QC的重要性33課件

Q.C.的重要性：Ch1QualityControl的基本概念

國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈

自銷(xiāo)售中獲取利潤(rùn)以維持企業(yè)命脈

產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)＋工作品質(zhì)＋服務(wù)品質(zhì)1Quality的意義：滿(mǎn)足顧客的要求或適用性（fitnessofuse）。（i）QualityDesignQuality：（設(shè)計(jì)品質(zhì)）設(shè)計(jì)的品質(zhì)是否符合顧客的要求？ConformanceQuality：（製造品質(zhì)）生產(chǎn)方法是否達(dá)到規(guī)格？QualitymeansExcellenceorbothe.g.顧客與裁縫師2（ii）品質(zhì)的特性（qualitycharacteristic）（a）physical－硬度、長(zhǎng)度、電感…等。（b）sensory－味覺(jué)、美感、姿態(tài)…等。（c）timeorientation－可靠度、維護(hù)度…等。3（c）Check（檢核）：

測(cè)定

分析：應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計(jì)方法整理分析測(cè)定結(jié)果判定：判斷分析結(jié)果是否有異常原因（d）Action（措施）—對(duì)執(zhí)行上的偏差採(cǎi)取矯正行動(dòng)

研擬改善對(duì)策

執(zhí)行對(duì)策對(duì)策覆查再標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化APCD54.Q.C.的意義：（i）StatisticalQualityControl（S.Q.C.）

（Acollectionofproductionmethods,managementconceptsandpraticts）在製造的各階段，以製造工程為對(duì)象，從材料購(gòu)進(jìn)至產(chǎn)品的出廠(chǎng)，皆使用統(tǒng)計(jì)方法，使能最經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)出用途最廣，銷(xiāo)路最好的產(chǎn)品?（ii）TotalQualityControl（T.Q.C.）

組織內(nèi)各部門(mén)的品質(zhì)發(fā)展，品質(zhì)維持及品質(zhì)改進(jìn)的各項(xiàng)努力，綜合成一個(gè)有效的體系，使生產(chǎn)的服務(wù)皆能在最經(jīng)濟(jì)的水準(zhǔn)上，使顧客滿(mǎn)意?

Managers→Supervisors→Workers溝通與合作65.Q.C.的演進(jìn)：（1）操作員的Q.C.

→

6.Q.C.的主要工具（Themagnificentseven）（1）Histogram（2）領(lǐng)班的Q.C.

→（3）檢驗(yàn)的Q.C.

→（4）統(tǒng)計(jì)的Q.C.

→（5）全面的Q.C.（2）CheckSheet（3）ParetoChart（4）CauseandEffectdiagram（5）Defectconcentrationdiagram（6）Scatterdiagram（7）ControlChart72.了解lifecycle的cost。

i.e.maintenance→labor→spareparts→fieldfailures3.使qualityengineers及manager能有效的以money的方式來(lái)溝通qualitycost。1.科技發(fā)展，使製造過(guò)程更複雜，亦提高了

qualitycost。傳統(tǒng)上企業(yè)的financialcontrol包括Actualcost與

Budgetedcost。自1950年開(kāi)始,由於下面三個(gè)因素，使得qualitycost亦成為financialcontroltool的一員：9與producing，identifying，avoiding，repairing不良品有關(guān)的cost均稱(chēng)為Qualitycosts.PreventioncostsAppraisalcostsInternalfailurecostsExternalfailurecosts何謂Qualitycosts？

Qualitycosts可分為四大類(lèi)：10QualityplanningandengineeringNewproductsreviewProduct/processdesignProcesscontrol→e.g.ControlchartsBurn-in→PreventearlylifefailureTrainingQualitydataacquisitionandanalysis上一頁(yè)P(yáng)reventioncosts11ScrapReworkRetestFailureanalysisDowntimeYieldlosses（off-specing）Downgrading上一頁(yè)3.Internalfailurecosts13ComplaintadjustmentReturnedproduct/materialWarrantychargesLiabilitycosts義務(wù)Indirectcosts上一頁(yè)4.Externalfailurecosts14假設(shè)在此生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的first-passyield為75%（i.e.只有75%符合規(guī)格，25%不合規(guī)格）且不合規(guī)格的產(chǎn)品僅有60%可再修理成為良品，則若生產(chǎn)單假價(jià)為＄20，修理的單價(jià)為＄4，則Cost/goodpart＝＄20×100＋＄4×1590＝22.89其中分母＝100×0.75＋0.25×0.6×100＝90ProcessInspectionRepairorreworkShipmentScraporwaste加入SPC來(lái)減少productioncost的例子25﹪×60﹪25﹪×40﹪75﹪沒(méi)有SPC的模型15QualityImprovementmeansEliminationofWaste！ProcessShipmentAnalysisOutputImproveInspectwithSPC改進(jìn)品質(zhì)即可提高生產(chǎn)力！17Example：

Monthlyquality-costsinformationforassemblyforPrintedcircuitboards

Insufficientsolder42$37,500.00（52%）Misalignedcomponents2112,000.00Defectivecomponents158,000.00Missingcomponents105,100.00Coldsolderjoints75,000.00Allothercauses54,600.00Totals100$72,200.00TypeofDefectPercentofScrapandTotalDefectsReworkCosts可利用如上之Paretoanalysis來(lái)分析qualitycost的項(xiàng)目及所佔(zhàn)比例。18Example：ProductionprocessinputsandoutputsWhichinputsaffecttheoutputparametery？Whatistherelationshipbetweentheimportantinputsandtheoutputparametery？3.Howcanybeimproved？ProcessUncontrollableinputsZ1Z2Zq???InputRawmaterials,Components,AndsubassembliesControllableinputsX1X2Xp???y＝QualitycharacteristicMeasurementEvaluationControlOutputproduct（e.g.溫度、壓力…）（e.g.環(huán)境因素、原料品質(zhì)…）19當(dāng)確認(rèn)影響生產(chǎn)的主要變數(shù)（x）之後，可利用e.g.regressionanalysis、timeseries等方法來(lái)建立

y（output品質(zhì)特徵）與x之關(guān)係。再以SPC（e.g.controlchart）來(lái)monitor生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，並決定何時(shí)應(yīng)調(diào)整input以保證產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì)，其調(diào)整的量則可由上述建立之regression或timeseries模型決定。21Phasediagramoftheuseofquality-engineeringmethods（inmanufacturingorganization）.隨著時(shí)間增加（亦即工廠(chǎng)的運(yùn)作越上軌道）使用SPC及DesignofExp.的比例增加，而AcceptanceSampling卻減少。22Applicationofquality-Engineeringtechniquesandthesystematicreductionofprocessvariability.品管工程師的主要任務(wù)：

有系統(tǒng)的減少變異性（systematicreductionofvariability）232.Q.C.（QualityControl）cycle：（Japanese）由公司的一個(gè)部門(mén)中的10個(gè)workers及supervisors所自願(yuàn)組成的team（稱(chēng)為ProductivityImprovementTeam）然在西方社會(huì)，成果卻不理想（主因：文化差異）。在日本相當(dāng)成功。此team先參加一個(gè)訓(xùn)練program，了解如何收集、分析資料，並study另一個(gè)成功的Q.C.cycle例子，並合力完成一個(gè)真實(shí)的project。SPC在日本成功的主要原因應(yīng)歸功於二次大戰(zhàn)後，Dr.W.EdwardsDeming引進(jìn)的Q.C.觀(guān)念。25Qualityisamultifacetedentity,havingatleasteightdimensions：PerformanceReliabilityDurabilityServiceabilityAesthetics美學(xué)的FeaturesPerceivedquality認(rèn)知、知覺(jué)Conformancetostandards26UmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQip!s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(