考研英語資料第二輯【堂堂整理精華版】考研英語強(qiáng)化班翻譯解講義

第一課時(shí)

考研翻譯：a.弄清什么是翻譯b.怎么做翻譯

1.考研翻譯中英漢語語言特點(diǎn)

1)形合與意合2)繁復(fù)與簡(jiǎn)短

Passage9

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedby

physicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,

butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbe

drawn.61)Onedifficultyisthalalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralscience

continuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,human

nature,andsoon..Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvanced

onlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebee。slowto

changepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedand

partlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentis

obviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,it

selects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnatural

selectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,and

theselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehaviorofthe

individualisonlybeginningtoberecongnizedandstudied.Astheinteraction

betweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonce

assignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessible

conditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnot

solveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,and

thesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64)They

arethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,and

theyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconduct

andgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththe

responsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestions

concerning"values”.Whouseatechnologyandtowhatends?65)Untiltheseissues

areresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithit

possiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.

3)被動(dòng)與主動(dòng)4)抽象與具體

Passage2

Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidin

selecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitary

personnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,

andevenincongress.71)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivart

attentionfromthefaultthatlieswithiU-informedorincompetentusers.Thetests

themselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonable

precisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,

meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupon

theuser.

Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledge

ofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductive,salesrecords,or

whateverisappropriate.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylater

performancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessofthe

informationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyone

whokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincomplete

andthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,

objectivemethodofgettingsomekidsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,the

skillshehasdeveloped,orthekindsofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,

qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73)

Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituation

depends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparative

validityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasured

canbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredor

predictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansof

gettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudents

whosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythings,

theydonotdo.75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,

andthusdonottellhowableanundeiTrivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhe

grownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.

2.考研翻譯的題型、題型特點(diǎn)、考試內(nèi)容和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1)考研翻譯的題型

第二課時(shí)

2)考研翻譯的題型特點(diǎn)

3)考研翻譯的考試內(nèi)容

Passage3

Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhave

severalcauses.71)Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocial

needs.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingto

someextentself?accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesof

differentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionsoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,

bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanew

problemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72)Thistrend

beganduringtheSecondWorldWanwhenseveralgovernmentscametothe

conclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientific

establishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,that

fromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.It

isthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceor

machinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73)Thissnemsmostlyeffectivelydoneby

supportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossible

consequenceinthefuture.

Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsaboutthe

appropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutility

arestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediate

utilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneof

supporting"good'1asopposedto"bad”science,butavaliddeterminationisdifficult

tomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththe

capacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.74)However,theworld

issomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeofthe

world'smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75)Newformsofthoughtaswellas

newsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrise

tonewstandardsofelegance.

Passage10

Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheir

placeinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(61)

Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,

thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,

itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmand

systematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescan

leadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallother

lifeformsonthisplanetEarth.

"Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos"human”andlogos"the

studyof.nByitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.

Anthropologyisoneofsocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchof

intellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesame

reasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsusefor

thestudyofnaturalphenomena.

Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,

psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldor

specializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.

Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisa

field-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethod

inanalysis.(63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwitha

cross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makes

thisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.

Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdward

Tylor*sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectual

achievementsof19thcenturyscience.(64)Tylordefinedcultureasthatcomplex

wholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesand

habitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinits

simplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghuman

life.ImplicitwithinTylofsdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,and

patternedbehavior.

(65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof"culture,“l(fā)iketheconceptof"set"in

mathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsof

concreteresearchandunderstanding.

4)考研翻譯的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

第三.課時(shí)

3.考研翻譯解題中的常見問題和應(yīng)對(duì)策略

4.考研翻譯的步驟、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和方法

Passage9

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolved

byphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyof

behavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnology

mightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwha」iscalledbehavioral

sciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind、feelings,traitsofcharacter,

humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesand

advancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thvbehavioralscienceshavebeen

slowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectly

observedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.The

environmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnot

pushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Ths

roleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundred

yearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthe

behavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecongnizedandstudied.Asthe

interactionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,

effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetraced

toaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecome

available.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditional

prescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustrate

thedifficulty.64)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)maeof

traditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheld

responsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysis

shiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraises

questionsconcerning"values".Whouseatechnologyandtowhatends?65)Until

theseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,and

withitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.

.第四課時(shí)

兩個(gè)問題需注意：1.筆記問題，做記錄不要把漢字直接批注在英語旁邊

2.答案問題，上課翻譯的句子不會(huì)給答案，需要你自己來說答案

Passage9

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolved

byphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyof

behavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnology

mightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioral

sciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,

humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesand

advancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thvbehavioralscienceshavebeen

slowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectly

observedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.The

environmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnot

pushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)The

roleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundred

yearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthe

behavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecongnizedandstudied.Asthe

interactionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,

effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetraced

toaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecome

available.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditional

prescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustrate

thedifficulty.64)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)maeof

traditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheld

resDonsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysis

shiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraises

questionsconcerning"values'*.Whouseatechnologyandtowhatends?65)Until

theseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,and

withitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.

定語從句其有兩種翻譯方法：

1.前置：把定語從句翻譯在所修飾的先行詞前面。

2,后置：把定語從句翻譯在所修飾的先行詞后面。

Passage10

Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheir

placeinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(61)

Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,

thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,

itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmand

systematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescan

leadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallother

lifeformsonthisplanetEarth.

“Anthropology"derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos"human"andlogos"the

studyof."Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.

Anthropologyisoneofsocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchof

intellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesame

reasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsusefor

thestudyofnaturalphenomena.

Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,

psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldor

specializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.

Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisa

field-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethod

inanalysis.(63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwitha

cross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makes

thisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimDortantsocialscience.

Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdward

Tylor*sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectual

achievementsof19thcenturyscience.(64)Tylordefinedcultureas”???thatcomplex

wholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesand

habitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinits

simplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghuman

life.ImplicitwithinTylofsdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,and

patternedbehavior.

(65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof"culture,"liketheconceptof“set"in

mathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsof

concreteresearchandunderstanding.

Passage5

Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadever

detected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)

Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookinto

thepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15

billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.What

theresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected;theUSNational

AeronauticsandSpaceAdministration^CosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite——

Cobe-haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththe

primevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythatthe

universeoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy.)

72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfoitheBigBang,first

putforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthe

cosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,

unimaginabledenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emitting

radiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Over

billionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,plantsand

eventully,evenhumans.

Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketo

seemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersand

superclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn'thavelongtowait.73)Astrophysicists

workingwithground?baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandbaHoon-bomeinstruments

areclosingincmsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.

74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyntanother

scientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.

Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrillion

trilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortof

antigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausible

consequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmany

astrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.

Passage2

Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidin

selecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitary

personnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,

andevenincongress.71)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivert

attentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Thetests

themselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonable

precisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,

meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupon

theuser.

Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledge

ofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductive,salesrecords,or

whateverisappropriate.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylater

performancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessofthe

informationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyone

whokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincomplete

andthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,

objectivemethodofgettingsomekidsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,the

skillshehasdeveloped,orthekindsofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,

qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73)

Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituation

depends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparative

validityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasured

canbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredor

predictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansof

gettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudents

whosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythings,

theydonotdo.75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,

andthusdonottellhowableanunderurivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhe

grownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.

第五課時(shí)

同位語從句的翻譯：加“:"

同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：同位語從句是一句完整的話，不缺少任何成份；

定語從句的先行詞的數(shù)量很多，而同位語的先行詞數(shù)量則很少，常用的有news、

fact、conclusion>idea、suggestion等

定語從句需前置：如果定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，信息負(fù)載量不大，并且與先行詞

的關(guān)系比較密切，翻譯時(shí)前置。

定語從句后置需要重復(fù)先行詞。

Passage3

Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveral

causes.71)Someofthesecausesaeecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.

Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosome

extentself-accelerating.Some、however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferent

growthinwhichpreconceptionsoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersons

inauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblem

probablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72)Thistrendbeganduring

theSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthe

specificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishment

cannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimeto

timequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itistherefore

generallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobe

keptinfunctionalorder.73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportinga

certainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequence

inthefuture.

Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsaboutthe

appropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutility

arestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediate

utilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneof

supporting"good"asopposedto"bad"science,butavaliddeterminationisdifficult

tomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththe

capacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.74)However,theworld

issomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeofthe

world'smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75)Newformsofthoughtaswellas

newsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrise

tonewstandardsofelegance.

Passage4

Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikea

useful,ground-clearingwaytostart.71)Actually,i>isn't,becauseitassumesthat

thereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnot

have.

Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72)

Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofan

exchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theidea

ofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd;forexactlythesamereason,sois

theideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansan

uncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople-----for

instance,toinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itis

unclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdo

youreplytosomebodywhosaysnIdonrtlikethiscontract"?

Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingaboutthe

rightsofanimalsisfruitless.73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset;it

invitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsideration

humansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.

Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental,question:isthe

waywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?

Manydenyit74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsin

everyrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaof

moralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake------a

sentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.

Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochopping

wood,mayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcentreis

righttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning------theethical

equivalentoflearningtocrawl------istoweighothers*interestsagainstone'sown.

Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacity

formoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengagesympathy.

75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind'sinstinctformoralreasoning

inaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.

Passage8

Inlessthan30years'timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinks

betweenthebrain'snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensory

virtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.

71)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollution

monitorsthatwilldisablethemwhenthe