接鑄造成成品金屬件。Withthemorecomplexshapesandwhenlessductileandmalleablematerialsareused,itisnecessarytogothroughaseriesofstagesbeforethefinalshapecanbeproducedfromtherawmaterial.譯文：如果形狀比較復(fù)雜，而所用材料的可延性和可鍛性較差，就需經(jīng)過(guò)一系列過(guò)程，才能使原材料成形。Therustingofironisonlyoneexampleofcorrosion,whichmaybedescribedasthedestructivechemicalattackofametalbymediawithwhichitcomesincontact,suchasmoisture,airandwater.譯文：可以認(rèn)為，腐蝕是金屬在接觸濕氣、空氣和水等介質(zhì)時(shí)所受到的破壞性化學(xué)侵蝕，鐵生銹只是其中一個(gè)例子。Anacidisacompoundwhosesolutionscanproducehydrogenions.譯文：酸是一種化合物，其溶液能產(chǎn)生氫離子。(分譯定語(yǔ)從句)鋼水liquidsteel,moltensteel沸騰鋼rimmingsteel,rimmedsteel鎮(zhèn)靜鋼killedsteel電爐煉鋼electricsteelmaking鐵水預(yù)處理hotmetalpretreatment鋼包精煉ladlerefining科學(xué)技術(shù)史HistoryofScienceandTechnology文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)CulturalHeritageConservation科學(xué)技術(shù)與社會(huì)ScienceandTechnologyandSociety近現(xiàn)代技術(shù)史與工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)ModernandContemporaryHistoryofTechnologyaTheJesuitsandtheircollaboratorsalsotranslatedmanyworksofAristoteliannaturalphilosophyintoclassicalChinese.Thesetranslationspresentedthesystemofschools,curricula,examinations,anddegreesinaThomisticmannerandwerebasedonbothJesuitpedagogyattheRomanCollegeandPortuguesetexts,whichrepresentedanewsynthesisoftheworksofAristotleandtheinterpretationsofThomasAquinas.耶穌會(huì)士及其合作者也把亞里士多德的諸多自然哲學(xué)著述譯成文言文。這些譯注以托馬斯主義的方式介紹了學(xué)校、課程、考試、學(xué)位等制度，它們以羅馬學(xué)院耶穌會(huì)士教學(xué)法和葡萄牙語(yǔ)的課本為基礎(chǔ)，這些都象征著亞里士多德著述和托馬斯?阿奎那論說(shuō)的一種新結(jié)合。In1629,XuGuangqi(HsUKuangch'i),LiZhizao,andtheircoterieofJesuittranslatorsproducedanessentialseriesoftranslationsonastronomicalreforfromthelatestEuropeanworks.TheyentitledittheMathematicalAstronomyoftheChongzhenReign(1635),andalthoughitwasneverpublishedasacompletecollection,manyofitsincludedworkswerepublished.1629年，徐光啟、李之藻及其耶穌會(huì)士翻譯家同行們，根據(jù)最新的歐洲著述選編了一套關(guān)于天文學(xué)改革的基本譯著叢書(shū)，他們將之定名為《崇禎歷書(shū)》，雖然它從未完整地出版過(guò)，但其中許多著述還是得以刊印發(fā)行。ToavoidtheappearancethatEuropeanlearningtookprecedenceoverChineselearning,XuGuangqistressedtotheemperorthatWesternmethodswouldyieldacomprehensivesystemthatwouldharmonizeEuropeanandChinesemeasurements:“MeltingthematerialandsubstanceofWesternknowledge,wewillcastthemintothemoldoftheGrandConcordancesystem.”Suchaccommodativelanguagedivertedattentionfromwhatthetranslationsactuallysignified,thatis,anewcosmologicalsystem.為了避免出現(xiàn)歐洲學(xué)問(wèn)比中國(guó)學(xué)問(wèn)優(yōu)先的情況，徐光啟向皇帝強(qiáng)調(diào)，西方的方法將會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)協(xié)調(diào)歐洲和中國(guó)測(cè)量法的全面體系：“熔化西學(xué)知識(shí)的材料和本質(zhì)，鑄入大統(tǒng)歷體系的模子?！比绱苏{(diào)和的語(yǔ)言，轉(zhuǎn)移了人們對(duì)譯著實(shí)際表達(dá)的意義，即一種新的宇宙學(xué)體系的關(guān)注。Wyliefailedtoclarifythehistoricalcontextbehindthehistorictranslation,however.Cambridgereformersinthe1820shadcontendedthatbecausetheyusedNewtonianfluxions,whichobscurethecoherenceofthecalculus,theBritishhadbeenlosinggroundinmathematicssincethe1740s.Indeed,ittookanothercenturyforthemtocatchuptotheFrench,who,usingLeibniz’snotationalforms,hadsuccessfullydevelopedaseriesofrule-likedifferentialandintegralequationsthatengineersdidnotneedtoreconceptualizeeachtime.然而，偉烈亞力并沒(méi)有把隱藏在這一具有歷史意義的翻譯之后的歷史背景交代清楚。劍橋的改革者們?cè)?9世紀(jì)20年代稱，由于采用的牛頓流數(shù)法隱匿了微分和積分的一致性，英國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家自18世紀(jì)40年代以來(lái)在數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域不斷敗退，以致他們用了近一個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間才趕上法國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家——法國(guó)人運(yùn)用萊布尼茨創(chuàng)立的符號(hào)形式，成功地發(fā)展出一套關(guān)于微積分方程的準(zhǔn)法則，大大方便了工程師們應(yīng)用。ZhongTianweitiedhisaccountofspeciesvariationtothe“naturalprincipleoftheheavenlyway,”whichcontrastedwiththemoreclassicallydomesticatednotionof“heavenlyselection”thatYanFupresentedadecadelaterinhistranslation.鐘天緯將他關(guān)于物種變化的解釋同“天道自然之理”聯(lián)系在了一起，這與嚴(yán)復(fù)在十年之后的翻譯更加擬古地移用了”天擇“的概念這一做法形成了強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)比。JustastheChineseeventuallylearnedaboutCopernicusdespitetheJesuits’effortstoconcealhistheoryofasun-centeredcosmos,sotootheylearnedaboutDarwininspiteofmissionaryattemptstoreplacethetheoryofnaturalselectionwithaChristiannaturaltheology.TheChinesePrizeEssayContestrevealsthattheProtestantenterprise,onceitsreligiousagendawasexposed,wasnomoreconvincingtomanyChineseinthelatenineteenthcenturythantheJesuittranslationagendahadbeenintheseventeenthandeighteenth.Hence,aftertheSino-JapaneseWar,ChineseliteratiquicklyturnedtoMeijiJapanforthelatestcurrentsinmodernscience.正如盡管耶穌會(huì)士極力隱瞞哥白尼的日心說(shuō)，但中國(guó)人最終還是知道了這種宇宙觀一樣，雖然傳教士試圖用基督教的自然神學(xué)取代自然選擇的理論，但中國(guó)人也還是了解到了達(dá)爾文的學(xué)說(shuō)。格致課藝顯示出，新教事業(yè)的宗教目的一旦暴露，他對(duì)9世紀(jì)的很多中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)就不再是令人信服的了，這就像17-18世紀(jì)的耶穌會(huì)士翻譯一樣。因此，中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，中國(guó)文人迅速轉(zhuǎn)向明治日本學(xué)習(xí)最先進(jìn)的現(xiàn)代科學(xué)知識(shí)。Moreover,FryerdiscardedthenotionthatEnglishwouldbecomeauniversallanguageorthatChinawouldeverberuledbyforeignpowers.Hethendescribedthemethodoftranslatingthatheandhiscoworkersemployedandnotedthetranslators’effortstoestablishasystematicnomenclaturebasedonthreelinguisticchoices:（1）usingexistingnomenclaturefromnativeworksontheartsandsciences,（2）coiningnewtermsbycreatinganewcharacter,inventingadescriptiveterm,orphoneticizingaWesterntermaccordingtotheMandarindialect,or（3）constructingageneralvocabularylistoftermsandpropernames.此外，傅蘭雅還摒棄了英語(yǔ)將成為世界通用語(yǔ)言或中國(guó)將被外國(guó)列強(qiáng)統(tǒng)治的看法。他接著描述了他和他的合作者采用的翻譯方法，指出了翻譯者努力建立一套基于三種語(yǔ)言學(xué)情形的術(shù)語(yǔ)系統(tǒng)：（1）使用本國(guó)藝術(shù)和科學(xué)著作中已有的名稱，（2）通過(guò)造新字、發(fā)明描述性術(shù)語(yǔ)或根據(jù)官話音譯西方術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)創(chuàng)造新詞，（3）建立一份術(shù)語(yǔ)和專有名稱的詞匯總表。ChinesepressesalsopublishedtranslationsofJapanesetextsingreaternumbers,andtheywereeasiertoreadbecauseonlyChinesecompiledthem.Moreover,thequalityoftranslationsfromworksbyJapanesescientistswasbetterthanthoseoftheearlierscienceprimers,becauseChinesetranslatorsthemselvescouldunderstandtheJapaneseoriginals.中國(guó)的出版機(jī)構(gòu)也大量出版翻譯成中文的日本課本，由于全部是由中國(guó)人編譯的，這些譯著比先前那些由西人和中國(guó)人合作翻譯的書(shū)籍更容易閱讀和理解。更為重要的是，這些根據(jù)日本科學(xué)家的著述翻譯的譯本的質(zhì)量，要比先前那些初級(jí)科學(xué)讀物的譯本好得多，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)翻譯者自己就能理解日文原著。環(huán)境與科學(xué)工程alternativeenergy替代能源pollutioncontrolandmitigation環(huán)境控制和緩解theatmosphere（大氣圈）,thehydrosphere（水圈）,thegeosphere（巖石圈）andthebiosphere（生物圈）Dustpollution粉塵污染Ozonedepletion臭氧層損耗Eutrophicationandalgaebloom富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化及藻華Heavymetalspollution重金屬污染Soilerosion土壤侵蝕Municipalsolidwaste城市固體垃圾Landdesertification土地沙漠化Biomassenergy生物質(zhì)能Solarcells太陽(yáng)能電池Organicfoods有機(jī)食品power：（數(shù)學(xué)）冪或者乘方Xn：XtothepowernththenthpowerofX；（物理）功率horsepower馬力COD——ChemicalOxygenDemand化學(xué)需氧量BOD——BiochemicalOxygenDemand生化需氧量DO——DissolvedOxygen溶解氧TOC——TotalOrganicCarbon總有機(jī)碳TOD——TotalOxygenDemand總需氧量TSPTotalSuspendedParticulate總懸浮微粒，又稱總懸浮顆粒物TP——TotalPhosphorus總磷，即含磷的無(wú)機(jī)物，有機(jī)物的總的含磷濃度PM10Particulatematterwithparticlesizebelow10microns（空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)直徑小于或等于10微米的顆粒物，也稱可吸入顆粒物或飄塵）POPs——PersistentOrganicPollutants持久性有機(jī)污染物屠宰廢水：slaughteringwastewater有機(jī)質(zhì)：organicmatters可生化性：biodegradability水解酸化：hydrolysisacidification厭氧生物：anaerobicorganism氧化工藝：oxidationtechnologyEg.LRCshavealowersulphurcontent.低階煤的硫含量較