汽車工程專業(yè)英語(2.1-2.4)

2.1PrincipleofOperation2.2EngineBlockandCylinderHead2.3Piston,ConnectingRodandCrankshaft2.4EngineandTransmissionMounting2.5ValveSystem2.1工作原理2.2發(fā)動機(jī)體和氣缸蓋2.3活塞、連桿和曲軸2.4發(fā)動機(jī)和變速器組件2.5氣門系統(tǒng)Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.6GasolineFuelSystem2.7DieselEngine2.8EngineCooling2.9EngineLubrication2.10Emission2.6汽油燃料系統(tǒng)2.7柴油發(fā)動機(jī)2.8發(fā)動機(jī)的冷卻2.9發(fā)動機(jī)的潤滑2.10排放第二章內(nèi)燃機(jī)Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.1PrincipleofOperation2.1.1Energyandpower:

Energyisusedtoproducepower.Thechemicalenergyinfuelisconvertedtoheatbytheburningofthefuelatacontrolledrate.Thisprocessiscalledcombustion.2．1工作原理2．1．1能源和動力能源用于產(chǎn)生動力。燃料以控制的速率燃燒，燃料中的化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)換為熱能。這個過程叫做燃燒。Chapter2InternalCombustionEngineIfenginecombustionoccurswithinthepowerchamber,theengineiscalledanInternalcombustionEngine.Ifenginetakesplaceoutsidethecylinder,theengineiscalledanexternalcombustionengine.如果發(fā)動機(jī)燃燒發(fā)生在動力室內(nèi)，這種發(fā)動機(jī)叫做內(nèi)燃機(jī)。如果燃燒發(fā)生在氣缸外，這樣的發(fā)動機(jī)叫做外燃發(fā)動機(jī)。Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine

Enginesusedinautomobilesareinternalcombustionheatengines.Heatenergyreleasedinthecombustionchamberraisesthetemperatureofthecombustiongaseswithinthechamber.

汽車使用的發(fā)動機(jī)是內(nèi)燃熱發(fā)動機(jī)。在燃燒室內(nèi)釋放的熱能提高了室內(nèi)燃燒氣體的溫度。Chapter2InternalCombustionEngineTheincreaseingastemperaturecausesthepressureofthegasestoincrease.Thepressuredeveloped

withinthecombustionchamberisappliedtotheheadofapistontoproduceausablemechanicalforce,whichisthenconvertedintousefulmechanicalpower.氣體溫度的增加使氣體的壓力增加。在燃燒室內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的壓力作用于活塞的頂部，產(chǎn)生機(jī)械力，這個力轉(zhuǎn)換成有用的機(jī)械動力。Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.1.2Engineterms

Linkingthepistonbyaconnectingrodtoacrankshaftcausesthegastorotatetheshaftthroughhalfaturn.Thepowerstroke"usesup"thegas,someansmustbeprovidedtoexpeltheburntgasandrechargethecylinderwithafreshpetrol-airmixture:thiscontrolofgasmovementisthedutyofthevalves;活塞通過連桿和曲軸連接，使得氣體帶動曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)半圈。作功沖程耗盡了所有的氣體，這樣就必須采取相應(yīng)的措施排出廢氣以及向氣缸內(nèi)充入新鮮的可燃混合氣：氣體的運(yùn)動由氣門來控制.Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.1.2:

EngineTerms

TDC（topdeadcenter）:

thepositionofthecrankandpiston whenthepistonisfartherawayfrom thecrankshaft.

BDC（bottomdeadcenter）:

thepositionofthecrankandpiston whenthepistonisnearestawayfrom thecrankshaft.Chapter2InternalCombustionEngineChapter2InternalCombustionEngine

sweptvolume:

thevolumebetweenTDC andBDC.Clearancevolume:

thevolumeofspaceabovethepistonwhenitisatTDC.

Enginecapacity:

thisisthesweptvolumeof allcylinders.Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.1.3:ThefourstrokesSpark-ignitionEnginecycleIntake(induction)strokeCompressionstrokePowerstrokeExhauststrokeChapter2InternalCombustionEngineChapter2InternalCombustionEngine

2.1.4:EngineOverallMechanics

Crankshaftandconnecting rodssystem

Valvesystem

Fuelsystem

Ignitionsystem

Coolingsystem

Lubricationsystem

Startingsystem2.2：Engineblockandcylinderhead

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.2.1:Engineblock:Theengineblockisthebasicframeoftheengine.Allotherenginepartseitherfitinsideitorfastentoit.Itholdsthecylinders,waterjackets,andoilgalleries.Theengineblockalsoholdsthecrankshaft,whichfastenstothebottomoftheblock.氣缸體是發(fā)動機(jī)的基體。發(fā)動機(jī)其它的部件都安裝在缸體內(nèi)或固定在缸體上，它包容了氣缸、水套和油道，以及固定在缸體底部的曲軸等。

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.2.1:Engineblock:Thecamshaftalsofitsinsidetheblock,exceptonoverhead-camengine(OHC).Inmostcars,thisblockismadeofgrayiron,oranalloy(mixture)ofgrayironandothermetals,suchasnickelorchromium.Engineblocksarecasting.Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.2.1:Engineblock:Someengineblock,especiallythoseinsmallercars,aremadeofcastaluminum.Thismetalismuchlighterthaniron.However,ironwearsbetterthanaluminum.Therefore,thecylindersinmostaluminumenginearelinedwithironorsteelsleeves.Thesesleevesarecalledcylindersleeves.Someengineblocksaremadeentirelyofaluminum.Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.2.1:Engineblock:

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.2.2:

Cylindersleeve:

Thedrysleevecanbecastinorpressedintoanewblockorusedtoreconditionbadlywornordamagedcylindersthatcannoteasilyberebored.干式缸套可以鑄進(jìn)或壓入新氣缸體中，或者用于嚴(yán)重磨損或損壞而又不易重鏜的缸體的修復(fù)。Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.2.3:Cylinderhead:

Thecylinderheadfastenstothetopoftheblock,justasarooffitsoverahouse.Theundersideformsthecombustionchamberwiththetopofthepiston.In-lineenginesoflightvehicleshavejustonecylinderheadforallcylinders;largerin-lineenginescanhavetwoormore.氣缸蓋扣在缸體的頂部，就像屋頂安在房子上一樣。缸蓋的下方和活塞頂部形成燃燒室。輕型車的直列發(fā)動機(jī)所有缸僅有一個氣缸蓋，較大的直列發(fā)動機(jī)有兩個或更多缸蓋。

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngineThecylinderheadcarriesthevalves,valvespringsandtherockersontherockershaft,thispartofthevalvegearbeingworkedbypush-rods.缸蓋上有氣門、氣門彈簧和搖臂軸上的搖臂，推桿推動這部分氣門傳動機(jī)構(gòu)工作。

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngineChapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.2.4:Gasket

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.2.5:OilpanorSump:

Theoilpumpinthelubricatingsystemdrawsoilfromtheoilpanandsendsittoallworkingpartsintheengine.The oildrainsoffandrunsdownintothepan.Thus,thereisconstantcirculationofoilbetweenthepanandtheworkingpartsoftheengine.潤滑系的機(jī)油泵從油底殼抽出機(jī)油，并把機(jī)油輸送給發(fā)動機(jī)的所有工作部件。機(jī)油從油底殼流進(jìn)流出。因而在油底殼和發(fā)動機(jī)的工作部件之間有機(jī)油定向循環(huán)流動。Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.3:Piston,connectingRodandCrankshaft

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.3.2:Pistonassembly

Mostpistonsaremadefromcastaluminum.Thepiston,throughtheconnectingrod,transferstothecrankshafttheforcecreatedbytheburningfuelmixture.Thisforceturnsthecrankshaft.大多數(shù)活塞由鋁鑄造而成。通過連桿，活塞把可燃混合氣燃燒所產(chǎn)生的力傳遞給曲軸，并帶動曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine1.Piston

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.PistonRings

Inmodernengines,eachpistonhasthreerings.(Pistoninolderenginessometimeshadfourrings,orevenfive.)TheinsidesurfaceoftheringfitsinthegrooveonthepistonThering'soutsidesurfacepressesagainstthecylinderwalls.在新型發(fā)動機(jī)上，每個活塞有三個活塞環(huán)。（在老式發(fā)動機(jī)上，每個活塞有四個甚至五個活塞環(huán)。）環(huán)的內(nèi)邊面緊貼在活塞的環(huán)槽里，環(huán)的外表面緊壓在氣缸壁上。Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine3.PistonPin

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.3.3ConnectingRod

Theconnectingrodlittleendisconnectedtothepistonpin.A

bushmadefromasoftmetal,suchasbronze,isusedforthisjoint.Thelowerendoftheconnectingrodfitthe

crankshaftjournal.Thisiscalledthebigend.連桿小頭與活塞銷連接，小頭孔處壓有諸如青銅這種較軟材料所制成的襯套，連桿下端連接在曲軸的連桿軸徑處，稱為連桿大頭。Chapter2InternalCombustionEngineConnectingRodChapter2InternalCombustionEngineConnectingRod

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.3.4Crankshaft

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.3.5Cylindernumberandfiringorder:

Crankarrangementofengines:

fourcylinderssixcylindersChapter2InternalCombustionEngineCylindernumberandfiringorder:

No.4pistonisalwaysperformingthe companionstroketoNo.1:whentheinletvalveinNo.4cylinderisfullyopen,No.1cylinderinlet valveisfullyclosed---thisfeatureisusefultorememberwhencheckingvalveclearances.注意4號活塞和1號活塞總是成對運(yùn)行：4號氣缸進(jìn)氣門全閉時，1號氣缸進(jìn)氣門全開—這個特點(diǎn)在檢查氣門間隙時是很有用的。

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.3.6Flywheel

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.3.7Torsionalvibrationbalancer:

Aseachcylinderfires,itcausesthecrankthrowtospeedup.Theinertiaoftherestofshaftcauseitto stayslightlybehind,resultinginatwistingactiononthecrankshaft.當(dāng)一缸點(diǎn)火時，使曲軸擺幅的速度提高，而其它軸的慣性阻礙它，使其滯后，從而導(dǎo)致曲軸扭轉(zhuǎn)。

Chapter2InternalCombustionEngineTheinertiaringisbondedtothehubthroughaflexibleelastomer

(rubbercompound)insert.Theinertialringmovesslightlyinrelationtocrankshaftrotationaseachcylinderfires,therebydampeningthetorsionalvibrationofthecrankshaftoverawiderangeofenginespeed.慣性盤通過一層由橡膠合成的可變形人造橡膠層與減振器圓盤相連．在每個汽缸點(diǎn)火時，慣性盤相對于曲軸運(yùn)動做微小轉(zhuǎn)動，用以削減發(fā)動機(jī)較大速度范圍.Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine

Chapter2InternalCombustionEnginehubInertialringelastomer

汽車英語專業(yè)詞組2.1chemicalenergy化學(xué)能internalcombustionengine內(nèi)燃機(jī)inletvalve進(jìn)氣閥exhaustvalve排氣閥TDC上止點(diǎn)BDC下止點(diǎn)sweptvolume有效/工作容積enginecapacity發(fā)動機(jī)排量clearancevolume燃燒室容積compressionratio壓縮比Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine

汽車英語專業(yè)詞組2.1

kineticenergy動能induction/intakestroke進(jìn)氣行程compressionstroke壓縮行程powerstroke做功行程exhauststroke排氣行程engineblock發(fā)動機(jī)缸體Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine

汽車英語專業(yè)詞組2.2

cylinderhead氣缸蓋waterjackets水套o(hù)ilgallery油道grayiron灰鑄鐵cylindersleeve氣缸套headcover氣缸蓋罩intakemanifold進(jìn)氣總管oilpan油底殼

waterpump水泵

pistonring活塞環(huán)Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine

汽車英語專業(yè)詞組2.2

dry/wetsleeve干式/濕式缸套push-ro