感染相關英文詞匯41肺炎鏈球菌

感染相關英文詞匯小結G+（1肺炎球菌感染）1313.charactensticallyproducesagreenishcolorGram-PositiveBacteiia革蘭陽性菌micrococci微球菌LouisPasteur路易斯，巴斯德etiologyofpneumonia肺炎的病因學Etiologicagent病因學微生物Streptococcus鏈球菌celldivisionoccursalongasingleaxis細胞分裂沿單一軸進行&growinchainsorpairs成鏈或成對生長hemolyticproperties溶血特性S?pneumoniae(Streptococcuspneumoniae)肺炎鏈球菌a-hemolyticgroupa溶血組bloodagar血培養(yǎng)皿特征綠色reductionofironinhemoglobin還原血紅蛋白中的鐵fastidious苛養(yǎng)(菌)mucoid(smootlL/shiiiy)colonies粘液狀克隆(光滑/金屬色)Pneumococciwithoutacapsule無夾膜的肺炎球菌colonieswitlialoughsuiiace克隆表面粗糙optochm(ethylhydrocupreiiihydiochloride)奧普托欣試驗()bilesoluble在膽汁中溶解apolysacchandecapsule多糖夾膜serogioups/seronpes血清群/血清型rabbitpolyclonalantisera兔多克隆抗血清theQuellungreactionQuellung反應：在特定抗血清處理下，夾膜腫脹phagocytosis吞噬作用deteniuiiantofpneumococcalvirulence毒力的決定因素Unencapsulatedvariants無夾膜的變種invasivedisease?侵襲性疾病hostdefensemechanisms宿主防御系統(tǒng)Pneumolysiii肺炎球菌溶血素cytolysisofcellsandtissues細胞和組織的溶解32?cellwallproteins細胞壁蛋白33?complementpathway補體系統(tǒng)34.complementdeposition補體沉積35.preventinglysisaiVoiopsonophagocvtosis防止溶解和補體發(fā)揮調理作用ThepneumococcalHlnlubitor(Hie)肺炎球菌H抑制體uupedestheformationofC3convertase抑制C3轉話體的形成3&pneumococcalsurfaceprotemC(PspC)肺炎球菌表面蛋白ccholme-bindmgprotemA(CbpA)膽堿結合蛋白Asuiiace-anchoiedsialidase(neuraminidase)NanA表面錨定唾液酸酶(唾液酸甘酶)sialicacid唾液酸?pneumococcalsuiiaceadhesmA(PsaA)肺炎球菌表面粘合分子?potentialvaccinecandidates潛在的疫苗靶點Moleculartyping分子型pulsed-fieldgelelectrophoresis脈沖凝膠電泳geneticxelatedness基因相關性46?supersededbysequencingofhousekeepinggenes管家基因測序已取代(電泳)multilocussequencetyping,MLST多位點序列分型pneumococcalMLSTWebsite()肺球菌多位點分型查詢49?whole?genom亡sequencingwillsoonsupersedeMLST全基因組測序不久將替代MLST50.routinechildhoodadnumstrationofpneumococcalpolysaccharide-protemconjugatevaccine(PCV)幼年期常規(guī)注射肺球菌多糖蛋白結合物疫苗51?seculartrends長期趨勢52.epidenuologicfeatures53?serotypedistribution血清學分布54.invasivepneumococcaldisease(IPD,definedasinfectionofanormallysterilesite)侵襲性肺炎球菌病(通常體內無菌出現感染)diseaseburden疾病負擔nulitaiybarracks軍營57.intennittentiiiliabitantsoftliehealtlivJhumannasophaiyiix正常人鼻咽腔的間斷定植菌5&respuatorvdroplets呼吸道飛沫socioeconomicstatus社會經濟狀況niajor vectorsofpneumococcaltransmission主要的肺錢球菌傳播者61?Cross-sectionalprevalencedata橫斷面發(fā)病率數據highratesofcolomzation高定植率communitytiaiisniissiondynamics社區(qū)傳播動力學cerebrospinalfluid(CSF)腦脊液aspirationofpneumococciapositivebloodculture血培養(yǎng)陽性routinepediatricvaccinationschedule常規(guī)幼兒疫苗接種計劃68?pneumococcalpneunioma肺炎球菌肺炎bacteremia菌血癥adefinitiveetiologicdiagnosis病原學診斷明確radiograplucallyconfumedpneumonia影像學確診的肺炎cluucallydiagnosedpneumoma臨床確診的肺炎Thecase-fatalityratios(CFRs)病死率undeilyiiigmedicalcondition基礎疾病75?accesstocare治療情況severityofdiseaseatpresentation起病時病情的嚴重程度hospitalizedpatients住院患者appropriateandtmielvmanagementisavailable適當及時的治療thefirst24hofhospitalization住院后24hrapidlyprogressivecascadeofevents快速進展urespectiveofantibioticadiiunistration與抗菌藥物應用無關temperateclimate溫帶氣候etlinicgroup民族crowdedsettmgs擁擠的壞境susceptibleuidividuals易感人群precedingviralrespuatorvdisease(especiallybutnotexclusivelyinfluenza)曾患呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病(尤其但不限于流感)secondaiypneumococcalinfections繼發(fā)的肺炎球菌感染88?seasonalandpandemicinfluenza季節(jié)性、流行性感冒89.Reducedpneumococcalsusceptibilitytopemcillm肺炎球菌對青霉素敏感性下降90.prevalenceofpneumococcalisolatesresistanttosmgleormultipleclassesofantibiotics分離出的肺炎球菌對一種或多種抗菌藥物耐藥的趨勢明顯91?minimaluiliibitoryconcentrations(MICs)最小抑菌濃度rismgabsolutemagnitude絕對值提高penicillinG青霉素Gcefotaxime頭砲噬厲(3nd)95?ceftriaxone頭砲曲松96?macrolides大環(huán)內酯類97.difficult-to-treatinfections難治性感染98?pneumococcalantinucrobialnonsusceptibility肺炎球菌抗菌藥物耐藥問題99?mucosalsurfaces膜狀表面otitismedia中耳炎pneumonia肺炎distantsites:brain遠處播散joint關節(jié)bones骨骼peritonealcavity腹腔pneumococcalmenmgitis肺炎球菌性腦膜炎secondarytohematogenous.肽葡聚糖.肽葡聚糖spread繼發(fā)于血流感染108?flowofmucus粘液的流動avoidlocalimmunefactors逃避免疫因子leukocytes白細胞complement補體cilia纖毛(c山um的名詞復數)mucociliaiyescalator纖毛的活動mechanicalclearanceofpneumococci機械清除肺炎球菌colonizationepisodes定植的時間persistentcolonization長期定植developmentofcapsule-specificserumIgG(導致)夾膜特異性血清IgG抗體hiteicurrentvualuifections并發(fā)的病毒感染Localcytokineproduction局部細胞因子的產生upiegulateadhesionfactors上調粘附因子peptidoglycans122?teichoicacids磷壁酸interleukinIandIL-6白介素?1和白介素?6tumornecrosisfactor(TNF)腫瘤壞死因子125?Polymorphonuclearleukocytes多形核白細胞innateHnmunefactors固有防御因子splemcftinction腎功能12&coughreflex咳嗽反射C-reactiveprotein(CRP)c反應蛋白phosphoiylcholine磷脂膽堿Toll-likereceptor2(TLR2)Toll樣受體2lipoteichoicacid脂膜酸cellwallpeptidoglycan細胞壁肽聚糖cysticfibrosis囊腫性纖維化135?bionchiectasis支氣管擴張sicklecelldisease鐮狀細胞（貧血）病cross-reactiveantigens交叉反應抗原138?Tcell-independentantigens不依賴T細胞的抗原delayedontogeny（兒童）個體（B細胞防御系統(tǒng)）發(fā)育慢agaminaglobulmemia丙種球蛋白缺乏138?chemicallydistmct（夾膜）化學結構不同serotypespecific血清型特異性抗體pathognomonicpresentationofpneumococcaldisease肺炎球菌疾病的特征表現selMmuted自限性疾病life-threatemng危及生命的differentialdiagnosis鑒別診斷convulsions抽搐tachypnea（＞30breaths/niHi）呼吸急促definedaccordmgtospecificagestiata根據特殊的年齡分層確定lowerchestwallindrawing下胸壁凹陷nonmvasiveorinvasiveinfection侵襲性或非侵襲性感染contiguousspread臨近組織器官傳播infectionofanormallysterilebodyfluid無菌體液區(qū)感染Pneumoma（invasivewithapositivebloodculture）肺炎（血培養(yǎng)陽性考慮為侵襲性）anuldcommunity.acquiredinfection輕度社區(qū)獲得性感染intubation插管治療attheoutset起病時155?aviralupperrespuatoiyinfection上呼吸道病毒感染abmptonsetofcoughanddyspnea急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困難fever發(fā)熱shakingchills寒戰(zhàn)158?myalgias肌肉疼痛nonpurul亡nt無膿性161?pumlent有膿的心肌梗死162.tingedwithblood痰中帶血177.heartfailurewithatypicalpulmonaiyedema163.stabbingpleuriticchestpain胸肋膜刺痛心力衰竭伴不典型肺水腫178?cardiacconditions164.parietalpleura胸膜壁層心臟疾病179.pulmonaiyconditions165.tachycardiaJ心動過速肺部疾病180.atelectasis166.dullness沉悶肺不張181.mycoplasmas167.percussion觸診法支原體182.etiologicdiagnosisofpneumococcal16&consolidation實性病變pneumoma肺炎球菌肺炎的病原學診斷169.crackles疇啪聲183.pathologicexaminationoflungtissue肺組織的病理學檢查170.auscultation聽診184.Inlieuof代替171.Pleuralmb胸膜摩擦音185?aninfiltrateonchestradiography胸部影像學表現滲出172.cyanosis蒼白186.lobarorsegmentalconsolidation大葉性或節(jié)段性實變173?nasalflaring鼻翼煽動187.patchy分散不均的174.diapluagmaticpleura胸膈膜188?pleuialeffusion胸腔積液175?upperabdoniuialpam上腹疼痛189.empyema膿胸176.myocardialinfarction190.roundpneunioma圓形肺炎（）Uriiiaiypneumococcalantigenassays泌尿系統(tǒng)肺炎球菌抗原檢驗cultureofsputum痰培養(yǎng)Paiapneumoniceffusions并發(fā)于肺炎的胸腔積液aggressiveandcompletedramage充分引流pyogeniccondition化膿性疾病196?skullfracture頭顱骨折gradual-onsetheadache逐漸出現的頭痛stiffneck頸僵photophobia畏光alteredconsciousness意識狀態(tài)變化202?seizures癲癇bradvcaidiaJ心動過緩mcreasedintracranialpressure顱內壓升高Kermg'sorBrudzinskTssignKeniigtiEErudzinski征cranialneivepalsies（3rdand6thciaiualnen-es）顱神經麻痹（3、6腦神經）examinationofCSF腦脊液檢查evidenceofturbidity（visualinspection）濁度（肉眼檢查）elevatedproteinlevel,elevatedwliitebloodcellcount,andreducedglucoseconcentration（quantitativemeasurement）蛋白、白細胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低（定量檢查）specificidentificationoftheetiologicagent（culture,Gram'sstammg,antigentesting,orPCR）病原鑒定（培養(yǎng)，革蘭染色，抗原鑒定，PCR）?incoiljunctionwith同時伴隨?deafness耳聾214.hydrocephalus腦水腫215mentalretardation?智力遲鈍diffusebrainswelling彌漫性腦水腫subaracluioidbleeding蛛網膜下腔出血?cerebrovasculaicomplications腦血管并發(fā)癥?bactei亡niia菌血癥

osteomyelitis骨髓炎septicaitliiitis膿毒性關節(jié)炎endocarditis心內膜炎pericaiditis心包炎peritonitis腹膜炎sinusitis鼻竇炎otitismedia中耳炎227?tninitus耳鳴upperrespiratorytractmfection上呼吸道感染bulgingtympanicmembrane鼓膜突出reducedmovementoninsufflationortvmpanographv注氣法或鼓室造影法顯示活動減少aspuationandcultureofsinusmaterial鼻竇分泌物吸出及培養(yǎng)parenteralpenicillinG靜脈給予青霉素Gtliedrugofchoicefordisease首選藥物50,000U/kgforniuioiinfectionsto300.000U/kgformeningitis輕度感染：50.000U/kg腦膜炎：300,000U/kg238?parenteral卜lactamdrugs靜脈給予B內酰胺類藥物ampicillin阿莫西林ceftiioxiiiie頭葩味辛penicillin-susceptiblestrains青霉素敏感的菌株offerlittleadvantageoverpenicillm與青霉素相比，沒有特殊優(yōu)勢Macrolidesandcephalosporins大壞內酯類和頭泡菌素類alternativesforpenicillin-allergicpatients青毎素過敏患者的替代藥物231?231?facialpain面部疼痛246.tetiacvclme四壞素clindamycin克林毎素congestion充血persistentmghttunecough持續(xù)夜間咳嗽tiiinethopnm-sulfamethoxazole甲氧節(jié)噪■碩胺甲氧異惡卩坐Penicillm-resistaiitpneumococci耐青霉素的肺炎球菌tetracycline-,fluoroqumolone-andinaciolide-iesistaiitstrains四環(huán)素耐藥，氟嚨諾酮類耐藥，人環(huán)內酯類耐藥的菌株Multidmg-resistantstrains多重耐藥菌alterationofpenicillin-bindingprotein(PBP)genes青霉素結合蛋白基因的改變transfoiniationandhorizontaltransferofDNAfiomrelatedstreptococcalspecies基因轉導以及從鏈球菌傳遞的DNA253?low亡Iaffinityforpenicillins與青霉素的親和力下降254.specificPBP(s)andtlienumberofPBPsaltered根據PEPs改變的類型和數量255?levelofresistancerangesfiommtermediatetohigh耐藥的程度分為中介耐藥和高度耐藥penicillmsusceptibilitybreakpoints青霉素敏感性折點susceptible^0.06ug/mL;intermediate,0.12-1.0ug/inL;resistant$2.0ug/mL敏感W0.06ug/mL,中介0.12-1.0卩g/mL；耐藥$2.0Pg/mL258?w亡［亡notpredictiveoftheresponseof可以預測用藥反應修正的青毎素G折點26O.ClmicalandLaboratoryStandardsInstitute臨床與實驗室標準學會Theuseofantibioticsselectsfbiresistantpneumococci抗生素的使用造成了耐藥肺炎球菌的出現MICsof$0.12ug/inLindicateresistance(menmgitis)XncJ＜于0.12Pg/mL意味著耐藥(腦膜炎)262?tliebreakpointsai亡W2ug^iiiLforsusceptibleorganisms,4pg/mLforintermediateorgaiiisms,and$8ug/niLforresistantorganisms(nonmeningitis)敏感菌W2ug/niL中介4pg/rnL耐藥28Pg/mL(非腦膜炎感染)263?tlieInfectiousDiseasesSocietyofJAmerica美國傳染病協(xié)會AinencanThoracicSociety美國胸科學會theBritishThoracicSociety英國胸科學會theEuropeanRespuatoivSociety歐洲呼吸協(xié)會vancomycin萬