07年英語(yǔ)統(tǒng)考試卷

TEST1Passage1TheFrenchRevolutionbrokeoutin1789.AtthetimeFrancewasinacrisis.Thegovernmentwasbadlyrunandpeople’slivesweremiserable.KingLouisXIVtriedtocontrolthenationalparliamentandraisemoretaxes.Buthiseffortfailed.HeorderedhistroopstoVersailles.ThepeoplethoughtthatLouisintendedtoputdowntheRevolutionbyforce.OnJuly14,1789,theystormedandtooktheBastille,wherepoliticalprisonerswerekept.Eversincethatday,July14hasbeentheFrenchNationalDay.Louistriedtofleethecountryin1792togetsupportfromAustriaandPrussia.However,hewascaughtandputinprison.InSeptember1792,themonarchywasabolished.Inthesameyear,Louiswasexecuted.Afewmonthslaterhiswife,Mariealsohadherheadcutoff.TheRevolutionofFrancehadfrightenedtheotherkingsofEurope.ArmiesfromAustriaandPrussiabegantomarchagainstFrance.TheFrenchraisedrepublicanarmiestodefendthenation.TheRevolutionwentthroughaperiodofterror.Thousandsofpeoplelosttheirlives.Intheend,powerpassedtoNapoleonBonaparte.(190words)法國(guó)大革命爆發(fā)于1789年，當(dāng)時(shí)法國(guó)處于一片危機(jī)之中，政府腐敗，民不聊生。國(guó)王路易十四試圖控制國(guó)會(huì)從而提高苛稅，但是沒(méi)有成功，他就命令軍隊(duì)開(kāi)進(jìn)凡爾賽宮。人們認(rèn)為路易十四準(zhǔn)備用武力鎮(zhèn)壓革命，于是在1789年7月14日，憤怒的人們?nèi)浩鸲フ剂水?dāng)時(shí)關(guān)押政治犯的巴士底獄（Bastille）。從那以后，每年的7月14日就成為法國(guó)的國(guó)慶日。1792年，路易十四想逃到奧地利和普魯士尋求庇護(hù)，不過(guò)他還是被抓住送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。1792年9月，法國(guó)的君主制廢除。同年，路易十四被處死。幾個(gè)月之后，他的妻子也被處死。法國(guó)的大革命使歐洲其它國(guó)家感到不安，奧地利和普魯士的軍隊(duì)開(kāi)向法國(guó)。法國(guó)人民組織共和軍保衛(wèi)國(guó)家，大革命經(jīng)歷了最困難的時(shí)期，成千上萬(wàn)人浴血奮戰(zhàn)失去生命。最后，政權(quán)幾經(jīng)更迭到了拿破侖手里。Passage2IntheUnitedStates,itisnotcustomarytotelephonesomeoneveryearlyinthemorning.Ifyoutelephonehimearlyintheday,whileheisshavingorhavingbreakfast,thetimeofthecallshowsthatthematterisveryimportantandrequiresimmediateattention.Thesamemeaningisattachedtotelephonecallsmadeafter11:00p.m.Ifsomeonereceivesacallduringsleepinghours,heassumesit’samatteroflifeordeath.Thetimechosenforthecallcommunicatesitsimportance.Insociallife,timeplaysaveryimportantpart.IntheU.S.A.gueststendtofeeltheyarenothighlyregardediftheinvitationtoadinnerpartyisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.Butitisnottrueinallcountries.Inotherareasoftheworld,itmaybeconsideredfoolishtomakeanappointmenttoofarinadvancebecauseplanswhicharemadeforadatemorethanaweekawaytendtobeforgotten.Themeaningoftimediffersindifferentpartsoftheworld.Thus,misunderstandingsarisebetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturesthattreattimedifferently.PromptnessisvaluedhighlyinAmericanlife,forexample.Ifpeoplearenotprompt,theymayberegardedasimpoliteornotfullyresponsible.IntheU.S.noonewouldthinkofkeepingabusinessassociatewaitingforanhour,itwouldbetooimpolite.Apersonwhois5minuteslate,willsayafewwordsofexplanation,thoughperhapshewillnotcompletethesentence.(260words)Passage2在美國(guó)，人們通常不會(huì)在上午太早的時(shí)候給人打電話。如果太早打電話，碰上這個(gè)時(shí)候?qū)Ψ秸迷诠魏踊蛟绮?，此時(shí)的電話往往意味著事情非常緊急需要馬上處理。同樣道理，晚上11點(diǎn)以后也不宜給人打電話。如果有人在睡覺(jué)時(shí)間接到電話，他會(huì)認(rèn)為有性命悠關(guān)的大事！打電話的時(shí)間和電話本身的重要性是緊密關(guān)聯(lián)的。在社交中，時(shí)間扮演著很重要的角色。在美國(guó)，離宴會(huì)只有3、4天才接到請(qǐng)柬的客人們會(huì)覺(jué)得他們不夠受重視。但這樣的習(xí)俗并非全世界都一樣。在世界上有些地方，預(yù)約時(shí)間太早被認(rèn)為很愚蠢，因?yàn)槿绻纾热?周以上，這樣的約定很容易被忘掉。所以不同地方的人時(shí)間觀念不同。時(shí)間觀念的不同導(dǎo)致了不同文化人們之間會(huì)產(chǎn)生誤解。在美國(guó)，守時(shí)是一種美德。一個(gè)不遵守時(shí)間的人被認(rèn)為是不禮貌、不負(fù)責(zé)的。沒(méi)有人會(huì)讓商業(yè)伙伴等上一個(gè)小時(shí)，那樣就太不禮貌了。就算遲到5分種，也要花口舌解釋一番，盡管有時(shí)對(duì)方比較大度讓他不必解釋。Passage3Aforeigner’sfirstimpressionoftheU.S.islikelytobethateveryoneisinarush-oftenunderpressure.Citypeopleappearalwaystobehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoingrestlessly,seekingattentioninastore,andelbowingothersastheytrytocompletetheirerrands（任務(wù)）.Racingthroughdaytimemealsispartofthepaceoflifeinthiscountry.Workingtimeisconsideredprecious.Othersinpubliceatingplacesarewaitingforyoutofinishsothattheytoocanbeservedandgetbacktoworkwithinthetimeallowed.Eachpersonhurriestomakeroomforthenextperson.Ifyoudon’t,waiterswillhurryyou.Youalsofinddriverswillbeabruptandthatpeoplewillpushpastyou.Youwillmisssmiles,briefconversations,andsmallcourtesieswithstrangers.Don’ttakeitpersonally.Thisisbecausepeoplevaluetimehighly,andtheyresentsomeoneelse“wasting”itbeyondacertaincourtesypoint.Theviewoftimeaffectstheimportanceweattachtopatience.IntheAmericansystemofvalues,patienceisnotahighpriority.Manyofushavewhatmightbecalled“ashortfuse.”Webegintomoverestlesslyaboutifwefeeltimeisslippingawaywithoutsomereturnbethisintermsofpleasure,workvalue,orrest.Thosecomingfromlandswheretimeislookedupondifferentlymayfindthismatterofpacetobeoneoftheirmostdifficultadjustmentsinbothbusinessanddailylife.ManynewcomerstotheStateswillmisstheopeningcourtesyofabusinesscall,forexample,theywillmisstheritualsocializingthatgoeswithawelcomingcupofteaorcoffeetheymaybetraditionalintheirowncountry.Theymaymissleisurelybusinesschatsinacaféorcoffeehouse.Normally,Americansdonotassesstheirvisitorsinsuchrelaxedsurroundingsoverprolongedsmalltalks.Weseekoutevidenceofpastperformanceratherthanevaluateabusinesscolleaguethroughsocialcourtesies.Sincewegenerallyassessandprobeprofessionallyratherthansocially,westarttalkingbusinessveryquickly.(348words)Passage3

一個(gè)外國(guó)人對(duì)美國(guó)的第一印象很可能是：美國(guó)人壓力太大、太忙了。城市里的每個(gè)人似乎總在急匆匆地趕往他們要去的地方；在商場(chǎng)急切地尋找目標(biāo)；工作時(shí)總在催促同伴。甚至連白天吃飯也是急匆匆的。工作時(shí)間是寶貴的。你在公共場(chǎng)所吃飯時(shí)旁邊有很多人等著你的位子，他們要在有限的時(shí)間里吃完急著趕回去繼續(xù)工作。每個(gè)人吃飯都是急匆匆的，以便給別人讓座位。要是你慢吞吞的，服務(wù)員就會(huì)催你。你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)的駕車人態(tài)度也不好，因?yàn)楹竺婵傆腥舜咧?。你甚至看不到人們臉上的有微笑（因?yàn)榇蠹亿s時(shí)間沒(méi)空微笑），也看不到人們簡(jiǎn)短交談，看不到人們與陌生人打招呼。看到這一切時(shí)請(qǐng)不要太在意，這不是美國(guó)人冷漠，而是他們太珍惜時(shí)間了，他們最恨有人打著禮儀的旗號(hào)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。時(shí)間觀念影響著美國(guó)人的耐心程度。在美國(guó)人的價(jià)值觀中，耐心不是最重要的。我們很多人都容易發(fā)脾氣?？吹綍r(shí)間白白浪費(fèi)時(shí)我們會(huì)感到焦慮不安。無(wú)論在商業(yè)上還是日常生活中，從其它國(guó)家來(lái)的人往往感到要跟上美國(guó)人的這種節(jié)奏很困難。TEST2Passage1Sixteen-year-oldMariawaswaitinginlineattheairportinSantoDomingo.ShewasleavinghernativecountrytojoinhersisterintheUnitedStates.ShespokeEnglishverywell.Thoughshewasveryhappyshecouldgoabroad,shewasfeelingsadatleavingherfamilyandfiends.Asshewasthinkingallaboutthis,shesuddenlyheardtheairlineemployeeaskinghertopickupherluggageandputitonthescales（稱）.Mariapulledandpulled.Thebagwastooheavyandshejustcouldn’tliftitup.Themanbehindhergotveryimpatient.He,too,waswaitingtocheckinhisluggage.“What’swrongwiththisgirl?”Hesaid,“Whydoesn’tshehurryup?”Hemovedforwardandplacedhisbagonthecounter,hopingtocheckinfist.Hewasinahurrytogetagoodseat.Mariawasveryangry,butshewasverypolite.AndinherbestEnglishshesaid,“Whyareyousoupset?Thereareenoughseatsforeveryoneontheplane.Ifyouareinsuchahurry,whycan’tyougivemeahandwithmyluggage?”ThemanwassurprisedtohearMariaspeakEnglish.Hequicklypickedupherluggageandsteppedback.Everyonewaslookingathimwithdisapproval.(224words)Passage1

Maria在圣多明各（SantoDomingo）機(jī)場(chǎng)排隊(duì)準(zhǔn)備登機(jī)，她今年16歲。這次她是要離開(kāi)祖國(guó)到美國(guó)去與姐姐團(tuán)聚。她能講一口流利的英語(yǔ)。盡管即將去國(guó)外與姐姐相見(jiàn)，但一想到要離開(kāi)家庭和朋友，Maria還是不免憂傷。正當(dāng)她思緒萬(wàn)千的時(shí)候，機(jī)場(chǎng)工作人員叫她把行李放在磅秤上去。東西太沉了，不管她如何拖，總是無(wú)法拎到磅秤上。在她后面的一名男旅客開(kāi)始不耐煩了。他也想給自己的行李稱重?！澳桥脑趺锤愕?，她就不能快點(diǎn)嗎？”這個(gè)男的一邊向前擠一邊嘟嘟囔囔。他一下跨到前面把自己的行李放在柜臺(tái)上，準(zhǔn)備第一個(gè)檢票登機(jī)，以便搶個(gè)好座位。Maria很生氣，但她還是保持著禮貌。她用純正的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)道：“你為什么這么急躁呢？飛機(jī)上有足夠的座位，你急什么呢？如果你真急，為什么不肯幫我提一下行李呢？”該男子沒(méi)想到Maria能說(shuō)如此流利的英語(yǔ)。他迅速把Maria行李提到磅秤上，自己往后退了一步。周圍的人都用不屑的目光看著該男子。Passage2Therearethreekindsofgoals:short-term,medium-rangeandlong-termgoals.Short-termgoalsarethosethatusuallydealwithcurrentactivities,whichwecanapplyonadailybasis.Suchgoalscanbeachievedinaweekorless,ortwoweeks,orpossibly,months.Itshouldberememberedthatjustasabuildingisnostrongerthanitsfoundation,long-termgoalscannotamounttoverymuchwithouttheachievementofsolidshort-termgoals.Uponcompletingourshort-termgoals,weshoulddatetheoccasionandthenaddnewshort-termgoalsthatwillbuildonthosethathavebeencompleted.Theintermediategoalsbuildonthefoundationoftheshort-termgoals.Theymightdealwithjustonetermofschoolortheentireschoolyear,ortheycouldevenextendforseveralyears.Anytimeyoumoveastepatatime,youshouldneverallowyourselftobecomediscouragedoroverwhelmed.Asyoucompleteeachstep,youwillenforcethebeliefinyourabilitytogrowandsucceed.Andasyourlistofcompletiondatesgrow,yourmotivationanddesirewillincrease.Long-termgoalsmayberelatedtoourdreamsofthefuture.Theymightcoverfiveyearsormore.Lifeisnotastaticthing.Weshouldneverallowalong-termgoaltolimitusorourcourseofaction.(221words)Passage2

目標(biāo)有3種：短期目標(biāo)、中期目標(biāo)和長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)。短期目標(biāo)通常關(guān)系到當(dāng)前的活動(dòng)，可以每天為基礎(chǔ)。這類目標(biāo)可用數(shù)月，或1、2周甚至更少的時(shí)間來(lái)完成。就象建筑物一樣，一定要基礎(chǔ)牢固才能使房子牢固，如果短期目標(biāo)不完成，長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)也不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。每完成一個(gè)短期目標(biāo)，我們都要適時(shí)地在此基礎(chǔ)上再增加一個(gè)短期目標(biāo)。中期目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)有賴于短期目標(biāo)的完成。這類目標(biāo)通常關(guān)注的是一學(xué)期或一學(xué)年的規(guī)劃，有時(shí)也可長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年。你每前進(jìn)一步，就會(huì)增加一份自信和成功的勇氣，而不應(yīng)被困難嚇倒。你離成功越近，你的動(dòng)力和渴望越強(qiáng)。長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)關(guān)系到我們到我們對(duì)未來(lái)的夢(mèng)想。該類目標(biāo)可能需要5年甚至更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間去實(shí)現(xiàn)。生活不是一成不變的。我們要靈活變化，不要被長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)束縛了我們的手腳（或思想）。Passage3BritainandFranceareseparatedbytheEnglishChannel,abodyofwaterthatcanbecrossedinasfewas20minutes.Buttheculturesofthetwocountriessometimesseemtobemilesapart.LastThursdayBritainandFrancecelebratedthe100thanniversary（周年紀(jì)念）ofthesigningofafriendshipagreementcalledtheEntenteCordiality.Theagreementmarkedanewbeginningforthecountriesfollowingcenturiesofwarsandlove-hatepartnership.Buttheirrelationshiphasbeenupsanddownsoverthepastcentury.Justlastyear,therewerefiercedisagreementsovertheIraqwar-whichBritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlairsupporteddespiteFrenchPresidentJacquesChiracspeakingoutagainstit.ThisdiscomfortisexpressedinBlairandChirac’sbodylanguageatinternationalmeetings.WhiletheFrenchleaderoftengreetsGermanChancellorGerhardSchroederwithahug（擁抱）,Blairjustreceivesahandshake.However,somepoliticalexpertssaythewarinIraqcouldinfacthavehelpedties.Thehistoryofdivisionsmaywellbebecauseoftheverydifferentwaysinwhichthetwosidesseetheworld.Butthisdoesn’tstop12millionBritonstakingholidaysinFranceeachyear.However,only3millionFrenchcomeintheoppositedirection.Surveys（調(diào)查）showthatmostFrenchpeoplefeelclosertotheGermansthantheydototheBritish.AndtheresearchcarriedoutinBritainhasfoundthatonlyathirdofthepopulationbelievestheFrenchcanbetrusted.PerhapsthisbadfeelingcomesbecausetheBritishdislikeFrance’scloserelationshipwithGermany,orbecausetheFrencharenothappywithBritain’scloselinkswiththeUS.Whatevertheansweris,asbothsidescelebrate100yearsof“doubtfulfriendship”,theyareatleastabletomakejokesabouteachother.Here’sone:What’sthebestthingaboutBritain’srelationshipwithFrance?TheEnglishChannel.(320words)TEST4Passage1Communityserviceisanimportantcomponentofeducationhereatouruniversity.Weencourageallstudentstovolunteerforatleastonecommunityactivitybeforetheygraduate.Anewcommunityprogramcalled“OneOnOne”helpselementarystudentswho’vefallenbehind.Youreducationmajorsmightbeespeciallyinterestedinitbecauseitofferstheopportunitytodosometeaching,thatis,tutoringinmathandEnglish.You’dhavetovolunteertwohoursaweekforonesemester.Youcanchoosetohelpachildwithmath,English,orboth.Half-hourlessonsarefine,soyoucoulddoahalfhourofeachsubjecttwodaysaweek.ProfessorDodgewillactasamentortothetutors—he’llbeavailabletohelpyouwithlessonplansortooffersuggestionsforactivities.HehasofficehourseveryTuesdayandThursdayafternoon.Youcansignupfortheprogramwithhimandbeginthetutoringnextweek.I’msureyou’llenjoythiscommunityservice…andyou’llgainvaluableexperienceatthesametime.Itlooksgoodonyourresume,too,showingthatyou’vehadexperiencewithchildrenandthatyoucareaboutyourcommunity.Ifyou’dliketosignup,orifyouhaveanyquestions,stopbyProfessorDodge’sofficethisweek.(220words)Passage1社區(qū)服務(wù)是我們這里大學(xué)教育的一個(gè)重要組成部分。我們鼓勵(lì)所有學(xué)生在畢業(yè)前至少參與一項(xiàng)社區(qū)的志愿者活動(dòng)。最近有一個(gè)名為“1+1”的社區(qū)服務(wù)項(xiàng)目，該項(xiàng)目可以幫助到學(xué)業(yè)落后的低年級(jí)學(xué)生。你們的專業(yè)很可能與此有關(guān)，因?yàn)樯鐓^(qū)服務(wù)項(xiàng)目提供你參與教學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)，比如輔導(dǎo)數(shù)學(xué)和英語(yǔ)。社區(qū)服務(wù)要求至少有一個(gè)學(xué)期你每周要奉獻(xiàn)出2小時(shí)。你可以選擇輔導(dǎo)一個(gè)小學(xué)生的數(shù)學(xué)和英語(yǔ)，或其中的一門。如果你每次輔導(dǎo)數(shù)學(xué)和英語(yǔ)各花半小時(shí)的話，一周兩次輔導(dǎo)正合適，剛好2個(gè)小時(shí)。道奇教授將給這些從事社區(qū)服務(wù)的大學(xué)生當(dāng)指導(dǎo)者，他會(huì)給你們提供許多建議，你們有授課計(jì)劃方面的問(wèn)題都可以找他幫助。道奇教授的辦公時(shí)間是每周二和周四的下午。你們可以報(bào)名參加他的講座，下周起就可開(kāi)始社區(qū)的授課輔導(dǎo)。我相信你們會(huì)喜歡上社區(qū)服務(wù)…同時(shí)能獲得寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。將來(lái)你們的簡(jiǎn)歷上也會(huì)增添不少亮色，說(shuō)明你有教育小學(xué)生的經(jīng)歷，關(guān)心社區(qū)。如果你們?cè)敢鈭?bào)名或還有什么問(wèn)題，歡迎各位本周前往道奇教授的辦公室咨詢。Passage2WhenJohnandVictoriaFallsarrivedinNewYorkCityforone-yearstay,theydidnotbringverymanythingswiththem.Theyhadplannedeithertoliveinafurnishedapartmentortobuyusedfurniture.Buttheysoonlearnedaboutanewsystemthatmoreandmorepeopleareusing.Therentingofhomefurnishings(bed,tables,dishes,andsoon)hasbecomeoneofAmerica’sfastestgrowingbusinesses.Whatkindsofpeoplerenttheirhomefurnishingsinsteadofbuyingthem?Peoplewhoareinternationalbusinessorgovernmentofficials,foreignstudents,airlineworkers,youngmarriedcouple–peoplewhosejoborbusinessmayforcethemtomovefrequentlyfromonecitytoanother.Theysavealotoftroubleandthecostofmovingtheirfurnitureeachtime.Theysimplyrentnewfurniturewhentheyreachtheirnewhomes.Youngpeoplewithlittlemoneydonotwanttobuycheapfurniturethattheymaysoondislike.Theyprefertowaituntiltheyhaveenoughmoneytobuyfurniturethattheyreallylike.Meanwhile,theyfindtheycanrentbetterqualityfurniturethantheycouldaffordtobuy.Onefamily,whonowhavealarge,beautifulhomeoftheirown,likedtheirrentedfurnituresomuchthattheydecidedtokeeprentingitinsteadofbuyingnewthings.Butusuallypeopledon’tliketotellothersaboutit.Theideaofrentinghomefurnishingsisstillquitenew,andtheyarenotsurewhattheirneighborsmightthink.(248words)Passage2John和Victoria到了紐約并準(zhǔn)備在那呆上1年，不過(guò)他們并沒(méi)有隨身帶多少東西。他們打算要么住設(shè)施齊全的公寓，要么買一套新的家具。但是，他們很快了解到紐約越來(lái)越多的人體驗(yàn)著一種全新的方式----租家具。家具租賃業(yè)是現(xiàn)在美國(guó)發(fā)展最快的行業(yè)。什么樣的人會(huì)租家具而不是買家具呢？跨國(guó)公司和政府的駐外人員、留學(xué)生、飛行工作人員、年輕夫婦----這些人的公司或工作常使他們?cè)诔鞘虚g遷移。租家具可以省卻很多麻煩，也能省下不少錢。他們到達(dá)一處新家時(shí)通常只租新的家具。經(jīng)濟(jì)不寬裕的年輕夫婦一般不會(huì)買不喜歡的舊家具，他們寧可租新家具。他們喜歡在資金足夠時(shí)去買真正心儀的新家具。同時(shí)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，錢不夠?qū)捲r(shí)，可以租到的家具要比買得起的家具質(zhì)量上好許多。有的家庭即使擁有屬于自己的寬敞房子也愿意租用喜愛(ài)的家具，他們不急于去買。不過(guò)這一切他們是不會(huì)告訴別人的，因?yàn)樽饧揖叩乃枷脒€是比較新潮的，他們不知道鄰居們對(duì)此會(huì)是如何看法。Passage3Paperisoneofthemostimportantproductseverinventedbyman.Widespreaduseofwrittenlanguagewouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutsomecheapandpracticalmaterialtowriteon.Theinventionofpapermeantthatmorepeoplecouldbeeducatedbecausemorebookscouldbeprintedanddistributed.Togetherwiththeprintingpress,paperprovidedanextremelyimportantwaytocommunicateknowledge.Howmuchpaperdoyouuseeveryyear?Probablyyoucannotanswerthatquestionquickly.In1990theworld’suseofpaperwasaboutonekilogramforeachpersonayear.Nowsomecountriesuseasmuchas50kilogramsofpaperforeachpersonayear.CountriesliketheUnitedStates,EnglandandSwedenusemorepaperthanothercountries.Paper,likemanyotherthingsthatweusetoday,wasfirstmadeinChina.InEgyptandtheWest,paperwasnotverycommonlyusedbeforetheyear1400.TheEgyptianswroteonakindofmaterialmadeofawaterplant.Europeansusedparchmentformanyhundredsofyear.Parchmentwasverystrong;itwasmadefromtheskinofcertainyounganimals.WehavelearntofthemostimportantfactsofEuropeanhistoryfromrecordsthatwerekeptonparchment.(208words)Passage3

紙是人類至今最重要的發(fā)明之一。要是沒(méi)有廉價(jià)實(shí)用的材料可以書寫，書面語(yǔ)言的廣泛傳播便不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。紙的發(fā)明使大量書籍可以印刷發(fā)行，更多的人有機(jī)會(huì)接受教育。紙和印刷術(shù)成為了傳播知識(shí)的特別重要的途徑。一個(gè)人每年要用掉多少紙張？你可能無(wú)法很快回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。1900年，世界的年人均用紙量是1公斤?，F(xiàn)在有些國(guó)家這個(gè)數(shù)字已達(dá)50公斤。美國(guó)、英國(guó)和瑞典的用量還要多。紙和其它許多東西一樣，都是首先在中國(guó)發(fā)明的。在埃及和歐洲，直到1400年以后紙張才開(kāi)始大量使用。之前埃及人是書寫在一種由水生植物制造的材料上的。歐洲人則使用了幾百年的養(yǎng)皮紙。羊皮紙非常堅(jiān)韌，它是由年幼動(dòng)物的皮做成的。我們所了解的歐洲歷史很多是從羊皮紙上得來(lái)的。TEST4Passage1LawshavebeenwrittentogoverntheuseofAmericanNationalFlag,andtoensureproperrespectfortheflag.Customhasalsogovernedthecommonpracticeinregardtoitsuse.Allthearmedserviceshavepreciseregulationsonhowtodisplaythenationalflag.Thismayvarysomewhatfromthegeneralrules.Thenationalflagshouldberaisedandloweredbyhand.Donotraisetheflagwhileitisfolded.Unfoldedtheflagfirst,andthenhoistitquicklytothetopoftheflagpole.Loweritslowlyandwithdignity.Placenoobjectsonorovertheflag.Donotusetheflagaspartofacostumeorathleticuniform.Donotprintituponcushions,handkerchief,papernapkinsorboxes.Afederallawprovidesthatthetrademarkcannotberegisteredifitcomprisestheflag,orbadgersoftheUS.Whentheflagisusedtounveilastatueormonument,itshouldn’tserveasacoveringoftheobjecttobeunveiled.Ifitisdisplayedonsuchoccasions,donotallowtheflagtotheground,butletitbecarriedhighupintheairtoformafeatureoftheceremony.Takeeveryprecautiontopreventtheflagfromsoiled.Itshouldnotbeallowedtotouchthegroundorfloor,nortobrushagainstobjects.Passage1美國(guó)有專門的法律規(guī)定如何使用國(guó)旗來(lái)確保國(guó)人對(duì)國(guó)旗的尊重。社會(huì)習(xí)俗中也有不少尊重國(guó)旗做法。軍人使用國(guó)旗更有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定，和一般的做法有些不同。國(guó)旗的升降只能用人工進(jìn)行。不能升掛折疊未打開(kāi)的國(guó)旗。第一步先要打開(kāi)國(guó)旗，然后迅速升至桿頂。降旗要慢，莊嚴(yán)。不要有東西壓在國(guó)旗上。不能用國(guó)旗做戲服和運(yùn)動(dòng)服。不能把國(guó)旗印在座墊上，手絹上，餐巾紙上或盒子上。聯(lián)邦法律規(guī)定商標(biāo)中不能含有國(guó)旗和國(guó)徽?qǐng)D案。在紀(jì)念碑或雕塑的揭幕儀式上使用國(guó)旗時(shí)，不能把國(guó)旗當(dāng)作覆蓋物，也不能讓國(guó)旗掉到地上，應(yīng)當(dāng)使國(guó)旗處在儀式現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的顯目高處。注意不要弄臟國(guó)旗，不要掉到地上或地板上，不要和別的東西刮蹭。Passage2IthasbeenreportedthatincollegesacrosstheUnitedStates,thedaytimeserialdramaknownasthesoapoperahassuddenlybecome“in”.Betweenthehoursof11a.m.and4:30p.m.,collegetelevisionloungesarefilledwithsoapoperafanswhocan’twaittoseethenextepisodeinthelivesoftheirfavoritecharacters.Actually,soapsaremorethanacollegefavorite;they’reayouthfavorite.Whenschoolisout,high-schoolstudentsareinfrontoftheirTVsets.Oneyoungworkingwomanadmittedthatsheturneddownahigherpayingjobratherthangiveupwatchingherfavoriteserials.Duringthe1960’s,itwasuncommonforyoungpeopletowatchsoapoperas.Themoodofthesixtieswasverydifferentfromnow.Itwasatimeofseriousness,andtalkwasaboutsocialissuesofgreatimportance.Now,seriousnesshasbeenreplacedbyfun.Youngpeoplewanttobehappy.Itmayseemstrangethattheyshouldturntosoapopera,whichisknownforshowingtroubleinpeople’slives.Butsoapoperaisenjoyment.Youngpeoplecanidentifywiththesoapoperacharacter,who,likethecollege-ageviewer,islookingforhappylove,andprobablynotfindingit.Andsoapoperagivesyoungpeopleachancetofeelclosetopeoplewithouthavingtobearanyresponsibilityfortheirproblems.Passage2

據(jù)報(bào)道，被人們稱作“肥皂劇”的連續(xù)劇在全美國(guó)的很多大學(xué)中突然變得流行起來(lái)。從每天上午11點(diǎn)到下午4點(diǎn)半，各大學(xué)的電視室里擠滿了前來(lái)看電視的學(xué)生，這些肥皂劇迷們迫不急待地要看下一集當(dāng)中他們喜愛(ài)的主人公的命運(yùn)發(fā)展。事實(shí)上，肥皂劇不僅是大學(xué)生的最愛(ài)，確切地說(shuō)，它們是年輕人的最愛(ài)。一放學(xué)，中學(xué)生們就馬上坐到了電視機(jī)前。一個(gè)青年女工說(shuō)她寧愿放棄高薪也不愿放棄看喜愛(ài)的電視節(jié)目。60年代看肥皂劇的年輕人很少。當(dāng)時(shí)年輕人的心態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完全不同，那時(shí)候主題嚴(yán)肅，談?wù)摰脑掝}都涉及重要的社會(huì)問(wèn)題。現(xiàn)在，嚴(yán)肅已被娛樂(lè)取代。年輕人只想要快樂(lè)。而肥皂劇都是反映人們生活中煩惱的，年輕人喜歡肥皂劇倒讓人有一點(diǎn)奇怪。不過(guò)肥皂劇終究是娛樂(lè)的：年輕人和肥皂劇中的主人公一樣，也和那些大學(xué)生一樣，他們一直在尋找快樂(lè)之愛(ài)，往往還沒(méi)找到。肥皂劇讓年輕人和那些劇中人物很相近：都不必為他們的問(wèn)題承擔(dān)責(zé)任。Passage3Howmenfirstlearnttoinventwordsisunknown;inotherwords,theoriginoflanguageisamystery.Allwereallyknowisthatmen,unlikeanimals,somehowinventedcertainsoundstoexpressthoughtandfeelings,actionsandthings,sothattheycouldcommunicatewitheachother;andthatlatertheyagreeduponcertainsigns,calledletters,whichcouldbecombinedtopresentthosesounds,andwhichcouldbewrittendown.Thosesounds,whetherspokenorwritteninletters,wecallwords.Thepowerofwords,then,liesintheirassociations-thethingtheybringupbeforeourminds.Wordsbecomefilledwithmeaningforusbyexperience;andthelongerwelive,themorecertainwordsrecalltousthegladandsadeventsofourpast;andthemorewereadandlearn,themorethenumberofwordsthatmeansomethingincreases.Greatwritersarethosewhonotonlyhavegreatthoughtsbutalsoexpressthesethoughtsinwordswhichappealpowerfullytoourmindsandemotions.Thischarmingandtellinguseofwordsiswhatwecallliterarystyle.Aboveall,therealpoetisamasterofwords.Hecanconveyhismeaninginwordswhichsinglikemusicandwhichbytheirpositionandassociationcanmovementotears.Weshouldthereforelearntochooseourwordscarefullyandusethemaccurately,ortheywillmakeourspeechsillyandvulgar.Passage3

我們不知道文字是如何產(chǎn)生的；換句話說(shuō)，語(yǔ)言的起源還是個(gè)謎。人和動(dòng)物不一樣，他會(huì)發(fā)出某種特定的聲音來(lái)表示相應(yīng)的思想感情、行為動(dòng)作和其它事情。因此人們之間可以交流。慢慢地，人們之間有了共同認(rèn)可的固定符號(hào)，我們稱之為字母。字母組合起來(lái)可以代表原先的那些聲音。字母的好處是可以寫下來(lái)。這些聲音無(wú)論是口頭表達(dá)還是寫下來(lái)，我們都稱之為文字（單詞）。文字的力量在于它的聯(lián)系功能，它能使我們頭腦中顯現(xiàn)某樣?xùn)|西。文字包含意思，年紀(jì)越大，我們積累的反映過(guò)去歡樂(lè)或悲傷的文字也越多。偉大作家之所以偉大，是因?yàn)樗麄儾粌H有偉大的思想，而且他們能用文字把思想表達(dá)出來(lái)，強(qiáng)烈震撼讀者。能夠用某種方法駕馭文字且充滿魅力就是我們所說(shuō)的文學(xué)風(fēng)格。首先，真正的詩(shī)人就是駕馭文字的大師。他們的作品不僅表達(dá)思想，而且能象歌曲一樣有韻律可以詠唱，他們所表達(dá)的意境和聯(lián)想讓人們感動(dòng)落淚。我們平時(shí)在選擇用詞時(shí)也應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎精確，不然就會(huì)顯得愚蠢粗俗。TEST5Passage1ManypeoplewhoworkinLondonprefertoliveoutsideit,andtogointotheirofficesorschoolseverydaybytrain,carorbus,eventhoughthismeanstheyhavetogetupearlyinthemorningandreachhomelateintheevening.OneadvantageoflivingoutsideLondonisthathousesarecheaper.EvenasmallflatinLondonwithoutagardencostsquitealottorent.Withthesamemoney,onecangetalittlehouseinthecountrywithagardenofone’sown.Then,inthecountryonecanreallygetawayfromthenoiseandhurryofbusyworkinglives.Eventhoughonehastogetupearlierandspendmoretimeintrainsorbuses,onecansleepbetteratnightandduringweekendsandonsummerevenings,onecanenjoythefresh,cleanairofthecountry.Ifonelikesgardens,onecanspendone’sfreetimedigging,planting,wateringanddoingthehundredandoneotherjobswhichareneededinagarden.Then,whentheflowersandvegetablescomeup,onehasgottherewardtogetherwiththosewhohavesharedthesecretofNature.Somepeople,however,takenointerestincountrythings:forthem,happinessliesinthetown,withitscinemasandtheatres,beautifulshopsandbusystreets,dance-hallsandrestaurants.SuchpeoplewouldfeelthattheirlifewasnotworthlivingiftheyhadtoliveitoutsideLondon.Anoccasionalwalkinoneoftheparksandafortnight’s(twoweeks)visittotheseaeverysummerisallthecountrytheywant:theresttheyarequitepreparedtoleavetothosewhoaregladtogetawayfromLondoneverynight.Passage1

許多在倫敦工作的人選擇居住在城外，每天或坐火車或坐汽車從城市四周趕到位于城里的公司或?qū)W校，這意味著他們每天必須很早起床，晚上很晚才能到家。住在倫敦城外的好處之一是房子便宜。在倫敦，就算租一套不帶花園的小套間也要花不少錢，而用同樣的錢可以在鄉(xiāng)下住一幢房子，還帶花園。住在鄉(xiāng)下可以真正遠(yuǎn)離喧囂。雖然需要早起，花在交通上的時(shí)間也多，不過(guò)晚上可以睡得更香，遇上周末或是夏日的晚上，人可以呼吸清鮮的空氣。如果你喜歡花園，可以在閑暇時(shí)間挖土，種植，澆水，以及園內(nèi)的所有其它事務(wù)。當(dāng)花果蔬菜成熟的時(shí)候，你和那些樂(lè)享大自然秘密的人們一樣得到了回報(bào)。然而也有人對(duì)鄉(xiāng)下的一切不感興趣。在他們看來(lái)，幸福在城里：電影院、戲院、亮麗的商店、繁忙的街道、舞廳、飯店，所有這些都在城里。有人甚至覺(jué)得要是離開(kāi)倫敦的話他活著也沒(méi)意義了。他們和鄉(xiāng)村的聯(lián)系也就是偶爾去鄉(xiāng)間公園散散步，盛夏季節(jié)去海邊小住1、2禮拜就可以。其余時(shí)間他們更愿呆在城里，就讓那些晚上樂(lè)意遠(yuǎn)離倫敦的人呆在鄉(xiāng)下吧！Passage2Bydefinition,heroesandheroinesaremenandwomendistinguishedbyuncommoncourage,achievements,andself-sacrificemademostforthebenefitsofothers-theyarepeopleagainstwhomwemeasureothers.Theyaremenandwomenrecognizedforshapingournation’sconsciousnessanddevelopmentaswellasthelivesofthosewhoadmirethem.Yet,somepeoplesaythatoursisanagewheretrueheroesandheroinesarehardtocomeby,wheretheveryideaofheroismissomethingbeyondus–anartifactofthepast.Somemaintain,thatbecausetheColdWarisoverandbecauseAmericaisatpeace,ourageisessentiallyanunheroicone.Furthermore,theoverallcrimerateisdown,povertyhasbeeneasedbyastrongandgrowingeconomy,andadvancescontinuetobemadeinmedicalscience.Culturaliconsarehardtodefine,butweknowthemwhenweseethem.Theyarepeoplewhomanagetogobeyondcelebrity（明星）,whoarelegendary,whosomehowmanagetobecomemythic.Butwhatmakessomefiguresiconsandothersmerecelebrities?That’shardtoanswer.Inpart,theirliveshavethequalityofastorytotell.Forinstance,thebeautifulyoungDianaSpencerwhoat19marriedaprince,renouncedmarriageandthethrone,anddiedatthemomentshefoundtruelove.Goodlookscertainlyhelp.Sodoesaspecialindefinablecharm,withthehelpofthemedia.Butnothingconfirmsaniconmorethanatragicdeath–suchasMartinLutherKing,Jr.,JohnF.Kennedy,andPrincessDiana.Passage2從定義上來(lái)說(shuō)，英雄人物就是具有非凡勇氣和成就的人（無(wú)論男女），他們?nèi)季哂袪奚?，愿意為大眾利益而奉獻(xiàn)自己，他們是我們普通人的參照對(duì)象。英雄人物不僅對(duì)景仰他們的普通人產(chǎn)生影響，更對(duì)一個(gè)民族的意識(shí)和發(fā)展有積極意義。然而，有人說(shuō)現(xiàn)在不是適合產(chǎn)生英雄的時(shí)代，我們頭腦中基本沒(méi)有英雄主義這樣的概念—它屬于過(guò)去年代的產(chǎn)物啦。有人認(rèn)為由于冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束，美國(guó)處于和平發(fā)展當(dāng)中，我們處于一個(gè)平庸的年代。而且，總體犯罪率大大降低，貧困也隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展而逐步消失，醫(yī)學(xué)上不斷有新的突破。文化偶像的定義很難下，不過(guò)我們真切地知道他們的存在。他們超越一般意義上的明星，帶有一些傳奇經(jīng)歷，有時(shí)甚至具有神話色彩。哪些人屬于偶像，哪些人只是一般意義上的明星呢？這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難回答。部分來(lái)說(shuō)，偶像的生活要有故事的特質(zhì)。例如，年輕美貌的黛安娜19歲嫁給王子，后來(lái)離婚，告別王室，最終找到真愛(ài)時(shí)卻死于車禍。外貌無(wú)疑很重要。與眾不同又有不可捉摸的魅力再加上媒體的渲染起了同樣重要的作用。但是悲劇式的死亡往往更能襯托偶像的形象----馬丁.路得.金，肯尼迪，黛安娜王妃，他們的故事說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。Passage3Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleareanxiousandself-conscious;thatis,theyareexcessivelyconcernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.Worrisomethoughtsareconstantlyoccurringintheirminds:whatkindofimpressionamImaking?Dotheylikeme?DoIsoundstupid?AmIwearingunattractiveclothes?Itisobviousthatsuchuncomfortablefeelingsmustnegativelyaffectpeople.Aperson’sconceptionofhimselforherselfisreflectedinthewayheorshebehaves,andtheywayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.Ingeneral,thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives.Shypeople,havinglowself-esteem,arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurancethattheyaredoing“therightthing.”Shypeopleareverysensitivetocriticism;theyfeelitconfirmstheirfeelingsofinferiority.Theyalsofinditdifficulttobepleasedbycomplimentwithastatementlikethisone,“You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood.Iknowit’snottrue.”Itisclearthatwhileself-awarenessisahealthyquality,overdoingitisharmful.Canshynessbecompletelyeliminated,oratleastreduced?Fortunately,peoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortsinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoeshandinhandwithalackofself-esteems,itisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Eachoneofusisaunique,worthwhileindividual,interestedinourownpersonalways.Thebetterweunderstandourselves,theeasieritbecomestoliveuptoourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichandfulfillinglife.Passage3

害羞是由于在眾人面前感覺(jué)不自在而引發(fā)的。害羞的人容易焦慮，自我意識(shí)強(qiáng)，他們過(guò)分在意自己的外表和行為。他們頭腦里常有這樣不安的想法：我給別人留下了怎樣的印象？別人喜歡我嗎？我是否聽(tīng)起來(lái)很蠢？我穿的衣服難看嗎？顯而易見(jiàn)，這些不適的感覺(jué)對(duì)人有負(fù)面影響。一個(gè)人的自我認(rèn)識(shí)體現(xiàn)在他/她的言行舉止上，這些行為影響著他人對(duì)此作出反映?？傮w來(lái)說(shuō)，人們對(duì)自身的看法深刻影響到他們生活的方方面面。害羞的人往往自信不足，常常被動(dòng)，易受他人影響。他們需要有相信自己的心態(tài)，認(rèn)識(shí)到自己所做的是正確的。害羞的人對(duì)批