2023年考研英語真題及解析完整版

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iqueｓervicesｔothｅCIA2３．Ｔhephｒａse“mａkingthebiｇgeｓｔｓｐlash”(lｉnｅ1，paｒagrapｈ3)ｍostprobａbｌymｅaｎs.[A]caｕｓingtｈebigｇestｔrouble[Ｂ]exertingｔｈegrｅaｔestｅffｏｒｔ[C]acｈievｉnｇtheｇreatｅstsucceｓs[D]enjoｙｉngthewiｄｅstpopulａｒiｔy24.Itｃanｂelｅarｎｅdfrｏmpａｒａgraph４ｔｈat．[Ａ]straｉtford’sｐredicｔｉｏnaboｕtUkrａｉnｅhasprｏvｅｄtｒuｅ[B]ｓtrａiｔfｏrｄｇuaraｎtｅｅstｈｅtruthfulnｅｓsofitｓinｆoｒmａｔｉoｎ[C]straiｔfoｒd’sbusｉnｅｓsｉsｃhaｒacterizedbyuｎpredicｔabｉliｔy［D]sｔraｉｔfordiｓａbleｔoproviｄeｆaiｒｌyrelｉａbleｉnfoｒｍａt(yī)ion２5.Sｔrａｉtｆorｄismｏstproudofｉts.[A]oｆfｉｃialstatus[B]ｎｏnｃonfｏrmｉstimａge[C]effiｃｉentｓtａｆf[D]miliｔaｒybａｃkgroundTeｘｔ２Toｐaraphｒaｓe18tｈ-ｃenturystatesmanＥdmundBｕrｋe,“allｔhatｉｓneeｄedfoｒｔｈetrｉumｐhｏfamisguｉｄedcａuｓeｉsthaｔｇoodpｅｏpledonotｈｉnｇ.”O(jiān)nesucｈcausｅｎowseekstoendｂiomedicalresearchbecauseofthｅtheoｒytｈａｔaｎiｍalｓhaverightsruｌiｎgｏuttheiruseinrｅｓｅaｒch．Sｃieｎｔistsｎeedtｏｒeｓpondforcｅｆullｙtoaｎｉmａlriｇhtsadvｏｃates,whosearｇumentｓarecｏnfusingthｅpuｂlicandtｈerebythｒｅateｎｉｎgadvaｎｃeｓinhｅalthknoｗｌedgeａndcarｅ.Leadersoftｈeaｎimalrightsmovementtargｅtbiomeｄicalresｅarｃhbｅｃａuseitｄependsonpublicfundｉng,ａnｄfewpeｏｐleundｅｒｓｔandthｅprｏｃeｓｓｏｆｈeａlｔhｃarerｅsｅarch．Ｈearingallegａt(yī)ionsofcrueｌtyｔoanｉmalｓinｒｅsearchsettings,manyａrｅpeｒpｌｅxedｔhatanyonewouｌｄdeliberａt(yī)elyｈａrmanａnimal.Fｏrexａmｐle,ａｇｒanｄmｏtｈerlywomaｎstafｆingａｎaｎimａlrｉgｈtｓboｏｔhaｔaｒeceｎｔstreetｆａirwａsｄistribuｔingａbｒｏchurｅｔｈatencouｒagedｒｅａdeｒsnottouseanｙthｉｎｇthａｔcｏmesfrｏｍｏrｉstｅsteｄinaniｍａls—nｏmeat,nofuｒ,noｍedicｉnes.Askｅdifsheｏpｐosediｍmｕnizatiｏns,shewaｎtedｔｏknｏwifvaccｉneｓcｏｍefromａnｉmalｒeseaｒch．Ｗhenassｕrｅdthattheyｄo,sheｒｅplied,“ThenIwoｕldhavetoｓayyeｓ.”Ａｓkedｗhaｔwiｌlhapｐeｎwｈenepidemｉcｓreturn,shesａid，“Don’ｔworry,scieｎtｉstswillfindｓomｅwayｏfusinｇｃｏmpuｔｅｒs．”Sｕｃhwｅll-meaｎiｎgｐeoplejuｓtdon’tunderstand.Scｉｅnｔｉstsmustcommｕnicatetｈeiｒｍessagetotｈｅｐublicinacｏmpａssionａt(yī)e,undeｒｓtandableway—ｉnhumantｅrms,notｉnthelanguageｏｆmｏlecuｌａｒbｉoloｇy.Weneeｄｔｏmakecleaｒthｅconｎectｉonbｅtweenanｉmalresｅarchａndａgｒandmｏtｈer’sｈiprepｌacement,ａfaｔhｅr’sbypassoｐｅｒaｔｉon,ａbaby’svaｃcｉnａt(yī)ｉｏns，andｅｖenapｅt’ｓshｏtｓ.Totｈoseｗhoａreuｎawaretｈaｔaｎimalｒeｓearchｗasneedeｄtoｐrodｕｃetheseｔreaｔmeｎts,aswellaｓneｗtrｅatmeｎtsanｄvaccｉｎes,ａniｍalｒesearchseemｓwastefulatbeｓｔandcruelatｗorsｔ．Mｕcｈｃanbｅdoｎe．Scientistｓcould“aｄoｐt”middｌescｈooｌｃlａｓsｅsａndｐrｅsenｔｔheｉrownreseaｒch.Theysｈouldbｅquｉcktorｅspondｔoletｔerｓtotheｅditor，lｅstaniｍalrｉｇhtsmisinｆorｍaｔiongouncｈａllenｇedaｎdacｑuｉreadecepｔiｖeａｐpearanｃｅｏftruth.Ｒeｓeａrchinｓtiｔuｔioｎｓｃouldbeopeｎｅdtoｔｏuｒs,toshowｔhatlaboｒａt(yī)oryaｎｉmａlsｒｅcｅiｖeｈｕmaneｃare.Finaｌly,becａusetheｕｌtiｍatesｔakehｏｌｄｅｒsarepatienｔs,tｈehｅaｌｔhｒesｅarｃhcｏmmunｉtyｓhoｕｌｄactｉvｅlyrecruitｔoiｔscausenｏtonlywelｌ－ｋnｏwnpｅｒsonａlitiessｕchasＳtｅｐhenＣｏopeｒ，whohａｓmadecoｕraｇｅouｓｓｔaｔeｍｅnｔｓａbouｔthｅvalueofaｎimaｌreseaｒch,bｕtａｌlwhｏrｅｃｅiveｍｅｄicａltreatｍent.Ifｇｏodpeｏpledonothiｎg,tｈｅreisarealpoｓsiｂilｉtｙthａt(yī)anｕnｉｎformｅｄcitizenrywillextinｇuiｓｈtｈeprecｉousembｅrsofmedｉｃａlprｏgreｓs．2６.TheauｔhorbegiｎshisaｒticleｗｉtｈEdmunｄＢurke’sｗorｄsｔo．[A]cａlloｎscienｔistｓtotakesomｅactions[Ｂ]critｉcizｅthｅmｉｓguiｄｅdｃａｕｓeoｆａnimａlriｇｈｔs[Ｃ]waｒnofthedoomｏfbｉｏｍeｄicaｌｒeseａrch[D]showthetrｉｕmphofｔｈeanimalrｉgｈtsmovｅｍenｔ27．Misleｄpeopleｔenｄtothｉnktｈatｕsingａnａｎimalｉｎreｓearchiｓ.［A]ｃｒuelbuｔnａt(yī)ural[B］inhumanａnｄunacceｐtaｂlｅ［C]ｉｎeｖitablebｕtvicioｕs［D]pointlｅssａndwａsteｆul2８.Theexamplｅofthegｒandmotherlywomanisusｅdtoｓhowthepｕblic’s.[Ａ]discｏntentwｉtｈaniｍａlrｅsearｃｈ[B］ignorａnｃeａbｏutmｅdｉcalｓｃience[Ｃ]iｎｄiffｅrｅnｃetoｅpidemics［D]anｘietyａboutanimalriｇhｔｓ29.Theauthorｂelievesｔhat,ｉnｆacｅｏftheｃhallｅngefromａｎimalrigｈｔsadｖocatｅs,scientiｓtsshould．[A]communicatemｏrewiｔhthｅｐuｂlic[B]emｐloyhi-ｔｅchmeａｎsinreseaｒｃh[C]feelnosｈａｍefｏｒtheiｒcａｕse[D]strｉvetｏdeveloｐｎｅｗｃureｓ3０．ＦｒomthetｅxtweｌeaｒnthatSteｐｈｅnCooｐeris．[A]awell-knowｎhumanisｔ[B］aｍｅdicａlprａｃtitｉoneｒ[C］anenｔhuｓｉaｓtinaniｍalrｉgｈtｓ[D]aｓuppｏrterofaｎimalｒesearｃhText3Inrecｅnｔyears,ｒａilｒoadｓhavebeencｏｍbiｎｉngwitｈeacｈothｅr,meｒginｇｉntｏsuｐersyｓｔｅms,cauｓｉngｈeighｔenedcoｎceｒnsaｂoutｍonopoly．Ａsrｅceｎｔlｙas199５,theｔｏｐfourｒaｉlｒoadsacｃountedfoｒunｄeｒ70ｐercentofthｅtotalｔon-ｍｉlesmovedｂyraｉlｓ.Neｘtｙear,ａfteraseriｅsofmergｅrsiscompｌeｔed，jｕstfourrａilroａdswiｌlcoｎｔrolｗeｌloｖｅr90percｅntoｆallthｅfreiｇhtmovedｂｙmａｊｏrrａｉlcarｒiers.Suｐpｏrｔerｓofｔheｎeｗsuｐerｓystemｓarｇｕethatｔhesemergerswillallowforsuｂstａnｔiａlcoｓtreduｃtｉonsandbetｔeｒcoordinatｅｄｓerｖice．Aｎythｒeatofmｏnopoly,tｈeyargue,isｒemoveｄbyfiercecomｐetiｔionfromtｒucks．Butmanyｓhiｐpersｃomplainｔhaｔｆorhｅａvybulｋcommodiｔｉeｓｔｒaｖｅlinｇlongｄistanceｓ,sucｈａscｏal,cｈemicals,andgrａin,ｔrｕckingisｔoocｏstlyandtｈerailｒｏadsｔherｅforeｈaveｔhembｙthethroａt(yī).Ｔhevastconsolidaｔiｏnwithintｈerailinｄｕstryｍeａnｓｔｈatmostshｉｐperｓareserveｄbyonlyｏnｅｒailcompanｙ.Railrｏadｓtｙpicａｌｌychargesuｃh“ｃａｐtive”ｓhipｐｅrs20ｔo3０ｐeｒcenｔmorｅtｈanthｅydowhenａｎotheｒｒaｉｌrｏaｄisｃｏｍpetingｆorthebusｉness.Sｈｉpperｓwｈｏfeeｌｔhｅyarebeiｎｇｏverchａｒgｅdｈavetherighｔtｏappealtothefｅｄｅｒalgoveｒnment'sSuｒfaceＴraｎsporｔatioｎＢoardfｏｒratｅｒelieｆ，bｕtthｅprocessisexｐensive,timeconｓuｍｉｎg,anｄ

wiｌlwｏrkonlyｉｎｔrulyextremeｃasｅs.Raｉｌｒoａdｓjｕsｔifyratediscrｉminａt(yī)ionagａiｎstｃaptivesｈｉppersontｈｅgroｕndsthａt(yī)inthelongrunitｒedｕceseｖeｒｙone＇scoｓｔ．Iｆｒailroａdｓｃhargedａllcustｏmersｔｈesａｍeaｖｅrａgerate,theyarguｅ,ｓｈippｅrswｈohavethｅopｔiｏｎofsｗiｔchingtｏtruｃｋsorotherfｏrmsoftranspｏrtationｗｏuldｄoso,lｅavingreｍaｉniｎｇcustｏmerｓtoshoulｄerthecｏｓtｏfkeｅpinguｐtｈｅline.It'stheｏrytowhichｍanｙeconomiｓｔｓｓubscribe,butiｎpracticeｉtoftenleaｖesrailrｏadsintheｐosｉtionofｄｅtermininｇwhichcompanieｓwillｆlｏurｉshanｄwhｉｃhwiｌｌfaｉl.“Dｏwｅreallywantrailroａｄstobeｔheaｒbitersofwhowinsａｎｄwhoｌoseｓintｈｅmａrｋｅtplace?”asｋsＭａrｔinBercovｉci,aWａsｈingｔｏｎlawｙｅrｗｈofｒeｑuentlyrｅpｒesenｔsｓhipper．Maｎycaptｉｖeshippersａlsoworｒyｔhｅywiｌlsoｏnbehitｗitharouｎdoｆhugeratｅｉncreases.Therailｒoaｄinｄustｒｙasａwhｏle,deｓｐiｔeｉtsbrｉghｔeninｇｆorｔｕｎinｇfortunes,ｓtｉlldoｅsnoｔｅａrnｅｎougｈtocoveｒthｅcostoftｈecａpｉtaｌｉｔmustinvesｔtokeｅｐupwｉｔｈitssｕrｇｉngtｒａffic.Yeｔrailｒｏadscontｉnueｔｏｂorroｗbilｌionstoacquireｏneanothｅｒ,witｈWaｌlStreｅtcｈeeringｔhemon.Considerthe$1０.2billioｎｂidｂyNorfolkSouthｅrnａnｄCSXtoacquｉｒeCｏｎrailthisyear.Conrail'ｓnｅtrailwａｙopｅraｔingｉncomｅin19９6wasjust$４27mｉｌlion,ｌessｔｈａnｈａlfoｆthecａrryingｃosｔｓoftｈeｔraｎsａcｔioｎ.Who'sgｏingtopayfｏrｔheｒesｔoftｈeｂill?Maｎycａpｔiｖeｓhｉpｐersfearthattｈeｙｗill，asＮoｒfolkＳouthernａndＣＳXincreａseｔheiｒｇｒipoｎthｅmarket．31．Accordinｇtoｔhoseｗhｏｓupportmerｇｅｒs,railwaymoｎoｐolyｉsuｎｌikｅｌybecaｕsｅ.［A]ｃostrｅｄuctioｎiｓbasedoncｏｍpetiｔion．[B］ｓervｉcescallfoｒcｒosｓ－traｄeｃｏordiｎatiｏn．［C]ｏuｔｓidecompetitoｒswiｌlｃontinuｅtｏeｘｉsｔ.[Ｄ］sｈipperswillhavｅtｈeｒaiｌｗaｙbythｅthroat.3２.Wｈatismａnycａptｉveshiｐpers'atｔiｔｕdｅtoｗａrｄsｔhecoｎｓolidatiｏｎintherailindustｒy？［A］Indiｆferent.[B]Ｓｕppoｒtive.［C］Ｉndiｇnaｎt.[D］Ａppreｈenｓive.３3.Ｉtcanbeinｆerredfrｏｍｐａｒagraph3tｈaｔ.[A]shiｐperswiｌlbechargｅdlesswiｔｈoutarｉvaｌrailrｏａd.[Ｂ]therｅwillsoｏnｂeonlｙonｅraｉlroａdcｏmｐanynａt(yī)ionwidｅ.[C]overｃｈａrｇｅｄｓhippersarｅｕｎlikelyｔoapｐｅalｆorｒaterelieｆ.[Ｄ]aｇoｖernmeｎtboaｒdensuresfａｉｒplayｉnｒaｉlwaｙbｕsiness．３4．Ｔｈewｏrd“arbiters”(lｉｎe7,paｒａｇｒaph４)mｏｓtprobabｌyrｅfｅｒstothose．［Ａ］whｏworｋaｓcooｒdinatoｒs.[B]wｈｏfunctｉonasｊuｄgeｓ.［C］wｈosuｐｅrvisｅtrａｎsactions.［D］ｗhｏｄeｔerminethepriｃe.35.Accordinｇｔoｔhetext，theｃｏsｔincreaｓｅintherailinduｓtryｉｓｍaiｎｌｙcausedby．[Ａ］tｈecontiｎuingacｑｕisition.[B］tｈegrowiｎｇtｒaffic.[C]thｅcheerinｇWalｌStrｅｅt.［Ｄ］thｅshrｉｎkｉngmarket.Text4ItissaidｔhatｉｎＥngｌａｎddeathiｓprｅｓsｉng,inＣanadａｉneｖitａbleandinCａｌiｆorniaｏｐtioｎａl.Sｍallwonder．Ameｒicaｎs’lｉfeexpeｃtａncｙhasnearｌydｏuｂledoverｔhepastｃenｔurｙ.Failｉnｇhiｐｓcanｂerepｌaced,ｃｌinｉcaldｅpresｓioncｏnｔｒolled,caｔａｒactsremovedｉｎa30－minutｅsuｒgicalｐrocｅｄurｅ.Sｕchadvanceｓofferｔheａｇingpopuｌatiｏnａqualityoflifｅｔhａt(yī)waｓunimaginablｅｗｈenIeｎtｅredmeｄｉｃinｅ50yearsago．Butnoｔeｖｅｎagreathealth－cａresｙstｅｍcancuredeaｔh—anｄouｒｆａilｕretoｃonｆｒｏｎtthａt(yī)ｒealitynowthreatenstｈiｓgreatnessofｏurs.Deathｉｓnormａl;ｗearegeneticａｌlypｒoｇrａmmedｔodiｓintegrateanｄｐｅｒish，evenunderidｅalcoｎdｉtioｎs．Weallｕnｄｅrｓtaｎdｔhatatsoｍelevel,yetasｍedicaｌconsｕｍerswｅtｒｅａt(yī)deaｔｈａsaｐｒoｂlemｔobesｏlvｅｄ.Shiｅｌdeｄbythiｒｄ－paｒtypayeｒsfromｔhecostofourｃare,wedｅｍaｎdeverythingthaｔｃanpｏsｓiｂlybedonefｏrus,evenifiｔ’sｕｓeｌess.Thｅmｏstoｂｖiｏusexamｐleiｓlate-staｇecaｎcerｃare．Phｙsiｃians—frusｔrａt(yī)edbytｈｅirinabilitｙtｏcurethｅdiseaｓｅandfearingｌoｓsofhopeinthepaｔient—tｏoofteｎoｆfｅrａggrｅｓsｉｖetreatmentfarｂeyｏndｗｈatｉsｓciｅnｔificalｌyjustified.Ｉn19５0,thｅUSspenｔ$12．7biｌliononhealthcａｒe.Iｎ2023,thecｏｓtwiｌｌbe＄1,540bｉlliｏn.Anyonecanseｅthistｒenｄisunsustainabｌe.Yetfewseeｍｗilｌingｔｏtｒytoｒeverｓeit.Ｓomｅscｈoｌaｒsconcluｄｅthaｔａgoverｎmeｎtｗiｔhｆiniteｒesourｃesshouldsｉmｐlysｔopｐａｙingｆｏrｍｅdicalcａrethatｓustainslｉｆebｅyｏnｄacｅrtaｉnａｇe—ｓａy83orso．FormerColｏradｏgovernorRichaｒdLaｍｍhａsbｅenquoｔedasｓayinｇthａｔｔheolｄandiｎfｉrm“haveadutyｔodieandgｅtoutoｆthewaｙ”，sｏthａt(yī)yoｕnger,hｅalｔhierｐeｏplecaｎｒealｉzetheirｐoteｎtｉal.Ｉwoulｄnｏtgｏthaｔfar．Eｎergｅticpeoplenoｗｒoutineｌyworkｔhroughｔhｅｉr60sanｄbｅyｏnd,anｄｒemａindazzliｎglyｐrｏducｔivｅ.Ａt７8，VｉacoｍcｈａiｒmanＳumｎerRｅdstｏnｅjｏkｉnglycｌaiｍsｔobｅ５3.SupreｍｅCouｒtJusｔiｃeSaｎdｒaDayＯ’Cｏnnｏrisinｈer70s,ａｎdｆormersurgeonｇenｅｒalC.EｖerｅｔtKoopchairｓanInterneｔｓｔart-uｐinｈｉs８0ｓ．Theselｅaｄersａrelivｉngｐrｏｏfthatpreｖｅｎtionworksandｔhａt(yī)ｗeｃａnmaｎagｅtheheａlthｐｒoblemsthatｃoｍｅnatｕrallyｗｉtｈａge.Asａｍerｅ68-yeａｒ－old,Iwishtoａｇeasｐｒoｄｕctivelyastｈeyhａve.Ｙｅtthereａreｌimiｔstowｈatasoｃietycanspｅndinthｉspursuｉt．Asaphｙsicｉan,Iｋnoｗtｈeｍosｔcostlyanｄｄramaticｍeasuｒeｓｍayｂeineｆfectivｅanｄpaｉnfuｌ．IalsoｋnowthatpeｏpleｉnJapaｎａndSweｄen,ｃｏuntrｉestｈatｓpenｄfarｌessonｍedicalcare，havｅａchｉevedloｎgeｒ,ｈｅaｌtｈierｌivesthanweｈaｖe.Ａsanatiｏn,ｗeｍａybeoｖerfuｎdｉｎgｔhｅqueｓtｆoruｎｌikｅlycurｅｓｗｈileunderfｕndingrｅsｅarchｏnhｕmblｅrtherａpiesthatcoｕldimprovｅpeopｌe’slives.36.Whatiｓimpliｅdｉnthefiｒstseｎtenｃe?[Ａ]Ａｍerｉcanｓａｒeｂetterｐreparedfordｅatｈtｈanotｈerpeoｐlｅ.[Ｂ］Ａｍｅrｉcaｎsｅｎｊｏyaｈigｈｅrｌifequaｌitythaｎeverbｅｆｏre.[C］Ａmｅｒicanｓareover-coｎfidｅntｏfｔhｅirmedｉcaｌtechnologｙ.[D]Ａmericanstakｅａvaiｎprｉｄeｉnｔheirlｏnglｉfｅexpecｔanｃｙ.３７．Theautｈorusesｔheｅxａmplｅｏfｃaｎerpatientsｔoｓｈowthａt(yī).[A]mediｃalresouｒｃeｓａｒｅoｆtｅnwasted［B］doctorsareheｌplessａgaｉnstfataldiｓeases[C]sometreatｍentsａretoｏaggｒessive[Ｄ]mｅｄicalcosｔｓａｒebｅｃｏmiｎgunａfｆordaｂle3８.Thｅａuthor’satｔｉtｕdetoｗardRiｃhardＬamm’ｓreｍarkｉｓoneｏf.［Ａ]sｔrｏngdｉsａpproval[Ｂ]resｅrvedconｓｅnt[C]sligｈtconｔｅmpt[D]entｈusiaｓticsuppｏrｔ39.InconｔｒastotｈeUS，JapanａｎｄSwedenarefundiｎgtheirmediｃalｃare．[A]ｍoreflｅxｉbly［B]moｒeextrａvａgantlｙ［C]mｏrｅｃaｕtiｏuｓly［Ｄ]morereａsoｎaｂｌｙ40.Theｔexｔiｎteｎdｓｔoexpｒｅｓsｔｈｅｉdeatｈat．［A］ｍediｃineｗilｌｆurtｈerprolｏngpeople’ｓliｖes［B]lifｅbeｙondaｃertaiｎlimitisnｏｔworthlivｉnｇ[C]deathｓhoulｄbeaccｅｐtｅｄaｓafactoflife［Ｄ]exceｓｓivedeｍaｎdsｉncｒeａｓｅtｈｅcosｔoｆhealthcａrePaｒｔBDｉreｃｔions:ReａdtｈeｆoｌｌowingｔextcareｆuｌlyandthenｔranｓｌaｔｅtheｕnｄｅrｌinｅdsegmentsinｔoChinese．YourtrａnslatioｎshouldｂewriｔｔｅncleａｒlｙonAＮSＷＥRSHＥET2.(10points）Ｈumanｂeiｎgｓiｎａllｔimesandplaceｓthｉnkabouttheiｒworｌdandwondeｒａｔｔheiｒｐlaｃeiniｔ．Ｈumansaretｈoughtfuｌandｃrｅativｅ,posｓessedofinsａｔiablecuriosity.(4１)Fｕrtｈermore,humaｎshaveｔhｅabiliｔｙtomoｄiｆytheenvirｏnmenｔinwhicｈｔheylive,tｈｕsｓubjｅctｉngallotheｒlifｅformstotheiｒｏwnpecuｌiarｉdeasaｎdfaｎcies.Theｒefore，iｔisimportａnttostudyhumａｎsｉｎalltheiｒrichnesｓanddiveｒsitｙinacalmanｄsｙstｅmaticmanｎｅr,ｗitｈｔｈehopｅｔｈattheknoｗledgｅｒｅsulｔiｎｇfromsuchｓtudiｅscanleaｄｈumａｎstoaｍorehaｒmoniouswayoｆlivｉngｗithｔheｍselvesandwithalｌoｔherlifeformｓonthisｐｌanｅtEarth.“Anｔhropoloｇy”deｒivesfromtheＧrｅekworｄｓanthrｏpos“human”aｎdloｇos“theｓtudｙｏf．”Byitsverynａme,aｎthropｏｌｏｇyencomｐassｅsthｅstｕdｙｏfallhuｍankiｎd.Anｔｈrｏpoｌｏgyisｏnｅoｆthｅsｏcialsciｅncｅｓ.(42)Socｉaｌscienｃeisthaｔbrancｈofinｔｅllectｕalenquｉrywhiｃhseekstosｔuｄｙhumａnsａnｄtｈeirｅnｄｅavoｒsinｔｈesａmｅreasoned,orderly,systeｍaｔic,anddispaｓsioｎeｄｍａｎnｅｒｔhａt(yī)naturａｌscieｎtiｓtｓusefortheｓｔudyofｎaturalpheｎomｅｎa．Ｓocialｓciｅncedisciplineｓincludｅgｅｏｇraphｙ,econｏmiｃs,politｉcaｌ，science,psyｃholｏgy,ａndsoｃiｏlｏgy.Eacｈofthesｅsociaｌsciｅｎcｅshasasubfieｌｄｏrspeciaｌizatioｎｗｈichliespａｒtｉcuｌａｒlycｌoseｔoaｎthrｏpoｌogy．Alｌtｈesocｉａlscienceｓfｏcｕsuponthesｔudyoｆhumanｉtｙ.Antｈropoｌｏgyiｓａｆiｅld－ｓtudｙorientｅddisｃｉｐliｎewhichmaｋesexｔeｎsiｖeuｓeofthecoｍpａｒativemethoｄｉnanａlｙsis．（４3)Tｈeｅmpｈaｓisｏｎdaｔagaｔheredfirst－h(huán)aｎd,combinedｗithaｃross-culｔｕralperspectivebroughttoｔｈeanalｙsｉsofculｔｕresｐａstandprｅsent,maｋestｈissｔudyaunｉqueanｄdisｔｉnｃtlyiｍporｔaｎtsociａｌsｃience.Ａｎthｒoｐｏloｇｉcalanaｌyｓesｒｅstheａｖiｌyuｐoｎtｈecｏnceptofcuｌtuｒe.SirＥdwardＴyｌor’sｆormuｌａt(yī)ｉｏnofthecoｎcｅptofculｔｕrｅwasoｎｅofthegreａt(yī)inｔellectuａｌacｈｉevementsof19thcenturyscieｎcｅ.（4４）Tylordefinｅdcultureａs“…ｔhatcｏｍplexwhｏlewｈichincludｅsｂelｉｅf,arｔ,morals,laｗ,cusｔoｍ,andａnｙotherｃapaｂilｉtiesandhａｂitsaｃquiｒeｄbymaｎａsamemｂｅrofsociｅty.”Thisｉnsigｈt，ｓoprofｏｕndinｉtssimpｌiｃity,ｏpeｎeｄｕpａneｎtiｒeｌｙnewｗayｏfpｅrceｉｖingandunderstaｎｄiｎghｕmanlife.ＩｍplicｉtwitｈｉｎＴylor’sdefｉniｔｉｏnｉsthｅconceｐttｈatcｕltureｉslearned．ｓhaｒeｄ,andpatterneｄbeｈavioｒ.（45）Thus,ｔheaｎthropoｌｏgicaｌｃｏncｅptof“culｔure,”ｌikｅthｅｃoncｅptof“sｅt”iｎmａt(yī)hｅｍａt(yī)ｉｃs,ｉsaｎabsｔrａcｔcoｎｃeptwｈiｃｈmａｋesposｓibleiｍｍensｅamountｓoｆconcretereseａrchａnｄｕｎderｓtandinｇ.SectioｎI(lǐng)IIWritinｇ４6.Dｉreｃtions：Stｕdythefoｌlｏwｉnｇseｔofdrａwingscaｒeｆullyaｎdｗrｉteａnesｓayｅntｉｔledinｗhichｙoｕshｏuld1)ｄescriｂeｔｈesetｏfｄrawｉngs,ｉnｔerpｒetiｔsmeanｉnｇ,ａnd２)poinｔouｔｉtsimｐlｉcａt(yī)ｉonsｉnourlｉｆe.Ｙoushouldwriｔｅabｏut200woｒｄｓneａt(yī)ｌyｏｎＡＮSWEＲSHEET2.(20poｉｎtｓ）第一部分英語知識運(yùn)用試題解析一、文章總體分析文章重要論述了教師們應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)注青少年在成長時期所經(jīng)歷的情感、心智和生理上的變化,并采用方法幫助他們適應(yīng)這些變化,健康成長。第一段第一、二句是主題句，點(diǎn)明文章主題。從第三句開始介紹了青少年的各種變化，如:自我意識很強(qiáng),需要從成功中獲得自信等。接下來是對老師的建議:設(shè)計有更多優(yōu)勝者的活動,組織各種小型俱樂部,讓成年人在幕后支持。第二段特別強(qiáng)調(diào)教師在設(shè)計活動時要注意保持其多樣性，以適應(yīng)青少年注意力連續(xù)時間短的特點(diǎn)。此外，成年人要幫助學(xué)生在活動中培養(yǎng)責(zé)任感。二、試題具體解析1．[Ａ］（give）ｔhougｈt(ｔo)想過,思考[B](giｖｅｓb.an/ｓoｍe）idea（ｏf）使了解……的情況[C]（havｅagoｏd／baｄ)opｉnion(ｏf）對……印象很好[D](givｅ)aｄｖice（ｔｏ）提建議[答案］A[解析]本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:平行句子結(jié)構(gòu)+固定搭配。一方面,從文章結(jié)構(gòu)上看，第一段的第一、二句是平行的并列句：Teaｃhersｎeedtｏbeaｗareof(教師應(yīng)當(dāng)注意)和Aｎdtｈｅyalsonｅｅｄtｏgiveｓeriouｓ1ｔｏ(同時他們須認(rèn)真……)。注意第二句中的兩個they分別指代了第一句中的teａchｅｒs和youngaｄults,第二句中的ｇivｅsｅｒious1to與第一句中的ｂeaｗareof（知道,意識到）也應(yīng)在意義上相呼應(yīng)。另一方面,考生需要判斷四個選項(xiàng)中哪一個能與ｇive..．ｔｏ構(gòu)成短語。ｉdea這個詞詞義很豐富，涉及“想法、意思、概念、思想、意識、打算、建議”等，但通常與介詞ｏｆ而不是to連用；oｐinion意為“意見；見解”,一般不與give搭配；advice（建議)雖然可與ｇivｅ及ｔｏ搭配，但介詞to后應(yīng)接人，即建議的接受者，假如要表達(dá)“提出…方面的建議”，應(yīng)當(dāng)用“giveaｄｖiｃeonstｈ．”。只有g(shù)ivethｏuｇｈttｏ是一個固定搭配,其中的thｏｕｇht不能替換為別的詞匯,它放入句中表達(dá)“同時他們也應(yīng)當(dāng)對這些年輕人如何最佳地２這些變化加以思考”。例句補(bǔ)充：Igａｖemuｃhthouｇhtｔowｈaｔhesaidyesterｄay.(我對他昨天說的那番話做了許多思考）；ThｅbookgiｖesｙｏｕagoodiｄeaoflifｅiｎａｎcientGreece.(這本書能讓你對古希臘的生活有一些了解)；Everyoｎehasapoｏropinionofacowarｄ．（每個人對懦夫的印象都不好);NｏｗIwanttogiveyouｓｏmｅadvice.(現(xiàn)在我想給你提些建議)。２.［Ａ]strｅngtｈen加強(qiáng),鞏固[B]accommodate適應(yīng),調(diào)節(jié)［C]sｔimuｌate刺激,激勵[Ｄ]enｈance提高,增強(qiáng)[答案]B[解析］本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:動賓搭配。本題規(guī)定考生判斷哪個動詞可以與sｕｃｈｃhangｅs構(gòu)成動賓搭配。suｃhcｈanｇes在這里指的是第一句提到的tｈeemotiｏｎal,intellｅctuaｌ，anｄphyｓｉｃaｌchａngeｓ。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，空格所在部分是由hｏw連接一個句子做givｅｔhoughtｔo的介詞賓語。句子中thｅy指代的是yｏungadults(年輕人）。從語意上看，考生關(guān)鍵要判斷“年輕人”對他們“情感、心智和生理上的變化”做什么動作,四個選項(xiàng)中ａccomｍｏdａt(yī)e表達(dá)的含義最恰當(dāng),即“適應(yīng)變化”。整個句子的含義是“教師也需要認(rèn)真考慮年輕人如何最佳地適應(yīng)這些（情感、心智和生理上的）變化”。常與chａnge搭配的動詞請參見2023年第1３題。知識點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充：accomｍodate表達(dá)“適應(yīng)”時,還常用accｏmｍｏdatｅonesｅlftosth.結(jié)構(gòu)，例句:Hｅhasｔoａccｏmmodateｈｉmselftｏchａｎgedｓiｔuation.（他不得不適應(yīng)變化了的形勢)。3．[A]cａre關(guān)心，照顧[B]nｕtriｔioｎ營養(yǎng)[C]exeｒｃise練習(xí),鍛煉[Ｄ]lｅisure空閑，安逸[答案］C[解析］本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：上下文語意+名詞詞義辨析。文中相關(guān)部分是“成長的身體需要運(yùn)動和＿_(dá)3_＿,但不僅僅是在強(qiáng)調(diào)競賽的方面需要這些”。因此考生需要判斷空格處應(yīng)填入什么名詞，與movement并列做need的賓語。一方面，考生判斷四個選項(xiàng)中哪一個是身體成長時所需要的(除運(yùn)動以外的）另同樣?xùn)|西。從某種意義上說,選項(xiàng)中所提到的四種東西都是需要的，但是下文對這里所需要的東西進(jìn)行了限定,即,和moｖｅment同樣都可以通過競賽的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)。這樣只有exercｉｓe合適,它與cｏmpｅｔiｔion屬于同一語義范疇，并可以用于競賽。4.［A]If(表?xiàng)l件)[B]Ａlthough（表轉(zhuǎn)折）[C]Whｅreas然而,反之,但是,(表轉(zhuǎn)折）[D］Ｂecａuse(表因果)［答案]D[解析]本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:邏輯關(guān)系。空格所在長句中包含了兩個由逗號隔開的分句：__4__tｈeyarｅadｊustiｎｇｔｏ…,teenagersａrｅespecｉalｌyselｆ－conｓcｉous。兩個分句有共同的主語,前一句中的tｈey就指代下一句中的teｅｎagers?？忌枰袛噙@兩個分句之間是什么邏輯關(guān)系。從語意上看,前一分句意為“青少年正在適應(yīng)新的身體狀況、心智和情感方面的諸多挑戰(zhàn)”，下一分句意為“他們的自我意識很強(qiáng)”，顯然這之間不是條件或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,而是一個因果關(guān)系,即“由于適應(yīng)變化，所以自我意識強(qiáng)烈”。因此bｅｃａuｓe最為恰當(dāng)。知識點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:aｈｏstｏf表達(dá)“一大群，好些”,常接可數(shù)名詞，例句：Ihaveahosｔoftｈingstodotoｄay．(我今天有一大堆事情要做)。5.［A]ａssiｓtancｅ幫助,協(xié)助［B］gｕｉdaｎce引導(dǎo),指導(dǎo)[C]ｃｏnfidenｃｅ信心[D］toleraｎce容忍[答案]Ｃ[解析］本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：上下文語義＋名詞詞義辨析。文中相關(guān)部分是：（teenagers)ｎeedthe５ｔhａt(yī)cｏmesfromacｈiｅvingsucceｓs(青少年需要由獲得成功而得到的……),其中tｈat引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾空格處的名詞。因此考生只需要判斷四個選項(xiàng)中哪同樣?xùn)|西可以從成功中得到。一般來講,獲得成功后，我們經(jīng)常得到的是confiｄｅnｃe(信心）。6．[A］claiｍｅd(根據(jù)權(quán)利）規(guī)定，索取，主張[B］admiｒed羨慕,贊美［C］igｎoｒｅd忽視[D]ｓｕrpassed超越[答案]B［解析］本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：常識+動詞詞義辨析。本題的考點(diǎn)與上題有重合的地方。文中相關(guān)部分是:(teenageｒs)ｎｅｅdtｈｅconfidenｃethａt(yī)cｏｍesfromachiｅviｎgsuｃcesｓaｎdknoｗｉngｔhatｔheirａccompｌishｍentsare6bｙotheｒs（青少年需要自信，自信來自成功，也來自知道他們的成績受到別人的……）。一方面，考生要注意分析其中定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：句中主語是that指代的先行詞conｆｉdencｅ,謂語是coｍｅsfroｍ，賓語是兩個動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)achｉｅviｎgｓｕcｃesｓ和knoｗinｇthaｔ…。因此考生關(guān)鍵要判斷青少年的自信來自于知道他們的成績(accompｌisｈｍeｎts)受到別人的什么。根據(jù)常識，只有當(dāng)自己的成績受到別人羨慕時，人們才會產(chǎn)生信心。顯然只有admirｅd符合文意。知識點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:accomplishment的構(gòu)詞法是：aｃcompｌisｈ(完畢）＋-menｔ(名詞后綴表行為）,類似的詞尚有aｃｈieｖement,ｄeveｌopｍenｔ，ｅstａblｉshｍeｎt,fuｌfiｌlｍｅnｔ等。７.[A]improｐer不恰當(dāng)?shù)模跙]riｓｋy危險的[C］fａir公平的，美麗的[D]wise明智的[答案]Ｄ[解析]本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+形容詞詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渥拥木湫徒Y(jié)構(gòu)是somuchcompｅtitiontｈat…，句意為“青少年典型的生活中已經(jīng)充滿了這么多的競爭,以至于策劃勝者多敗者少的活動將是＿_(dá)7＿＿的”?？忌枰袛嘣诔錆M競爭的青少年生活中，設(shè)計一些不那么具有競爭性的活動是如何的。由于上文一再強(qiáng)調(diào),青少年需要成功和信心，因此這里應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個表達(dá)肯定態(tài)度的詞，來肯定這種勝者多敗者少的活動,這樣就可以一方面排除ｉmproper和rｉｓkｙ。在剩下的fair和wｉse中,后者更符合句意，由于這里的問題不是公平與否，而是是否明智。讓更多青少年在活動中通過取勝來獲得信心是明智的做法，是適合他們成長需要的。8.[A]ｉneffect事實(shí)上［B]ａsaresult結(jié)果,(表因果關(guān)系)[C]ｆoｒexample例如,(表例證關(guān)系)[D]inaｓense在某種意義上[答案]C[解析］本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袂拔氖莟ｏpｌanaｃtivitiesiｎｗhichthereaｒｅｍｏrewiｎnerｓthanlｏsers（策劃一些勝者多敗者少的活動），后文是ｐublishingneｗsｌｅtｔerswiｔhｍanystudentwrｉｔｔenbｏokｒeviｅws（出版刊有許多學(xué)生撰寫書評的通訊)。本題規(guī)定考生判斷兩部分之間是什么邏輯關(guān)系。從語意上看,前文是泛指一些活動(aｃｔivｉｔiｅs)，后文是具體的活動（ｐｕbｌishinｇnｅwsletters）,因此兩者之間是綜述和例證的邏輯關(guān)系，“發(fā)表學(xué)生寫的書評”是“勝者多敗者少的活動”的例子?？梢员磉_(dá)例證邏輯關(guān)系的只有foｒexaｍple。9．[Ａ]displａying展示［B］ｄescribinｇ描寫[C]creａt(yī)ｉng發(fā)明[D]eｘchanｇing互換［答案]A[解析]本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:上下文語義＋動賓搭配。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)上看,_＿9___studeｎｔartwork和前面的pｕblishinｇneｗsleｔｔers以及后面的spoｎｓoｒingboｏkdiｓｃussionclubs在結(jié)構(gòu)上并列,都是教師策劃的勝者多敗者少活動的例子。因此考生需要判斷選項(xiàng)中哪個動名詞中的核心動詞能與ｓtudｅnｔａｒtwork(學(xué)生的藝術(shù)品）構(gòu)成動賓搭配，并體現(xiàn)出勝者多敗者少的特點(diǎn)。四個選項(xiàng)中,只有“展示(displaying）”符合句意。10.[A]duｒablｅ耐用的,持久的[B]excessive過多的,額外的[C］surplus多余的,過剩的[Ｄ］multiplｅ眾多的,多樣的［答案]Ｄ［解析]本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:句內(nèi)語義＋形容詞詞義辨析。文中的相關(guān)部分是Avarietyofsｍａllclｕbscａnprｏviｄe10_＿oppｏrｔuｎitｉes,它規(guī)定考生判斷各種各樣的小型俱樂部可以提供什么樣的機(jī)會。解題的關(guān)鍵詞是前面的vａrieｔy（多樣，多樣性),多種多樣的俱樂部應(yīng)當(dāng)提供多種多樣的(ｍuｌｔiple）機(jī)會，而不是持久的（dｕrablｅ），過多的（ｅxceｓsiｖe）或多余的(suｒpｌus）機(jī)會。詞匯補(bǔ)充：四個選項(xiàng)中,durａbｌe原義是“可以抵抗磨損，撕扯或腐蝕的”,引伸義是“持久的”，如:adurablｅｆrｉendｓｈip(持久的友誼）;ｅxcｅssive指“過多的,過量的”，多為貶義，如：exｃｅssivｅdrｉnｋing（酗酒);sｕｒｐlｕs指“比需要的或必需的更多”,如:surpｌuspopulaｔiｏn（過剩人口);ｍultiｐle指“復(fù)合的,由多個部分組成的,多樣的”，如：amanoｆmｕlｔipｌeｉntｅrｅstｓ（愛好廣泛的人）。11.[A]ｇｒoup團(tuán)隊(duì)，組,群，批[Ｂ]ｉｎdiｖiｄｕal個人(的）［Ｃ］persoｎnｅl人員，職工［D]corｐｏratｉon公司［答案]A[解析]本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:上下文語義＋名詞詞義辨析。文中的相關(guān)部分是clubscanprｏvideopｐorｔｕnitｉｅsｆｏrleａdｅrship,aswelｌasforpracticeinsucceｓsful11＿dynａmics