高分子物理浙江大學Introduction-2課件

PolymerPhysics高分子物理徐君庭，沈烈Teachers任課教師徐君庭高分子大樓419;87953164沈烈高分子大樓310;87953712

Booksandreferences

教材與參考書方征平，宋義虎，沈烈 高分子物理(PolymerPhysics) 浙江大學出版社,杭州,2008何曼君，陳維孝，董西俠 高分子物理(修訂版) 復旦大學出版社，上海，1990金日光，華幼卿 高分子物理(第二版) 化學工業(yè)出版社，北京，2000L.H.Sperling IntroductiontoPhysicalPolymerScienceP.J.Flory PricinplesofPolymerChemistry電子教案實驗教學特色教學學習資料概念圖解(完善中，歡迎同學參加！)教學課件名詞解釋教學大綱實驗內容實驗儀器教學研究學生作業(yè)習題Introduction緒論Polymersarelong-chainmoleculesofveryhighmolecularweight,oftenmeasuredinthehundredsofthousands高分子是由成千上萬個結構單元以共價鍵重復連接而成的長鏈分子DefinitionsofPolymers 高分子的定義MacromolecularHypothesis(1920)TheoriginofmodernpolymerscienceHermanStaudinger1953NobelprizeawarderPolymer 聚合物Macromolecule大分子HighPolymer高聚物Nomenclature 高分子術語Monomer單體

Molecule小分子Oligomer齊(低)聚物ClassificationofsyntheticpolymersClassificationaccordingto:PhysicalstructureThermalbehaviourUsePreparationmethodPhysicalStructureLinearpolymersmayberepresentedbyachainwithtwoends.Branchedpolymers

havesidechains,orbranches,ofsignificantlengthwhicharebondedtothemainchainatbranchpoints,andarecharacterizedintermsofthenumberandsizeofthebranches.

Polymerswithwell-controlledmodesofbranching:

comblikepolymers,starpolymers,dendrimers,etc.Networkpolymers

havethree-dimensionalstructuresinwhicheachchainisconnectedtoallothers,andarecharacterizedbytheircrosslinkingdensityordegreeofcrosslinking(numberofjunctionpointsperunitvolume).shortbranchingpolymercomblikepolymerstarpolymerdendrimerhyperbranchpolymercore1stgeneration2ndgeneration3rdgenerationThermalBehaviorThermosetsRigidmaterialsandnetworkpolymersinwhichchainmotionisgreatlyrestrictedbyahighdegreeofcrosslinking.Intractableonceformed.Degraderatherthanmeltuponheating.Thermoplastics(plastics)Linearorbranchedpolymerswhichcanbemeltedupontheapplicationofheat.(Largestproportionofthepolymersusedinindustry.)Crystallinepolymers

Invariablydonotformperfectcrystallinematerialsbutinsteadaresemicrystallinewithbothcrystallineandamorphousregions.

Thecrystallinephaseofsuchpolymersarecharacterizedbytheirmeltingtemperature(Tm).

Amorphouspolymers

Characterizedbytheirglasstransitiontemperature(Tg),thetemperatureatwhichtheytransformabruptlyfromtheglassstate(hard)totherubberystate(soft).Thistransitioncorrespondstotheonsetofmotionofchainsegments.PreparationMethod2typesofpreparationmethods:additionpolymerscondensationpolymersdifferences:condensationproducesabyproduct,e.g.watercondensationpolymersoftenhavenon-CatomsinbackbonechainsAdditionpolymersformedbyaddingmanymonomerunitstogetherthroughchemicalbondse.g.polyethylenenCH2=CH2 -[CH2-CH2]-n ethylenemonomer PolyethyleneOtheradditionpolymers:polypropylene,poly(methylmethacrylate),polystyrene,poly(vinylchloride)Condensationpolymerstwomoleculescombinewiththeformationandlossofanothersmallermoleculee.g.poly(ethyleneterephthalate)(PET)TerephthalicacidEthyleneglycolBlockcopolymersarelinearcopolymersinwhichtherepeatunitsexitonlyinlongsequences,orblocks,ofthesametype.E.g.,ABdiblockcopolymers~~-A-A-A-A-A-A-A--A-A-B-B-B-B-B-B-B~~ABAtriblockcopolymers~~-A-A-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-B--B-A-A-A-A-A-~~Graftcopolymersarebranchedpolymersinwhichthebrancheshaveadifferentchemicalstructuretothatofthemainchain.

B-B-B-B-B-B-BB-B B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B

B B

~~-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A--A-A-A- B B

B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B

FromLittleMoleculestoBigMolecules

從小分子到大分子NumberofCarbonsinChainStateandPropertiesofMaterialUse,DependentonChainLength1-4SimplegasBottledgasforcooking5-11SimpleliquidGasoline9-16Medium-viscosityliquidKerosene16-25High-viscosityliquidOilandgrease25-50SimplesolidParaffinwaxcandles1000-3000ToughplasticsolidPolyethylenebottlesandcontainersPolyethyleneMeltingtemperatureMolecularweightThemolecularweight-meltingtemperaturerelationshipforthealkaneseriesHighMWstrongintermolecularinteractionlargenumberofconformationmultiplemotionunitsentanglementviscosity;rheologicalbehavior;mechanicalpropertiestime(frequency)andtemperaturedependencestrength;novaporstateflexibility;elasticitychainfolding(incrystal)crystallinity<100%高分子與小分子的差別orientation;nocubiccrystalsystemanisotropy性