2023年考研外語提分沖刺試卷7

考研外語提分沖刺試卷7

一、UseofEnglish

1、Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffire,althoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof(1)_____.

The(2)_____oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve(3)_____signals,(4)_____eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords(5)_____withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparently(6)_____forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligent,wemustsupposethathe(7)_____thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday(8)_____hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat(9)_____picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman(10)_____apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow(11)_____directionhehadgone,or(12)_____preyhehopedtocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage(13)_____themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot(14)_____beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas(15)_____inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable(16)_____ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible(17)_____immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.(18)_____were,atfirst,onlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil(19)_____eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomads,buttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend(20)_____thephysicalcomfortsitprovided.

A.thelatter

B.thelater

C.thesecond

D.thelatest

2、(2)

A.source

B.beginning

C.start

D.origin

3、(3)

A.like

B.with

C.as

D.by

4、(4)

A.and

B.but

C.moreover

D.for

5、(5)

A.evenif

B.even

C.eventhough

D.evenas

6、(6)

A.anecessity

B.necessities

C.necessarily

D.necessity

7、(7)

A.shouldgraduallyincrease

B.graduallyincrease

C.graduallyincreased

D.hasgraduallyincreased

8、(8)

A.that

B.atwhich

C.which

D.when

9、(9)

A.withtherespect

B.onthisrespect

C.inthisrespect

D.atthisrespect

10、(10)

A.coulddraw

B.shoulddraw

C.wasabledraw

D.wasdrawing

11、(11)

A.atwhich

B.inwhich

C.onwhich

D.withwhich

12、(12)

A.ofwhich

B.that

C.which

D.what

13、(13)

A.is

B.was

C.hasbeen

D.isbeing

14、(14)

A.toolong

B.suchlong

C.aslong

D.solong

15、(15)

A.astage

B.astep

C.adevelopment

D.away

16、(16)

A.until

B.with

C.for

D.to

17、(17)

A.the

B.an

C.that

D.one

18、(18)

A.Those

B.These

C.There

D.They

19、(19)

A.after

B.with

C.before

D.at

20、(20)

A.since

B.for

C.because

D.becauseof

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

WithRobertLaurentandWilliamZorach,directcarvingentersintothestoryofmodemsculptureintheUnitedStates.Directcarving—inwhichthesculptorsthemselvescarvestoneorwoodwithmalletandchisel—justberecognizedassomethingmorethanjustatechnique.Implicitinitisanaestheticprincipleaswell:thatthemediumhascertainqualitiesofbeautyandexpressivenesswithwhichsculptorsmustbringtheirownaestheticsensibilitiesintoharmony.Forexample,sometimestheshapeorveininginapieceofstoneorwoodsuggests,perhapsevendictates,notonlytheultimateform,buteventhesubjectmatter.

Thetechniqueofdirect,carvingwasabreakwiththenineteenth-centurytraditioninwhichthemakingofaclaymodelwasconsideredthecreativeactandtheworkwasthenturnedovertostudioassistantstobecastinplasterorbronzeorcarvedinmarble.Neoclassicalsculptorsseldomheldamalletorchiselintheirownhands,readilyconcedingthattheassistantstheyemployedwerefarbetterthantheywereatcarvingthefinishedmarble.

Withtheturn-of-the-centuryCraftsmovementandthediscoveryofnontraditionalsourcesofinspiration,suchaswoodenAfricanfigureandmasks,therearoseanewurgeforhands-on,personalexecutionofartandaninteractionwiththemedium.Evenasearlyasthe1880'sand1890's,nonconformistEuropeanartistswereattemptingdirectcarving.Bytheseconddecadeofthetwentiethcentury,Americans—LaurentandZorachmostnotably—hadadopteditastheirprimarymeansofworking.

BorninFrance,RobertLaurent(1890-1970)wasaprodigywhoreceivedhiseducationintheUnitedStates.In1905hewassenttoParisasanapprenticetoanartdealer,andintheyearsthatfollowedhewitnessedthebirthofCubism,discoveredprimitiveart,andlearnedthetechniquesofwoodcarvingfromaframe.maker.

BackinNewYorkCityby1910,LaurentbegancarvingpiecessuchasThePriestess,whichrevealshisfascinationwithAfrican,pre-Columbian,andSouthPacifican.Takingawalnutplank,thesculptorcarvedtheexpressive,stylizeddesign.ItisoneoftheearliestexamplesofdirectcarvinginAmericansculpture.Theplank'sform.dictatedtherigidlyfrontalviewandthelowrelief.EvenitsirregularshapemusthaveappealedtoLaurentasabreakwithalong-standingtraditionthatrequiredasculptortoworkwithinaperfectrectangleorsquare.

Whatisoneofthefundamentalprinciplesofdirectcarving?

A.Asculptormustworkwithtalentedassistants.

B.Thesubjectofasculptureshouldbederivedfromclassicalstories.

C.Thematerialisanimportantelementinasculpture.

D.Designingasculptureisamorecreativeactivitythancarvingit.

2、

Howdoesdirectcarvingdifferfromthenineteenth-centurytraditionofsculpture?

A.Sculptorsarepersonallyinvolvedinthecarvingofapiece.

B.Sculptorsfindtheirinspirationinneoclassicalsources.

C.Sculptorshavereplacedthemalletandchiselwithothertools.

D.Sculptorsreceivemoreformaltraining.

3、

WheredidRobertLaurentlearntocarve?

A.NewYork.

B.Africa.

C.TheSouthPacific.

D.Paris.

4、

Thephrase"abreakwith"inthelastparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.

A.adestructionof

B.adeparturefrom

C.acollapseof

D.asolutionto

5、

ThepiecetitledThePriestesshasallofthefollowingcharacteristicsEXCEPT______.

A.thedesignisstylized

B.itismadeofmarble

C.thecarvingisnotdeep

D.itdepictsthefrontofaperson

6、Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyintowhichthemachineshavebeenintroduced.Forexample,ithasbeensuggestedthattheemploymentofwomeninindustrytookthemoutofthehousehold,theirtraditionalsphere,andfundamentallyalteredtheirpositioninsociety.Inthenineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories,JulesSimon,aFrenchpolitician,warnedthatbydoingso,womenwouldgiveuptheirfemininity.EnedrichEngels,however,predictedthatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthesocial,legal,andeconomicsubordinationofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof"opubicindustry."Observersthusdifferedconcerningthesocialdesirabilityofmechanization'seffects,buttheyagreedthatitwouldtransform.women'slives.

Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen'seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen'swork.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanager,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880'screatedanewclassof"deadened"jobs,henceforthconsidered"women'swork'.Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomenthanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.

Women'sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,andlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenasagroupofjobsthatrequirerelatively,lowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen'shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.Recenthistoricalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthenotionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryinitseffectsonsociety.Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Theeffectsofthemechanizationofwomen'sworkhavenotborneoutthefrequentlyheldassumptionthatnewtechnologyisinherentlyrevolutionary.

B.Recentstudieshaveshownthatmechanizationrevolutionizesasociety'straditionalvaluesandthecustomaryrolesofitsmembers.

C.Mechanizationhascausedthenatureofwomen'sworktochangesincetheIndustrialRevolution.

D.Themechanizationofworkcreateswholenewclassesofjobsthatdidnotpreviouslyexist.

7、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldconsiderwhichofthefollowingtobeanindicationofafundamentalalterationintheconditionsofwomen'swork?

A.Statisticsshowingthatthemajorityokwomennowoccupywhite-collarpositions.

B.Interviewswithmarriedmenindicatingthattheyarenowdoingsomehouseholdtasks.

C.Surveysofthelabormarketdocumentingtherecentcreationofanewclassofjobsinelectronicsinwhichwomenworkersoutnumbermenfourtoone.

D.Censusresultsshowingthatworkingwomen'swagesandsalariesare,ontheaverage,ashighasthoseofworkingmen.

8、

Thepassagestatesthat,beforethetwentiethcentury,whichofthefollowingwastrueofmanyemployers?

A.Theydidnotemploywomeninfactories.

B.Theytendedtoemploysingleratherthanmarriedwomen.

C.Theyemployedwomenonlyinthosejobsthatwererelatedtowomen'straditionalhouseholdwork.

D.Theyresultedtechnologicalinnovationsthatwouldradicallychangewomen'srolesinthefamily.

9、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormostprobablybelieveswhichofthefollowingtobetrueconcerningthosehistorianswhostudythehistoryofwomen?

A.Theirworkprovidesinsightsimportanttothoseexaminingsocialphenomenaaffectingthelivesofbothsexes.

B.Theirworkcanonlybeusedcautiouslybyscholarsinotherdisciplines.

C.Becausetheyconcentrateonlyontheroleofwomeninthework-placetheydrawmorereliableconclusionsthantheotherhistorians.

D.Theirworkhasnothadanimpactonmosthistorians'currentassumptionsconcerningtherevolutionaryeffectoftechnologyinthework-place.

10、

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionoftheconcludingsentenceofthepassage?

A.Itsumsupthegeneralpointsconcerningthemechanizationofworkmadeinthepassageasawhole.

B.Itdrawsaconclusionconcerningtheeffectsofthemechanizationofworkwhichgoesbeyondtheevidencepresentedinthepassageasawhole.

C.Itrestatesthepointconcerningtechnologymadeinthesentenceimmediatelyprecedingit.

D.Itqualifiestheauthor'sagreementwithscholarswhoargueforamajorrevisionintheassessmentoftheimpactofmechanizationonsociety.

11、Oneoftheoldestseafaringshipsintheworldhasbeenreconstructedaftersevenyears'patientarchaeologicalwork.Theship,a60-footsailingvessel,sankoffthecoastofCyprusinthedaysofAlexandertheGreataroundtheyear300B.C.Itsdiscoveryandrestorationhavenowthrownnewlightontheancienttraderoutesandshipbuildingtechniques.

WhatmakestheCyprusshipsoinformativeistheremarkablestateofpreservation—mainlyduetoanunusualfeatureofitsdesign.Thehullwassheathedontheoutsidewithleadthatwasfixedtothetimberwithbronzetackswhichhelpedthewoodenframe.survive2000yearsunderthesea.

Thefirstcluetothewreck'sexistencecamein1964whenaspongediverfromthepresent-dayresortofKyreniacameacrossapoleofamphorae(ancientstoragejugs).Unfortunatelyhisdivingairsupplyranoutjustatthatmoment,sothathehadnotimetomarkthespot.Ittookhimthreeyearsandhundredsofdivesbeforehechanceduponthemagain.

HereportedhisfindtoanunderwaterarchaeologicalteamfromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniawhichwassurveyingtheCypriotcoastsforwrecks.Aftercheckinghisdescription,theteamdecidedtoconcentratetheirresourcesontheKyreniaship,andoverthenexttwoyearsateamofnofewerthat50archaeologistsanddiverstookpartintheexcavation.

Withthehelpofametaldetector,theteamdiscoveredthatwreckagelayscatteredovera2000-square-footarea,oftenburiedbeneathsandandsea-weed.Eachitemwascarefullyphotographedinitsplace,andasystemofplasticgridsstretchedoverthewholesitesothatitcouldbeaccuratelymapped.

Morethan400amphoraelayburiedinthesand.Theshiphadbeencarryingacargoofwineandalmonds.Morethan9000ofthesewerefoundinornearbytheamphorae,theiroutershellsstillperfectlypreserved.Aswellasthese,therewere29stonegrainmills,beingcarriedbothascargoandasballast.Thesewerecarefullystoredinthreerowsparalleltotheaxisofthekeel.

Aswellasthemaincargo,therewereothersmallfinds.Fourwoodenspoons,fouroiljugs,foursaltdishesandfourdrinkingcupssuggestedthenumberofcrewontheshipslastvoyage.Therewasanaxe,andneartheintricatelycarvedmastlayawoodenpulley,usedtoraiseandlowertheyard.Abronzecauldron,usedperhapstopreparethecrew'smealswasalsolyinginthewreck.

Offivebronzecoinsfound,nonedatedearlierthan306B.C.Carbon-14analysisofthealmondcargopinpointedtheirdateatabout288B.C.,butthatoftheship'splankingsuggestedanearlierof370B.C.ThustheKyreniashipwasmorethan80yearsoldthedayshesank-alonglifeforawoodenhullandproofofthegoodcraftsmanshipofherbuilder.

Thediscoveryoftheshipisimportanttostudentsofearlyshipsandtheirroutesbecause______.

A.theoldestsurvivingshipitisavaluablesourceofinformation

B.itisausefulmeansofextendingtheirexistingknowledge

C.itsdiscoveryhaschangedcompletelytheirexistingideas

D.thisprovidestheonlyinformationaboutearlyMediterraneantradingshipsthathascometheirway

12、

Archaeologistswereabletolearnalotabouttheconstructionoftheshipbecause______.

A.itwasdiscoveredonlyashortdistancefromland

B.therewerevariousformsoftoolsandequipment

C.itwasinasurprisinglygoodcondition

D.alotofitscargostillremained

13、

WhenwasthewreckofKyreniashipfound?

A.In1969.

B.In1964.

C.In1967.

D.Sevenyearsafter1964.

14、

Whichofthefollowingtasksisnotstatedashavingformedpartoftheresearch?

A.Recordingpicturesofthefinds.

B.Makinganexactplanofthepositionofthefinds.

C.Locatingallthepartsoftheshipanditscargointhatarea.

D.Storingeverythingcarefullyinrows.

15、

Theapproximatedateoftheshipwreckcouldbedecidedfrom______.

A.thedatesonthecoinsfound

B.theanalysisoftheageofthematerialsfromwhichtheshipwasbuilt

C.thescientifically-determinedageofsomeofthecargo

D.aknowledgeofthedateofthebuildingoftheshiptogetherwithherknownage

16、Readingthepapersandlookingattelevisionthesedays,onecaneasilybepersuadedthatthehumanspeciesisonitslastlegs,stilltotteringalongbutonlybarelymakingit.Inthisview,diseaseisthebiggestmenaceofall.Evenwhenwearenotendangeringourlivesbyeatingthewrongsortsoffoodandtakingthewrongkindsofexercise,weareplacingourselvesinharm'swaybymeansofthetoxinswekeepinsertingintotheenvironmentaroundus.

Asifthiswasnotenough,wehavefallenintothenewhabitofthinkingourwayintoillness.Ifwetakeupthewrongkindofpersonality,weruntheriskofcontractinganewdiseasecalledstress,followedquicklybycoronaryocclusion.Orifwejustsittightandtrytolettheworldslipby,herecomescancer,fromsomethingweate,breathedortouched.Nowonderweareanervouslot.Thewordisoutthatifwewerenotsurroundedandproppedupbyplatoonsofhealthprofessionals,wewoulddropinourtracks.

Thetruthissomethingdifferent,inmyview.TherehasneverbeenatimeinhistorywhenhumanbeingsingeneralhavebeenstatisticallyashealthyasthepeoplenowlivingintheindustrialsocietiesoftheWesternworld.Ouraveragelifeexpectancyhasstretchedfrom45yearsacenturyagototoday'sfigureofaround75.Moreofusthaneverbeforearelivingintoour80sand90s.Dyingfromdiseaseinchildhoodandadolescenceisnolongerthecommonoccurrencethatitwas100yearsago,whentuberculosisandotherlethalmicrobialinfectionswerethechiefcausesofprematuredeath.Today,dyingyoungisarareandcatastrophicoccurrence,andwhenitdoeshappen,itisusuallycausedbytrauma.

Medicinemustgetsomeofthecreditfortheremarkableimprovementinhumanhealth,butnotall.Theprofessionofplumbingalsohadmuchtodowiththechange.Whensanitaryengineeringassuredthepopulaceofuncontaminatedwater,thegreatepidemicsoftyphoidfeverandcholeracametoanend.Evenbeforesuchadvances,asearlyasthe17thcentury,improvementsinagricultureandnutritionhadincreasedpeople'sresistancetoinfection.

Inshortwehavecomealongway—thelongestpartofthatwaywithcommonsense,cleanlinessandabetterstandardofliving,butasubstantialrecentdistanceaswellwithmedicine.Westillhaveanagendaoflethalandincapacitatingillnessestocauseusanxiety,buttheseshouldn'tworryustodeath.Thediseasesthatusedtokilloffmostofusearlyinlifehavebeenbroughtundercontrol.

Nowa.dayspeoplearelikelytofeelthatthey______.

A.areallright

B.areverytired

C.tendtobeiii

D.arestressed

17、

Today,dyingyoungis______.

A.acommonphenomenon

B.thecasewithmanypeople

C.usuallycausedbytrauma

D.neverreported

18、

Onehundredyearsago,peoplewere______.

A.notashealthyastoday

B.asstrongastoday

C.aspoorastoday

D.ashardastoday

19、

Medicineisconsideredthechiefcausefor______.

A.increasingdisease

B.improvinghealth

C.reducingthenumberofdeath

D.helpingpeopletolivelonger

20、

Wecanassertthat______.

A.manynewmedicinesareinvented

B.wecancuremanyseriousdiseases

C.manynewmedicinesareuseless

D.therearestillmanyseriousdiseases

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、B、C、D、E、F、G……)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10points)

Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldiers,whereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuch,sothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.(41)______.

Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgood,butitisnottobecivilized.Fightingmeanskilling,andcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheotherside,andthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.

Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistory,inwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.(42)______.Butnationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyet,andstillbehavelikesavages.

Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.(43)______.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheform.ofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyears,andtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonth,andduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.(44)______.

Takingman'scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthours,wemayestimatehisfuture,thatistosay,thewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearth,ataboutonehundredthousandyears.(45)______.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusiness,abusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandbutting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.

A.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets—while,thatistosay,wehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife.

B.Inmyopinion,thegreatestcountriesshouldbehaveproperlytoothercountriesandobeytherulestheyconstitutedtogether.

C.Nowwe'vegotlittletimetolearnhowtogetalongwellwithothersorothercountries.

D.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearnin,buttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.

E.Afterall,theraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.

F.Thusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlife,andasIsay,wemustnotexpecttoomuch.

G.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

AfterDollytheSheepcometheMickeyMice.(46)ScientistsareexpectedtorevealthattheyhavesucceededincreatingthefirstanimalclonedfromthecellsofanadultsincethebirthofDollytwoyearsago.Aformalannouncementisexpectedwithinweeks.

(47)ResearchersinHawaiiareunderstoodtohavemanufacturedamousethatisanidenticalgeneticcopyof