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第四章特殊人群營養(yǎng)概要specificpopulationsPregnantwomenandlactatingmothersInfants、children、adolescenceandolderpeopleAthletesspecificenvironment

ofgroups第一節(jié)孕婦和母乳的營養(yǎng)與膳食

Nutrientanddietaryrequirementsof

pregnantwomenandlactationmotherspregnancylactationDietaryenergyrequirements

Deficientenergyneeds

lowbirthweightinfants

limitsthesuccessofbreastfeeding一、pregnantwoman

(一)妊娠期的生理特點(diǎn)(physiologicalchangsinpregnancy)

1.內(nèi)分泌(endocrine)2.血液(blood)3.腎臟(renalsystem)4.消化(gastrointestinalsystem)5.體重(bodyweight)(一)physiologicalchangsinpregnancy

1.內(nèi)分泌(endocrine)(1)人絨毛膜促性腺激素(humanchorionicgonadotropin,HCG)(2)人絨毛膜生長素(humanchorionicsomatomammotropin,HCS)(3)雌激素(estrogen)(4)孕酮(progesterone)

pregnantwomanEstrogen(pg/ml)雌激素HCG絨毛膜促性腺激素progesterone孕酮Regulationofhormonechangesinpregnancy

WeeksofgestationWeeksofgestationWeeksofgestationWeeksofgestationTSH促甲狀腺激素(1)Bloodvolume45%~50%15%~20%2.

BloodPhysiologicAnemiaofPregnancyconceptionBloodvolumeRedcellvolumeNon-pregnantNon-pregnantlLatepregnancyLatepregnancyPlasmaproteinPlasmaalbumen(2)Plasmaprotein70g/L60g/L40g/L25g/LRelativelydilutionofblood3.RenalsystemRenalplasmaflow75%Glomerularfiltrationrate50%Renalreabsorption腎小球濾過率腎小管的重吸收腎血漿流量蛋白質(zhì)代謝產(chǎn)物尿素(urea)、尿酸(uricacid)、肌酸(creatine)、肌酐(creatinine)等排泄增多;尿中葡萄糖、氨基酸、水溶性維生素排出量增加,出現(xiàn)糖尿。4.Gastrointestinalsystem

Endocrinechangesareprobablyresponsibleforthesymptomsofnausea(惡心)、vomiting(嘔吐)、waterbrash(反酸)、dyspepsia(消化不良)、constipation(便秘).Prolongedtransittimeoffoodincreasenutrientabsorption,suchascalcium、iron、folicacid、VitaminB125.BodyweightThenutritionalcostofpregnancy胎兒(fetus)、羊水(amnioticfluid)和胎盤(placenta)母體血液(motherblood),細(xì)胞外液(extracellularfluid),子宮(uterus),乳腺(mammaryglands)12kgtheproductsofconception:Mother5.Bodyweight

BMIRecommendedweightgain(kg)malnutrition<19.812.5~18.0normal19.8~26.011.5~16.0overweight>26.0~29.07.0~11.5obesity>29.06.0~6.8(二)妊娠期的營養(yǎng)需要

(Nutrientrequirementsofpregnancy)1.能量(energycostsofpregnancy)

ReferenceNutrientIntakes(RNI):mid-andlate-gestation:+0.83MJ(200kcal/d).2.蛋白質(zhì)(protein)

ReferenceNutrientIntakes(RNI):early,mid-andlate-gestation:5g、15g、20g;3.脂類

(lipids)20%~30%oftotalenergyEssentialfattyacidisrelatedtofetalorinfantbrainandretinaldevelopment.Nutrientrequirementsofpregnancy4.礦物質(zhì)(minerals)(1)鈣(calcium):

佝僂(rickets)骨質(zhì)軟化癥(osteomalacia)

Adequateintake(AI)

:Earlygestation:800mg,Mid-gestation:1000mg,Late-gestation:1200mg。(2)鐵(iron)

mineralsNewtissueformationHaematopoiesisinthefetusandthemotherTypicalbloodlossesatdeliveryPhysiologicalanemiaofpregnancyHaemeironcomesmainlyfromhaemoglobinandmyoglobininmeat,poultry,andfishAdequateintake(AI):孕早期15mg/d,孕中期25mg/d,孕晚期35mg/d。(3)鋅(zinc)

ReferenceNutrientIntakes(RNI):,。minerals(4)碘(iodine)

ReferenceNutrientIntakes(RNI):

+200μg/d。呆小癥(cretinism)胎兒畸形(fetalanomaly)先天性缺陷(congenitaldefects)iodisedtablesalt

5.Fat-solublevitamine

(1)RNIofvitaminA:胎兒宮內(nèi)發(fā)育遲緩、低出生體重及早產(chǎn)有關(guān)過量導(dǎo)致自發(fā)性流產(chǎn)和胎兒先天畸形800μgRE/d(early-gestation),900μgRE/d(midlate-gestation),UL(tolerableupperintakelevel):2400μgRE/d。(2)RNIofvitaminD:過量導(dǎo)致高鈣血癥,甚至維生素D中毒5μg/d(early-gestation),10μg/d,UL:20μg/d。Water-solublevitamine(3)VitaminB:VB1beriberiVB2irondeficiencyanemiafolicacidneuraltubedefects400ugoffolicacidperdayoradietrichinfolates4/1000pregnancieslessthan1/1000pregnancies.35Placentaltransferplacentalfetalumbilicalcord

uterusCarbohydrate:

MotherfetusProteinaminoacidsLipids:Concentration-dependentdiffusionVitaminA:BoundtoretinolbindingproteinVitaminD:Calcium:<<(三)妊娠期營養(yǎng)對母體和胎兒的影響

(Influenceofmaternalnutritionalstatusonmothersandfetus)

1.influenceofmaternalmalnutritiononmothersiron、folicacid、vitaminB12

osteomalacia(骨質(zhì)軟化癥)Calcium、vitaminDnutritionaldropsy(營養(yǎng)不良性水腫

)

Protein

vitaminB1

(nutritionalanemia、gestationalhypertensionDiabatesmellitus

)anemia、Hypoproteinemia、calciumdeficiencyComplication

nutritionalanemia(營養(yǎng)性貧血)

2.妊娠期營養(yǎng)狀況對胎兒和嬰兒健康的影響Influenceofmaternalmalnutritionalstatusonfetusandinfants(1)低出生體重(lowbirthweight,LBW)BirthweightRecentstudieshavedemonstratedanassociationbetweenlowbirthweightandchronicandmetabolicdisordersinadulthoodsuchastype2diabetes,hypertension,anddyslipidemia.

早產(chǎn)(pretermdelivery)胎兒生長發(fā)育遲緩(Intrauterinegrowthretardation)(3)腦發(fā)育受損(Braindamage):maternalnutritionalstatus

(proteinenergy)braindevelopmentintelligencedevelopment(2)先天性畸形(congenitalmalformation)FolicacidneuraltubedefectsInfluenceofmaternalnutritionalstatusonmotherandinfantsmacrosomia(巨大兒)

maternalobesitypostpartum

developinggestationaldiabetes,developingpregnancy-inducedhypertension.labourintheobesetobeprolongedandunsuccessful.

(四)妊娠期的合理膳食原則1.妊娠早期的合理膳食(rationaldietduringearlygestation)2.妊娠中、晚期的合理膳食(rationaldietduringmidlate-gestation)401.泌乳活動Lactatingactivity2.乳母要動用機(jī)體儲備補(bǔ)充乳汁Mobilizingnutrientreservetomilk(VAVBCaZn)3.乳母的基礎(chǔ)代謝率增高Basalmetabolicrateincreaseinlactatingmother二、乳母(lactatingmother)(一)哺乳期的生理特點(diǎn)(Physiologicalcharacteristics):ContentofmilkindifferentpostpartumstagesColostrum(thefirstmilk):thefirstpostpartumweek,thickyellowfluidwithLactoferrin,secretoryimmunoglobulinA(sIgA)Lowinvolume,highinproteinVolumeofmilkisonly50to100mlperfeedTransitionalmilk:Maturemilk:Over2weeksoflactation,increasedprotein、lactoseandfatcontentMilkvolumes:about750mlto850mlper24hoursFrom7dayspostpartumto14dayspostpartumabout500mlofmilkvolumesinadayNutritionalproblemsassociatedwithbreastfeeding

Specificfactor

Examplesofclinicalproblem

LowvitaminKcontent

Haemorrhagicdiseaseofthenewborn

Deficienciessecondarytomaternalmicronutrientdeficiency:

VitaminB1

Infantileberiberi

VitaminB12

InfantileB12deficiency

VitaminD

Neonatalhypocalcaemia;neonatalricketsHighglucuronidaselevels葡糖醛酸糖苷酶Breastmilkjaundice

母乳性黃疸Transmissionofdrugs,viralinfection,pesticidesdietaryantigensetc.

Manydrugsaretransmittedinbreastmilkinsmallquantities

HIVHepatitisBandCvirusesCytomegalovirus(二)哺乳對乳母健康的影響

1.近期影響(1)促進(jìn)產(chǎn)后子宮恢復(fù):(2)避免發(fā)生乳房腫脹和乳腺炎(3)延長恢復(fù)排卵的時間間隔2.遠(yuǎn)期影響(1)哺乳與肥胖的關(guān)系(lactationandobesity):(2)哺乳與骨質(zhì)疏松的關(guān)系(lactationandosteoporotic)(3)哺乳與乳腺癌的關(guān)系(lactationandbreastcancer)(三)Nutritionalrequirementoflactation1.Energy:RNI:increase2090kJ(500kcal)2.Protein:RNI:increase20g3.Lipids:20%~25%4.Minerals:(1)calcium:AI1200mg/d(2)Iron:AI25mg/d。(3)5.Vitamine:6.Water:

increment1LnutrientRNInutrientRNIVA1200μgRE/dVB11.8mg/dVD10μg/dVB21.7mg/dVE14mgα-TE/dnicotinicacid(煙酸)18mg/dVC130mg/d(四)哺乳期的合理膳食原則《中國居民膳食指南》中關(guān)于乳母的膳食指南特別強(qiáng)調(diào):①保證供給充足的能量;②增加魚、肉、蛋、奶和海產(chǎn)品的攝入。1.產(chǎn)褥期膳食2.乳母的合理膳食原則

50第二節(jié)特殊年齡人群的營養(yǎng)與膳食

Nutritionanddietofpopulationsinspecificage一、Nutritionanddietofinfants(一)physiologicalcharacteristics1.Growthanddevelopment2.Digestionandabsorption3.Renalsystem4.Brainandnervoussystem1.唾液分泌量少,唾液中淀粉酶的含量低2.嬰幼兒咀嚼食物的能力較差3.賁門括約肌發(fā)育不良4.嬰幼兒腸壁透過性強(qiáng)胃腸蠕動不協(xié)調(diào)5.膽汁分泌較少6.能產(chǎn)生腸激酶和肽酶7.胰淀粉酶分泌少量,胰脂酶含量較少,胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳酶充足,豐富的乳糖酶和蔗糖酶Renalsystem:PRSL(mOsm/l)=Na+K+P+Cl+(protein(mg)/175thepotentialrenalsoluteload:PRSL腎溶質(zhì)負(fù)荷

(二)Nutritionalrequirmentsininfants1.Energy:(4)生長發(fā)育消耗能量energyconsumption2.Protein

(1)基礎(chǔ)代謝basalmetabolism(2)食物特殊動力作用specificdynamicaction(3)活動activity:(5)排泄消耗excretionconsumption3.LipidsRNI:嬰兒為~(kg·d),1~2歲幼兒為35g/d,2~3歲幼兒為40g/d。6月齡以內(nèi)為45%~50%,6月齡~2歲為35%~40%,2歲以上為30%~35%。4.carbohydrate:40%~50%,隨著年齡增長,碳水化合物供能占總能量的比例上升至50%~60%。(1)

Calcium:(2)

Iron:lowironinhumanmilk(3)

zinc:(4)

VA:

(5)

VD:(6)

Othernutrient:硫胺素(thiamine)、核黃素(riboflavin)和尼克酸(nicotinicacid),VCVE5.Mineralsandvitamins(三)嬰幼兒喂養(yǎng)(infantsfeeding)1.嬰兒喂養(yǎng)方式*母乳喂養(yǎng)(breastfeeding)人工喂養(yǎng)(bottlefeeding)混合喂養(yǎng)(mixturefeeding)(l)breastfeeding:1)營養(yǎng)成分最適合嬰兒的需要,消化吸收利用率高:母乳以乳清蛋白(lactalbumin)為主,60%(牛奶20%)支鏈氨基酸半胱氨酸免疫球蛋白和雙歧因子酪蛋白(casein);40%(牛奶80%)結(jié)合了重要的礦物元素,如鈣、磷、鐵、鋅等,酪蛋白一種大型、堅硬、致密、極困難消化分解的凝乳母乳中必需氨基酸比例適當(dāng),牛磺酸含量較高;母乳中含有乳脂酶;母乳中富含乳糖(lactose);母乳中的礦物質(zhì)含量明顯低于牛乳;母乳鐵和鋅的生物利用率都高于牛乳。2)Anti-infectiveproperties:

macrophageslymphocyesneutrophilsHumanmilkcontainscells

protectinfantsagainstinfectioninthefirstmonthsoflifeSecretoryIgA

preventsadherenceofvirusesandbacteriatomucosalcellsprotection

lactoferrinfacilitateabsorptionofsomenutrients

inhibitmicroorganismgrowthandmultiplicationbreastfeeding3)不容易發(fā)生過敏Unreadilydevelopallergyininfants4)經(jīng)濟(jì)、方便、衛(wèi)生Lowcost、convenience、clean5)促進(jìn)產(chǎn)后恢復(fù)、增進(jìn)母嬰交流Facilitaterecoveryofpostpartumandmother-infantcommunication:breastfeeding苯丙氨酸酪氨酸苯丙氨酸羥化酶兒茶酚胺,黑色素和甲狀腺激素乳糖不耐癥(lactoseintolerance)的患兒要選用去乳糖的配方奶粉

對乳類蛋白質(zhì)過敏的患兒則可選用以大豆為蛋白質(zhì)來源的配方奶粉

苯丙酮尿癥患兒要選用限制苯丙氨酸的奶粉(2)Bottlefeeding:

(3)mixturefeeding采用補(bǔ)授法(supplementalfeeding),即先喂母乳,不足時再喂以其他乳品1)嬰兒配方奶粉配制的要求和特點(diǎn):增加脫鹽乳清粉或降低牛奶酪蛋白。添加與母乳同型的活性順式亞油酸和適量α-亞麻酸α-乳糖和β-乳糖按4:6的比例添加,適當(dāng)加入可溶性多糖;脫去牛奶中部分Ca、P、Na鹽,將K/Na比例調(diào)整至~、Ca/P比例調(diào)整至2,以減少腎溶質(zhì)負(fù)荷并促進(jìn)鈣的吸收配方奶粉中通常應(yīng)強(qiáng)化VA、VD及適量的其他維生素,對牛乳蛋白過敏的嬰兒,可用大豆蛋白作為蛋白質(zhì)來源生產(chǎn)配方奶粉,以避免過敏癥的發(fā)生。2.?dāng)嗄踢^渡期喂養(yǎng)

Feedingduringweaningtransitionperiod

1)淀粉類輔食starchcomplement:2)蛋白質(zhì)類輔食proteincomplement:3)維生素、礦物質(zhì)類輔食vitaminandmineralscomplement:4)能量類輔食complementingenergyfoods:

10二、學(xué)齡前兒童營養(yǎng)與膳食

Nutritionanddietofpre-schoolchildren

Digestionandabsorptioninpreschoolchildrenenablethemtoconsumethesamefoodsasadultsbutnutrientneedsandfeedingskillsaredifferent.Preschoolchildrendonotconsumefoodovernight,thereforeshouldbefedthreemealsadayandperhapstwobetween-mealsnacks.Allovertheworldchildrenseemreluctanttoeatleafyvegetables(二)Nutritionalrequirmentofpre-schoolchildren

Energy:fatintakesreducefrom35%~40%to30%~35%Calcium:AI800mg/dIron:AI12mg/dIodine:RNI90μg/dZinc:RNI12mg/d四、青少年營養(yǎng)與膳食Nutritionanddietofadolescence三、學(xué)齡兒童的營養(yǎng)與膳食NutritionanddietofschoolchildrenNutritionalproblemsinchildrenandadolescents:Failuretothrive(FTT)生長停滯

obesity肥胖Irondeficiencyanaemia鐵缺乏Anorexia厭食癥五、老年營養(yǎng)與膳食

Nutritionanddietinolderpeople(一)Physiologicalcharacteristics:1.基礎(chǔ)代謝率(BMR)2.心血管系統(tǒng)功能3.消化系統(tǒng)功能4.體成分改變5.代謝功能降低6.體內(nèi)氧化損傷7.免疫功能下降(二)Nutritionalrequirementsofolderpeople

1.Energy2.Protein:~,蛋白質(zhì)供能占總能量的12%~14%。3.Fat:脂肪供能占膳食總能量的20%~30%為宜

4.Carbohydrate:能量占總能量55%~65%為宜

5.Minerals:calcium(AI):1000mg/diron(AI):15mg/dsodium:<6g/d6.Vitamine20第三節(jié)運(yùn)動員的營養(yǎng)與膳食

(Nutritionanddietofathletes)(一)Physiologicalcharacteristics:1.心血管系統(tǒng)(cardiovascularsystem)2.神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(nervoussystem)4.免疫系統(tǒng)(immunesystem)3.消化系統(tǒng)(digestivesystem)5.內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)(endocrinesystem)二、運(yùn)動員的營養(yǎng)需要

Dietaryconsiderationsforsportandexercise(一)Energy:

多數(shù)項目的運(yùn)動員每天能量需要量在~范圍內(nèi),如果按體重計算,在210~280kJ/kg范圍。

(二)Protein:

支鏈氨基酸包括纈氨酸、亮氨酸、異亮氨酸1.降低大腦的5羥色胺的產(chǎn)生,可減輕腦力疲勞;2.減緩肌肉疲勞,加速恢復(fù);3.支鏈氨基酸刺激胰島素的產(chǎn)生,促進(jìn)肌肉顯著增加蛋白合成,降低分解代謝。蛋白質(zhì)的攝入水平根據(jù)不同運(yùn)動有所區(qū)別(12%~16%)。(六)Minerals:研究證實(shí),鈉、鉀、鈣和鎂在維持神經(jīng)信息傳導(dǎo)和肌肉收縮中起著重要的作用。(三)Fat:能量密度高、體積小、增加飽腹感,節(jié)約糖原和蛋白質(zhì)的作用,我國推薦運(yùn)動員脂肪的攝入量占總能量的25%~30%,游泳和冰雪項目可增加至35%。

(四)Carbohydrates:我國推薦運(yùn)動員膳食碳水化合物提供的能量占總能量的55%~65%,高強(qiáng)度、高耐力和缺氧運(yùn)動項目可增至70%。(五)Water:由于運(yùn)動而引起體內(nèi)水分和電解質(zhì)丟失過多的現(xiàn)象稱之為運(yùn)動性脫水(exerciseinduceddehydration)

(七)Vitamin:運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練使胃腸道對維生素吸收功能

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