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中國的自然環(huán)境之地勢和地形橋梁設(shè)計強(qiáng)制性條文橋梁設(shè)計強(qiáng)制性條文

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橋梁設(shè)計強(qiáng)制性條文1城市橋梁設(shè)計強(qiáng)制性條文1.1荷載及凈空《城市橋梁設(shè)計荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》CJJ77—981.0.4設(shè)計活載分為兩個等級,即城—A級和城—B級。3.1.1城市橋梁設(shè)計荷載可分為:永久荷載、可變荷載和偶然荷載三類。3.1.2主要為承受某種其他可變荷載而設(shè)置的構(gòu)件,計算其所承受的荷載時,應(yīng)作為基本可變荷載。3.2.1按承載能力極限狀態(tài)設(shè)計時,應(yīng)根據(jù)可能同時出現(xiàn)的荷載,選擇下列荷載組合:組合I:一種或幾種基本可變荷載與一種或幾種永久荷載相結(jié)合;組合Ⅱ:一種或幾種基本可變荷載和一種或幾種永久荷載疊加后與一種或幾種其他可變荷載相組合;當(dāng)設(shè)計彎橋并采用離心力與制動力組合時,制動力應(yīng)按70%計算;組合Ⅲ:一種或幾種基本可變荷載和一種或幾種永久荷載疊加后與偶然荷載中的船只或漂流物撞擊力相組合;組合Ⅳ:橋梁在進(jìn)行施工階段的驗算時,根據(jù)可能出現(xiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)重力、腳手架、材料機(jī)具、人群、風(fēng)力以及拱橋的單向推力等施工荷載進(jìn)行組合;當(dāng)橋梁構(gòu)件在施工吊裝時或運輸時所產(chǎn)生的沖擊力,應(yīng)根據(jù)現(xiàn)場具體情況和設(shè)計經(jīng)驗,計人構(gòu)件的動力系數(shù);組合V:結(jié)構(gòu)重力、預(yù)加力、土重及土側(cè)壓力,其中的一種或幾種與地震力相結(jié)合。3.2.2不同時參與組合的其他可變荷載應(yīng)符合表3.2.2的規(guī)定。不同時參與組合的其他可變荷載表3.2.2

荷載名稱

不與該荷載同時參與組合的可變荷載

汽車制動力

流水壓力、冰壓力、支座摩阻力

流水壓力

汽車制動力、冰壓力

冰壓力

汽車制動力、流水壓力

支座摩阻力

汽車制動力

3.2.3當(dāng)橋梁采用承載力極限狀態(tài)設(shè)計時,應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的荷載組合,采用不同的荷載分項系數(shù),分別驗算變形、裂縫寬度、施工階段的應(yīng)力及預(yù)應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。其荷載組合及荷載安全系數(shù)的采用,均應(yīng)符合現(xiàn)行相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)定。3.2.4對鋼木結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件仍按容許應(yīng)力進(jìn)行設(shè)計。其荷載組合,材料容許應(yīng)力取值應(yīng)符合現(xiàn)行相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)定。4.1.2汽車荷載可分為車輛荷載和車道荷載。橋梁的橫隔梁、行車道板、橋臺或擋土墻后土壓力的計算應(yīng)采用車輛荷載。橋梁的主梁、主拱和主桁架等的計算應(yīng)采用車道荷載。當(dāng)橋面車行道內(nèi)有輕軌車輛混合運行時,尚應(yīng)按有關(guān)輕軌荷載規(guī)定進(jìn)行驗算,并取其最不利者進(jìn)行設(shè)計。當(dāng)進(jìn)行橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)計算時不得將車輛荷載和車道荷載的作用疊加。4.1.3城一A級車輛荷載和城一B級車輛荷載的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)載重汽車應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定:城一A級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)載重汽車應(yīng)采用五軸式貨車加載,總重700kN,前后軸距為18.0m,行車限界橫向?qū)挾葹?.0m(圖4.1.3—1);車軸編號

1

2

3

4

5

軸重(kN)

60

140

140

200

160

輪重(kN)

30

70

70

100

80

總重(70kN)

圖4.1.3—1城—A級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)車輛縱、平面布置城—B級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)載重汽車應(yīng)采用三軸式貨車加載,總重300KN,前后軸距為4.8m,行車限界橫向?qū)挾葹?.0m(圖4.1.3—2);車軸編號

1

2

3

軸重(kN)

60

120

120

輪重(kN)

30

60

60

總重(300kN)

圖4.1.3-2城—B級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)車輛縱、平面布置城一A級和城一B級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)載重汽車的橫斷面尺寸相同,其橫橋向布置應(yīng)符合圖4.1.3-3的規(guī)定。圖4.1.3-3車輛荷載橫橋向布置4.1.4城—A級車道荷載和城一B級車道荷載應(yīng)按均布荷載加一個集中荷載計算。計算應(yīng)符合本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)定。4.1.9人群荷載計算應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定:城市橋梁的人群荷載:(1)人行道板(局部構(gòu)件)的人群荷載應(yīng)按5kPa的均布荷載或1.5kN的豎向集中力分別計算。計算橋上人行道欄桿時,作用在欄桿扶手上的活載:豎向荷載采用1.2kN/m;水平向外荷載采用1.0kN/m。兩者應(yīng)分別考慮,不得同時作用。作用在欄桿立柱柱頂?shù)乃酵屏?yīng)為1.0kN/m。防撞欄桿應(yīng)采用80kN橫向集中力進(jìn)行驗算。作用點應(yīng)在防撞欄桿板的中心?!冻鞘腥诵刑鞓蚺c人行地道技術(shù)規(guī)范》CJJ69--953.1.11欄桿水平推力水平荷載為2.5kN/m,豎向荷載為1.2kN/m,不與其他活載迭加。《城市橋梁設(shè)計準(zhǔn)則》CJJll-934.4.1新建橋梁的橋面凈空限界應(yīng)符合圖4.4.1的要求。(1)快速路橋可按圖4.4.1-2(b)或圖4.4.1—4(b)布置??焖俚乐虚g分車帶Wsm,在特大橋和大橋中,可用劃線代替。但快車道和非機(jī)動車道之間或快車道和人行道之間必須設(shè)置分隔帶或分隔欄柵,必要時還應(yīng)改設(shè)防護(hù)欄。圖中設(shè)施帶寬度wf的數(shù)僅視具體需要而定。(2)主干路橋可按圖4.4.1—4布置,中間分車帶W,也可用劃線代替,也可按4.4.1—3布置。(3)次干路橋可按圖4.4.1—1、圖4.4.1—3(a)或圖4.4.1—2(d)布置,中間分車帶Wsm可用劃線代替。(4)支路橋可按圖4.4.1—1布置。(5)對特大橋和大橋,除快速路橋外,凡符合本準(zhǔn)則5.0.5規(guī)定的,車道布置可參照圖4.4.1—1或圖4.4.1—2布置,中間分車帶Wsm可用劃線代替。圖4.4.1—1無中間分隔帶的凈空限界圖4.4.1—2有一個中間分隔帶的凈空限界(二幅)圖4.4.1—3有一個中間分隔帶的凈空限界(二幅)圖4.4.1—4有三個或五個分隔帶的凈空限界(四幅)圖4.4.1橋面凈空限界機(jī)動車道凈高H按行車要求不得小于4.5m,行駛電車時可采用5m。非機(jī)動車道凈高h(yuǎn)可取3.5m。人行道凈高宜不小于2.5m。圖中:Wb——路側(cè)帶寬度(m);

Wc—非機(jī)動車車行道寬度(m);

Wdb—機(jī)動車車行道寬度或機(jī)動車與非機(jī)動車混合行駛的車行道寬度(m);

Wdb—兩側(cè)分隔帶寬度(m);

Wdm——中間分隔帶寬度(m);

Wf—設(shè)施帶寬度(m);

Wl—側(cè)向凈寬(m);

Wmb—非機(jī)動車道路緣帶寬度(m);

Wmc—機(jī)動車道路緣帶寬度(m);

Wp—人行道寬度(m);

Wpb—非機(jī)動車道路面寬度(m);

Wpc—機(jī)動車道路面寬度或機(jī)動車與非機(jī)動車混合行駛的路面寬度(m);

Wsh—兩側(cè)分車帶寬度(m);

Wsh—機(jī)動車車行道安全帶寬度(m);

Wsm—中間分車帶寬度(m);

H—機(jī)動車道凈高(m);

h—非機(jī)動車道凈高(m)。5.0.5特大橋、大橋所處路段具有下列條件之一時,機(jī)動車與非機(jī)動車可按混合行駛考慮:(1)每一車道平均交通量少于300輛刀)(當(dāng)量小客車);(2)同向機(jī)動車與非機(jī)動車的高峰小時流量不在同一時間;(3)雙向的交通流量高峰不在同一時間;(4)機(jī)動車與非機(jī)動車在同一時間交通量相差較大;(5)機(jī)動車設(shè)計行車速度小于30km/h;(6)設(shè)計的兩端連接的車道本身是混合車道。其寬度應(yīng)按現(xiàn)行的《城市道路設(shè)計規(guī)范》有關(guān)規(guī)定計算?!冻鞘腥诵刑鞓蚺c人行地道技術(shù)規(guī)范》CJJ69--952.3.1天橋橋下凈高應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定:天橋橋下為機(jī)動車道時,最小凈高為4.5m,行駛電車時,最小凈高為5.Om。天橋橋下為非機(jī)動車道時,最小凈高為3.5m,如有從道路兩側(cè)的建筑物內(nèi)駛出的普通汽車需經(jīng)橋下非機(jī)動車道通行時,其最小凈高為4.Om。天橋、梯道或坡道下面為人行道時,凈高為2.5m,最小凈高為2.3m。考慮維修或改建道路可能提高路面標(biāo)高時,其凈高應(yīng)適當(dāng)提高。2.3.2地道的最小凈高應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定:地道通道的最小凈高為2.5m。地道梯道踏步中間位置的最小垂直凈高為2.4m,坡道的最小垂直凈高為2.5m,極限為2.2m。2.3.3天橋橋面凈高應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定:最小凈高為2.5m。各級架空電纜與天橋、梯(坡)道面最小垂直距離應(yīng)符合表2.3.3規(guī)定。天橋、梯道、坡道與各級電壓電力線間最小垂直距離表表2.3.3配電線送電線

配電線送電線

1以下

1~10

35

60~110

154~220

330

居民區(qū)

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.0

7.5

8.5

非居民區(qū)

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.0

6.5

7.5

1.2橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計《城市橋梁設(shè)計準(zhǔn)則》CJJ11—932.0.3城市橋梁設(shè)計宜采用百年一遇的洪水頻率,對特別重要的橋梁可提高到三百年一遇。防洪標(biāo)準(zhǔn)較低的地區(qū),若按百年一遇或三百年一遇的洪水頻率設(shè)計,導(dǎo)致橋面高程較高而引起困難時,可按實際情況考慮,但仍須確保橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)在百年一遇或三百年一遇洪水頻率下的安全。2.0.4城市橋梁孔徑,應(yīng)按批準(zhǔn)的城市規(guī)劃中的河道及(或)航道整治規(guī)劃,結(jié)合現(xiàn)狀布設(shè)。若無規(guī)劃,則根據(jù)現(xiàn)狀按設(shè)計洪水流量滿足泄洪要求和通航要求布置。不宜過大改變水流的天然狀態(tài)。2.0.8橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)符合以下規(guī)定:(4)地震區(qū)城市橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計和布置應(yīng)符合現(xiàn)行的《公路工程抗震設(shè)計規(guī)范》有關(guān)規(guī)定;2.O.10不得在橋上敷設(shè)污水管、煤氣管和其他可燃、有毒或腐蝕性的液、氣體管。如條件許可,允許在橋上敷設(shè)電訊電纜、熱力管、自來水管、電壓不高于lOkV配電電纜,但必須采取有效的安全防護(hù)措施。3.0.3橋位選擇,除符合整個城市規(guī)劃要求外,還應(yīng)符合下列要求:(1)適應(yīng)城市車輛交通和行人的流向、流量需要,必須滿足使用上的方便,吸引各種車輛和行人過橋;(2)水中設(shè)墩的橋位選擇在河道順直,河灘較窄、河床穩(wěn)定的河段,并使橋位處高水位水流的流向與中、常水位水流的流向之間的偏差角最??;(3)水中設(shè)墩的通航河流上,還應(yīng)按下列情況考慮:

①墩(臺)沿水流方向軸線應(yīng)盡可能與水流流向一致,其偏角不得超過5度;如超過則通航凈寬須相應(yīng)加大。

②一般應(yīng)不小于二個通航孔,水運繁忙的較寬河流上,應(yīng)設(shè)多孔通航;河寬不足二個通航孔,應(yīng)一孔跨過。

③橋位應(yīng)離開灘險、彎道、匯流口或港口作業(yè)區(qū)及錨地。

④橋位上游河道的直線段長度,不得小于頂推船隊長度的4倍,拖帶若安排在地道外另行敷設(shè)的專用管道內(nèi),而專用管道與地道貼近,則其沉降縫、伸縮縫應(yīng)與地道的沉降縫、伸縮縫錯開?!冻鞘腥诵刑鞓蚺c人行地道技術(shù)規(guī)范》CJJ69--952.5.1天橋與地道的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)符合以下要求:結(jié)構(gòu)在制造、運輸、安裝和使用過程中,應(yīng)具有規(guī)定的強(qiáng)度、剛度、穩(wěn)定性和耐久性。2.5.2天橋上部結(jié)構(gòu),由人群荷載計算的最大豎向撓度,不應(yīng)超過下列允許值:梁板式主梁跨中L/600;梁板式主梁懸臂端11/300;桁架、拱L/800。注:I為計算跨徑;L1為懸臂長度。2.5.4為避免共振,減少行人不安全感,天橋上部結(jié)構(gòu)豎向自振頻率不應(yīng)小于3Hz。2.5.7地道結(jié)構(gòu),以汽車荷載(不計沖擊力)計算的最大撓度不應(yīng)超過L/600。注:用平板掛車或履帶車荷載驗算時,上述允許撓度可增加20%。2.6.1天橋必須設(shè)橋下限高的交通標(biāo)志。2.6.4當(dāng)天橋上方的架空線距橋面不足安全距離時,為確保安全,橋上應(yīng)設(shè)置安全防護(hù)罩,安全防護(hù)罩距橋面的距離不宜小于2.5m。2.6.6在地道兩端,應(yīng)設(shè)置消火栓,配備消防器材。在長地道內(nèi),應(yīng)按有關(guān)消防規(guī)范,設(shè)置消防措施和急救通訊裝置。2.6.8天橋或地道結(jié)構(gòu)不得敷設(shè)高壓電纜、煤氣管和其他可燃、易爆、有毒或有腐蝕性液(氣)體管道過街。3.4.5欄桿扶手應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定:欄桿高度不應(yīng)小于1.05m。欄桿應(yīng)以堅固、耐久的材料制作。3.7.2天橋的地基與基礎(chǔ),應(yīng)保證具有足夠的強(qiáng)度、穩(wěn)定性及耐久性。3.9.1天橋的墩、柱應(yīng)在墩邊設(shè)防撞護(hù)欄。3.9.5掛有無軌電車饋電線的天橋,饋電線與天橋間應(yīng)有雙重絕緣設(shè)施,天橋應(yīng)有接地設(shè)施。地道內(nèi)的裝修材料應(yīng)采用阻燃材料。4.5.1地道通道及梯道地面設(shè)計平均亮度(照度)不得小于2.2nt(≈30lx),應(yīng)合理布設(shè)燈具,使照度均勻;地道進(jìn)出口設(shè)計亮度(照度)不宜小于2.2nt(≈30lx)。

高考英語作文范文66篇高考英語作文范文66篇

/高考英語作文范文66篇高考英語作文范文50篇09)全國卷I(1)假定你是李華,正在英國接受英語培訓(xùn),住在一戶英國人家里。今天你的房東MrsWilson不在家,你準(zhǔn)備外出,請給MrsWilson寫一留言,內(nèi)容如下:1.外出購物2.替房東還書3.Tracy來電話留言:1).咖啡屋(BoltonCoffee)見面取消2).此事已告知Susan.3)盡快回電范文:MrsWilson,I’mgoingoutshopping,andwon’tbebackuntilabout5:00pm.Ihavetakenwithmethetwobooksyouaskedmetoreturntothecitylibrary.Atabout1o’clockthisafternoon,Tracycalled,sayingthatshecouldn’tmeetyouatBoltonCoffeetomorrowmorningasshehassomethingimportanttoattendto.Shefeltverysorryaboutthat,butsaidthatyoucouldsetsomeothertimeforthemeeting.Shewantedyoutocallherbackassoonasyouarehome.ShehasalreadytoldSusanaboutthischange.LIHua10)全國卷(2)假設(shè)你是育才中學(xué)學(xué)生會主席李華。你校將舉辦一次英語演講比賽(speechcontest),希望附近大學(xué)的外籍教師Smith女生來做評委。請參照以下通知給她寫一封信。英語演講比賽主題:人與自然時間:6月15日下午2:5:地點:501教室參賽選手:10名聯(lián)系人:李華(電話44876655)范文:DearMs.Smith,I’mLiHua,thechairmanoftheStudents’UnionofYuCaiMiddleSchool,whichisclosetoyouruniversity.I’mwritingtoinviteyoutobeajudgeatourEnglishspeechcontestwhichwillbeheldinourschoolonJune15.Itwillstartat2:00pmandlastforaboutthreehours.Tenstudentswilldelivertheirspeechesonthegiventopic“ManandNature”.Wehopethatyouwillacceptourinvitationifitisconvenientforyou.Pleasecallmeat44876655ifyouhaveanyquestions.I’mlookingforwardtoyourreply.WithbestwishesLiHua11)全國卷(3)假定你是李華,正在一所英國學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)暑期課程,遇到一些困難,希望得到學(xué)校輔導(dǎo)中心(LearningCenter)的幫助。根據(jù)學(xué)校規(guī)定,你需要書面預(yù)約,請按下列的要求寫一封信:1.本人簡介2.求助內(nèi)容3.約定時間4.你的聯(lián)系方式(Email:lihua@1236.com;Phone:12345678)范文:DearSir,I’mLiHua,aChinesestudenttakingsummercourseinyouruniversity.I’mwritingtoaskforhelp.Icameherelastmonthandfoundmycoursesinteresting.ButIhavesomedifficultywithnote-takingandIhavenoideaofhowtousethelibrary.IwastoldthelearningcenterprovideshelpforstudentsandI’manxioustogethelpfromyou.IhavenoclassonTuesdaysmorningsandFridayafternoons.Pleaseletmeknowwhichdayisokwithyou.Youmayemailorphoneme.Herearemyemailaddressandphonenumber:lihua@1236.com;1234567.Lookforwardtoyourreply.Yours,LiHua09)安徽卷(4)假設(shè)你正在參加全省中學(xué)生演講比賽,請你針對有些父母經(jīng)常翻開孩子的日記或書包這一現(xiàn)象,寫一篇演講稿,陳述你的觀點。內(nèi)容包括:1.認(rèn)為同學(xué)們不必為此煩惱2.希望能夠體諒父母的苦衷3.建議與父母進(jìn)行交流溝通范文:Goodmorning,ladiesandgentlemen,Someofusarehavingproblemswithourparents,astheyoftenlookintoourschoolbagsorreadourdiaries.Ifullyunderstandwhywearenotcomfortableaboutit,butthere’snoneedtofeeltoosad.Ourparentsarecheckingourbagsordiariestomakesurewearenotgettingintoanytrouble.Theyhaveprobablyheardsomehorriblestoriesaboutotherkidsandthoughtwemightdothesame.Orperhapstheyjustwanttoconnectwithusbutaredoingitallwrong.Mysuggestionis:Tellthemwewantthemtotrustusasmuchaswe’dliketotrustthem.Ifyoudon’tthinkyoucantalktothem,writethemaletterandleaveitlyingaroundtheyareboundtoreadit.Thankyou!10)安徽卷(5)假設(shè)你將參加某英文雜志開展的一次征文活動,內(nèi)容要求你在電視,手機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)三者中,放棄其中的一個并陳述理由。請你以“whichwouldyougiveup:TV,cellorWeb?”為題,寫一篇短文。范文:Whichwouldyougiveup:TV,cellorweb?Wearenowlivinginaninformationage,inwhichTV,cellsandthewebarewidelyused.Itseemsthatmanypeoplecannotenjoythemselveswiththem.However,ifIhadtogiveuponeofthem,IwouldturnoffTVratherthanswitchoffmycellorcutofftheinternet.IcoulddowithoutTVbecausefewTVshowscantakemyfancyandthere’retoomanycommercials.Besides,mostprogramsonTVarealsoavailableelsewhere.Asforcellsandtheweb,theyaremorenecessarytome.Ineedacelltokeepintouchwithmyfriendsandfamily,andalmostallinformationcanbegatheredontheinternet.11)安徽卷(6)某校英文報社開設(shè)了一個專欄:experience.本期話題是如何解決學(xué)習(xí)中遇到的困難。請你以“myapproachtodifficultiesinlearning”為題,用英語寫一篇短文,談?wù)勛约旱囊恍┳龇?。范文:MyapproachtodifficultiesinlearningAsschoolstudents,werunintoonedifficultyafteranotherintheprocessoflearning.Everyonehastheirownwaystodealwiththem.HereIwouldliketosharemine.WhenIamfacedwithadifficulty,Iusuallychoosetorefertorelevantlearningmaterialsorwebpages.Inthisway,Icannotonlyworkitoutbutalsoimprovemyabilitytoovercomeproblemsallbymyself.However,whenitissomethingbeyondmycompetence,Iturntomyclassmatesorteachersforhelp.SometimesIalsoaskmyparentsforadvice.Asaresult,Ihavemadesteadyprogressinmystudies.

11)湖南卷(7)假設(shè)你參加所在年級的英文寫作比賽,請按下面文字中的道理完成一篇短文:Adropofwater+twodrops+manydrops=seaAtree+twotrees+manytrees=forestOneperson+twopersons+manypersons=society范文:Thepictureshowsasimpletruth:Iftoomanydropsofwaterareputtogether,theywillbecomeasea.Manytreesstandingtogetherformaforestandmanypeoplemakeupasociety.Itconveysamessagetous:Awholeismadeupofmanysmallpartsthatarecloselyrelated.Nothingornoonecouldexistalone.Thepicturesetsusthinkingdeeply:oursocietyismadeupofmanypeoplewhohavedifferentpersonalityandcharacters.Ifwewanttocreateaharmonioussociety,wemustliveinharmonywithothers.Ontheotherhand,sinceeverybodyisrelatedtoothers,weshouldberesponsibleforwhatwesayandwhatwedosothatwecandevelopapleasantrelationshipwithothers,whichmakesitpossibleforustoenjoylifetothefullest.10)湖南卷(8)假設(shè)你和幾位同學(xué)成了一個英語俱樂部,開展了為期2個月的活動?,F(xiàn)在,你將代表俱樂部在課堂上進(jìn)行經(jīng)驗交流,請寫一份英語發(fā)言稿。1.簡要描述俱樂部開展的一項與英語有關(guān)的活動2.談?wù)勀銈冮_展活動的收獲。范文:Boysandgirls,TodayI’lltalkaboutourEnglishclub.OurEnglishclubwassetuptwomonthsago.Nowwehavemembersof25.WemeetonceaweekonSaturdayafternoon.SofarwehaveconductedavarietyofactivitiesonEnglishlearning,suchaswatchingEnglishfilms,holdingaChristmaspartyandgettingtogetherwithforeignstudents.LastweekweheldanEnglishstory-tellingcompetition.WerequiredthattheentriesbeoriginalandinterestingandbepresentedinEnglishwithinfiveminutes.Everymembertookanactivepartintheactivity.TwoforeignEnglishteacherswereinvitedtoactasjudges.AtlastLiPingwonthefirstplace.Manymemberssaidtheactivitybenefitedtheminmanyways.NotonlydiditimprovetheirspokenEnglish,butalsoitbroughtthemmuchfun.Theyhopemanysuchactivitiescanbeheld.That’sall.Thankyou.11)陜西卷(9)假定你是李華,在一位名叫TigerMom的學(xué)生家長的博客上,你看到以下內(nèi)容。請你根據(jù)博客內(nèi)容,寫作要點和要求,給這位家長回復(fù)。I’mthemotherofafourteen-year–old.Ihavearuleformydaughter:beamongthetopof5studentsorgetpunishedinonewayoranother.Shehasbeendoingverywellinschool,butsomeofmyfriendskeeptellingmethatIputtoomuchpressureonher.AmIwrong?寫作要點:1.表明自己的看法2.陳述自己的理由3.提出至少2條建議。范文:Hi,TigerMom,WhatpuzzlesyouisactuallyapuzzleformanyparentsinChina.Myideaisthatitisquiterightforyoutodoso.Althoughhighgradesareanimportantfactorinevaluatingstudentsandfortheirfutureuniversityadmission,developmentinwisdomemotion,healthandlifeattitudeshouldneverbeignored.Therearemanyexamplesaroundus.Someall—Astudentsinschoolhaveturnedoutnottobeassuccessfulinsocietyastheywereexpected.Thereasonisoftenthatthepressurefromtheirparentsallowsthemalmostnotimeforotheractivities.Furthermore,punishmentisbynomeansawisechoicetohelpthemgrowupmentallyandphysically.SoIsuggestthatyoutakeyourfriends’advice.Moreimportantly,letherlivelikealovelygirl;letherhavemorefriendsandsocialactivities;andlethermakemistakesofherownasweteenagersoftendo.09)湖南卷(10)假設(shè)你是某中學(xué)新老師李紅,請給你的朋友張華寫封信,告訴他你第一天上課的情景,主要內(nèi)容如下:1.描述一件課堂上令你印象深刻的事情2.介紹你處理該事的方式3.談?wù)勀愕母邢敕段模篋earzhuanghua,It’sthreemonthssinceIheardfromyoulasttime.NowIwanttotellyouanimpressivestoryhappeningonmyfirstlesson.Onhearingthebellstudentsranintotheclassroomasquicklyastheycould.Butaboy,LIMing,whosefatherdiedamonthago,waslatefortheclass.Hestoodoutsidetheclassroomsilently.Ismiledtohimandlethimcomein.Afterawhile,hecriedonhisdesk.ThenIwalkedtohimandaskedwhathadhappened.Hetoldmethathismotherwasillandhehadtotakesomemedicineforher.Atthesametime,heapologizedtomeforhislateness.Movedbyhiswords,Ipraisedhimforhisdeedsanddecidedtosingasongnamed“mother”forthestudents.Howtimeflies!ClasswasoverbeforeIrealizedit.FromthestoryIfeltweshouldrespectourparentsanddoourbesttohelpthem.Doyouthinkso?I’mlookingforwardtoyourreply.Yourstruly,LiHong10)陜西卷(11)假定你是李華,你們學(xué)校和一所美國學(xué)校簽署了教師交流協(xié)議。在過去的一年里,你們的英語老師是來自這所學(xué)校的SueWood。不久前她返回美國任教。請根據(jù)要求寫封電子郵件。1.對她表達(dá)感謝之意2.介紹她離開后自己和班級發(fā)生的事情3.希望了解她的近況范文:DearSue,I’mLiHua,oneofyourstudentsinChina.It’salmostamonthsinceyouleftus.Weallmissyouandareverygratefulforwhatyoudidforuswhenweweretogether.Wearebusyasusual.WehadanEnglishspeechcontesttheotherday.Iwonthefirstprize!Thisagainremindsmeofallyourkindhelp.Doyoustillrememberthetreesweplantedtogetheronthehillbehindtheschool?Yesterdaywewentthereandwateredthem.Thethreeyouplantedyourselfisgrowingwell,andthewholeclassdecidedtonameitSuewood.WillyoucomebacktoseeSuewood?Howiseverythingwithyoulately?WehopetoknowmoreaboutyouandyourAmericanstudents.Hopetokeepinclosetouch.AllthebestLiuHua09)陜西卷(12)假定你是李華,在一個英文網(wǎng)絡(luò)論壇上,你看到一個名叫Grown-up的中學(xué)生發(fā)帖(post)尋求幫助。請根據(jù)以下內(nèi)容,寫作要點和要求回帖。Grown-upPostat18-5-200920:08Hi,everyone,I’m17yearsoldandIamgoingtouniversitythisautumn.Butmymothercontinuestotreatmeasaseven-year-old.WhatshouldIdo?寫作要點:1.告訴Grown-up要理解母親2.給Grown-up提出解決問題的具體建議范文:Hi,Grown-up,Asastudentofyourage,Iunderstandyoursituation.Theproblemyouarefacingiscommonamongourteenagers.However,itshouldbewisenottodoanythingthatmayhurtyourmother’sfeelings.Hereareafewsuggestions.First,it’sadvisabletotalkmorewithyourmom.Iamsurethattalksmusthelpyouunderstandeachotherbetter.Theyarealsoopportunitiestoletherknowourideasandattitudestowardsmanythings.Second,youshouldlearntodoyourownthingswell,provingtoyourmomthatyouarealreadya“grown-up”,it’sevenbettertosharemoreofthehousework,suchascleaning,washingandcooking.Hopemyideawillworkout.11)江西卷(13)假設(shè)你是星光中學(xué)的李華,將參加主題為“Let’sridebicycles”的英語演講比賽活動。請撰寫一份演講稿,主要內(nèi)容:1.目前汽車帶來的空氣污染和交通堵塞問題2.騎自行車的益處,如節(jié)能環(huán)保,有利健康等3.參考詞匯low-carbonlifeenergysaving范文:Goodmorning,everyone,I’mLiHuafromXingGuangMiddleschool.Thetopicofmyspeechis“Let’sridebicycle”.Asisknowntoall,withtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandards,carshavebecomeapopularmeansoftransport,bringinggreatconveniencetoourlife.However,theyhavealsocausedsomeproblemssuchasairpollutionandtrafficjams.Howcanwesolvetheproblemsthen?AsfarasIamconcerned,ridingbicyclesisagoodsolution.Foronething,bicyclesdon’tneedanypetrolandtheyareenergy–saving.Foranother,bicyclesareenvironmentallyfriendlybecausetheywon’tgiveoffwastegas.What’smore,ridingbicyclesisagoodwayforustoexerciseanditisbeneficialtoourhealth.Therefore,let’staketheresponsibilitytobuildupalow-carboncitybyridingbicycles.Comeonandjoinus!Thankyou!11)天津卷(14)假設(shè)你程光中學(xué)學(xué)生會主席李華。你校將于6月26日接待來自美國的某中學(xué)的訪問團(tuán)。你受學(xué)校委托,負(fù)責(zé)安排其在天津的活動。請根據(jù)提示,給美國的領(lǐng)隊Smith先生寫一封電子郵件,介紹活動安排并簡要說明理由,最后征求對方的意見。1.上午與我校學(xué)生座談(如校園文化,文化差異)2.中午與我校同學(xué)共進(jìn)午餐(餃子,面條等)3.下午和我校學(xué)生游覽海河。范文:DearMr.Smith,IamLihua,chairmanofthestudentunion,fromchenguanghighschool.IamverypleasedtolearnthatyouarecomingtovisitourschoolonJune26.Iamwritingtotellyouwhatwehavearrangedforyou.Inthemorning,therewillbeaforum(專題討論節(jié)目)intheschoolauditorium(禮堂),wherevisitorsandstudentsfromourschoolcommunicatewitheachother,talkingaboutschoollifeandculturaldifferences.Atnoon,youareinvitedtohavelunchinourschoolcafeteria(自助餐廳)withstudentsfromourschool.Youcantastedumplings,noodlesandotherChinesefoods.Intheafternoon,thestudentsinourschoolwillshowyouaroundtheHaiHeriver.Howdoyoulikethearrangements?IhopeyouwillhaveanicetimeinTianjingYourssincerely,LiHuaforum

英[?f?:r?m]

美[?f?r?m]

n.

論壇,討論會,專題討論節(jié)目;集會的公共場所;提供公開討論的媒體;法庭;

auditorium

英[??:d??t?:ri?m]

美[??d??t?ri?m,-?tor-]

n.

觀眾席,聽眾席;禮堂,會堂;

cafeteria

英[?k?f??t??ri?]

美[?k?f??t?ri?]

n.

自助餐廳;

10)天津卷(15)假設(shè)你晨光高中的李華。你校擬選拔一些優(yōu)秀學(xué)生,利用暑假到晨曦希望小學(xué)為學(xué)生輔導(dǎo)英語。你希望參加此活動。請根據(jù)提示寫給校評選組一封申請信:1.對此活動的認(rèn)識(如對本人,學(xué)生和社會的益處)2.個人優(yōu)勢(如性格,獨立生活能力,語言能力等)3.你的計劃(如怎樣輔導(dǎo)等)范文:DearSir/Madam,I’mlihuafromclassone,seniortwo.IamwringtoapplyfortheopportunitytohelpthestudentsinchenxinHopeSchoolwiththeirEnglish.ThustheycanimprovetheirEnglishduringthesummervacation.Meanwhile,Icanlearnhowtogetalongwellthestudentsandbenefitthewholeschool.I’mkind,easy-goingandalwaysreadytohelpothers.Iwashclothesandmakebedsbymyselftodevelopindependence.EnglishismyfavoritesubjectandIhavewonseveralprizesinEnglishcontests.SoIthinkthatIamqualifiedfortheposition.Iplantocommunicatewithstudentsfirsttoknowwhattheyneed.Besides,I‘lltrytogetthemmoreinterestedinEnglishbytellingstories,singingsongs,playinggamesandsoon.I’dappreciateitifyoucouldgivemetheopportunity.YoursSincerely,Lihua09)天津卷(16)假設(shè)你是晨光中學(xué)學(xué)生會主席李華。學(xué)生會將舉辦一年一度的英語演講比賽,本年度的主題為“TheEnglishnovelIlikebest”.作為組織者,你將在演講比賽開幕式時發(fā)言,請根據(jù)以下說明寫一篇發(fā)言稿。1.說明比賽的意義,如提高英語聽說能力,養(yǎng)成讀書習(xí)慣等2.比賽注意事項,如每人演講不超過5分鐘,言語流利,發(fā)言準(zhǔn)確3.預(yù)祝比賽圓滿成功范文:TheEnglishnovelIlikebestGoodafternoon,ladiesandgentlemen,Welcometothisyear’sEnglishspeechcompetition.Thisyear’stopicis“theEnglishnovelIlikebest”.Itisareallyinterestingtopic.TakingpartinthiscompetitionisnotonlyagreatopportunityforyoutoimprovebothyourspokenEnglishandlisteningability,butalsodoesgoodtohelpingyoudevelopagreatreadinghabit.Inthiscontest,thetimeofeveryparticipant’sspeechwillbelimitedwithin5minutes.Everyparticipantisexpectedtospeakfluently,andyourpronunciationshouldbeaspreciseaspossible.IhopeeverybodycanshareyourfavoriteEnglishnovel,showyourspeechtalentandmakefriendswitheachother.Atlast,Isincerelyhopethatthisyear’sEnglishspeechcompetitionwillbeagreatsuccess.Thankyou.11)福建卷(17)為紀(jì)念汶川大地震三周年,某英文報發(fā)起關(guān)注災(zāi)區(qū)新貌的活動。請根據(jù)提示,以“Greatchanges”為題,寫一篇短文應(yīng)征。1.某中學(xué)災(zāi)后三年來的變化,如教學(xué)與活動場所,師生精神面貌等2.發(fā)生變化的原因3.你的感想范文:GreatchangesIamdeeplyimpressedbythegreatchangesthathavetakenplaceintheschooloverthepastthreeyears.OnMay12,2008,asevereearthquakedestroyedalmosteverythingintheschool,leavingbadly-damagedbuildings.Itisnow,however,takingonanewlook.Tallbuildingshavebeensetup,includingclassroomandlaboratorybuildings,andalibrary.Thereisalsoanew-builtstandardplayground.Inthenewenvironment,teachersandstudentsarelivinghappilyandworkinghard.Itisreallyamazingthattheonce-ruinedplacehasnowbeenturnedintoabeautifulschool,fulloflife.Obviously,withoutthehelpofthewholesociety,therewouldbenonewschooltoday.Itisloveandconcernthathavebroughtaboutthegreatchanges.Manyhandsmakelightwork.Wecanworkwondersifyouuniteasafamily,caringforeachotherandhelpingthoseinneed.Unionisstrength.10)福建卷(18)假設(shè)你是李華,福建某中學(xué)高中生,今年暑假將前往澳大利亞參加主題為“waterforlife“的交流活動。請你以參訪代表的身份,寫一篇發(fā)言稿。GlobalwatershortageWhatcanwedo?WaysofreservingwaterTurnseawaterintofreshwater范文:Ladiesandgentlemen,Goodmorning.I‘mlihuafromFujiang,China.It’smygreathonortobeheretosaysomethingabouttheglobalwatershortageandwaysofdealingwithit.Asweallknow,theglobalwatershortageisbecomingincreasinglyseveremainlyduetoglobalwarming,environmentpollutionandtheever-increasingpopulation.Therefore,itishightimewedidsomethingaboutit.Firstly,aneffectiveway,Ithink,istoreservewaterinascientificwayforfutureuse.Secondly,newmethodsneedtobedevelopedtousetheexistingwaterresources,forexample,turningseawaterintofreshwater.Thirdly,wemuststopwaterpollutionbylaw.Lastbutnotleast,it’severyone’sresponsibilitytomakegooduseofwater,suchasrecyclingandsavingwaterinourdailylife.Inconclusion,peoplearoundtheworldshouldbewareoftherealsituationofwatershortage,protectthepresentwaterresourcesandexplorepotentialonesscientifically.That’sall.Thankyou.10)江西卷(19)英語中“please,thankyou,sorry”等禮貌用語等具有怎進(jìn)友誼,改善關(guān)系,化解矛盾的神奇力量,因而被稱為“magicwords”,請用”magicpowerofpolitewords“為題寫一篇短文。范文:magicpowerofpolitewordsMoreandmorepeopleattachgreatimportancetorelationshipincareersuccess.Beingpoliteisthefirstandmostimportantsteptodevelopgoodrelationshipamongfriends.Politewordscanbeeasyyetverypowerfulinyourdailylife.Alwayssayingpleaseandthankyouwillmakeyourfriendsmorecomfortableandmorewillingtoofferhelpwhennecessary.Weallknowthatoneman’ssuccessisbasedonhowhedealswithpeople.Alwaysbegratefultootherpeople’skindnessandshowyourgratitudethroughthewordsyouspeak.Themoresupportyouwinfromotherpeople,thefasteryouwillmovetowardsyourgoal.Althoughsomepeoplemayeasilyignoretheimportanceofbeingpolite,westudentsshouldformgoodhabitsandbehaveingoodmanners.First,learntobefriendlytoyourparentsandrelativesathome.Thenatschool,listenrespectfullywhenyourteachersinstructyou.Followandaccepttheiradvicetoimproveyourself.Youwillmakefurtherprogressifyouexpressyourgratitudeintime.Remember,beingpolitecostsnothingbutit’sworthmillionsofdollars.09)江西卷(20)學(xué)校將舉行以“turningabadmoodintoagoodone“的作文比賽,請按以下要求完成1.發(fā)生的具體事件2.對你的心情有何影響3.你如何應(yīng)對范文:TurningabadmoodintoagoodoneItisveryimportantforustohaveagoodmoodinourdailylife.Ifyouhaveagoodmood,youwillbehappywitheverythingintheworld.Mostimportantly,youwillhaveanoptimisticeffectonthepeoplearoundyou.Weallwillliveaharmoniousandhappylife.Itisgoodforyourhealthaswell.However,sometimeswhenyoumeetsomedifficulties,whenyouquarrelwithothersorwhenyoufailindoingsomething,youmayhaveabadmood.Ifso,youshouldgetridofitassoonaspossible.Asweallknow,everythinghastwosides.Soyoushouldthinkmoreaboutitsbrightside.Wearesurethateverythingwillbebetterwithtimepassingby.Remember:onlyyoucanmakeyourselfhappy.Ihopethateveryonehasagoodmoodeveryday!09)福建卷(21)某報社擬成立“微笑俱樂部”,現(xiàn)向全球征募會員,要求申請者提交一篇題為“Iwanttosmile“的英語短文。請你以申請者的身份,根據(jù)以下思路寫一篇。Advantagesofsmile

Smileatparentsandfriends范文:IwanttosmileTherearemanyadvantagesofsmiling.Itcannotonlymakeushappy,butalsopleaseothers.Ifwesmileatlife,lifewillsmileonusinreturn.SoIwanttosmileatallwheneverandwhereverpossible.First,Iwouldliketosmileatparentsbecausetheyhavegivenmelifeandtakenallthetroubletobringmeup.Theyarrangealmosteverythingforme.Withtheirhelp,Ihavemadegreatprogress.Iwouldliketosay“thankyou”tothemwithasmile.Thenmysmileshouldgotomyself,foronlyinthiswaycanIgainmoreconfidenceinsmilingmytroublesawayandliveabetterlife.Inaword,let’sgreeteverydaywithasmile.Tomorrowisanotherday.11)山東卷(22)假設(shè)你李華,你的美國朋友Tom上個月來北京學(xué)習(xí)。七月份你將去北京參加暑期中學(xué)生英語演講比賽(speechcontest),你在搜集資料,語言運用方面遇到了困難。請根據(jù)要點給Tom寫封email1.詢問Tom的學(xué)習(xí)和生活情況2.談?wù)勀愕睦щy并請他幫忙3.你打算比賽后去看他。范文:DearTom,Howtimeflies!YouhavebeenstudyinginBeijingfornearlyamonth,duringwhichyoumustachievedalot.Well,howiseverythinggoing?Itisreportedthat

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