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TheGeologicHistoryoftheIn1970geologistsKennethJ.HsuandWilliamB.F.RyanwerecollectingresearchdatawhileaboardtheoceanographicresearchvesselGlomarChallenger.AnobjectiveofthisparticularcruisewastoinvestigatetheflooroftheMediterraneanandtoresolvequestionsaboutitsgeologichistory.Onequestionwasrelatedtoevidencethattheinvertebratefauna(animalswithoutspines)oftheMediterraneanhadchangedabruptlyabout6millionyearsago.Mostoftheolderorganismswerenearlywipedout,althoughafewhardyspeciessurvived.AfewmanagedtomigrateintotheAtlantic.Somewhatlater,themigrantsreturned,bringingnewspecieswiththem.Whydidthenearextinctionandmigrationsoccur?AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallenger’sscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?Withquestionsuchastheseclearlybeforethem,thescientistsaboardtheGlomarChallengerprocessedtotheMediterraneantosearchfortheanswers.OnAugust23,1970,theyrecoveredasample.Thesampleconsistedofpebblesofgypsumandfragmentsofvolcanicrock.Notasinglepebblewasfoundthatmighthaveindicatedthatthepebblescamefromthenearbycontinent.Inthedaysfollowing,samplesofsolidgypsumwererepeatedlybroughtondeckasdrillingoperationspenetratedtheseafloor.Furthermore,thegypsumwasfoundtopossesspeculiaritiesofcompositionandstructurethatsuggestedithadformedondesertflats.Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsumlayercontainedtinymarinefossils,indicatingopen-oceanconditions.AstheydrilledintothecentralanddeepestpartoftheMediterraneanbasin,thescientiststooksolid,shiny,crystallinesaltfromthecorebarrel.Interbeddedwiththesaltwerethinlayersofwhatappearedtobewindblownsilt.Thetimehadcometoformulateahypothesis.Theinvestigatorstheorizedthatabout20millionyearsago,theMediterraneanwasabroadseawaylinkedtotheAtlanticbytwonarrowstraits.Crustalmovementsclosedthestraits,andthelandlockedMediterraneanbegantoevaporate.Increasingsalinitycausedbytheevaporationresultedintheexterminationofscoresofinvertebratespecies.Onlyafeworganismsespeciallytolerantofverysaltyconditionsremained.Asevaporation,theremainingbrine(saltwater)becamesodensethatthecalciumsulfateofthehardlayerwasprecipitated.Inthecentraldeeperpartofthebasin,thelastofthebrineevaporatedtoprecipitatemoresolublesodiumchloride(salt).Later,undertheweightofoverlyingsediments,thissaltflowedsticallyupwardtoformsaltdomes.Beforethishappened,however,theMediterraneanwasavastdesert3,000metersdeep.Then,about5.5millionyearsagocamethedeluge.Asaresultofcrustaladjustmentsandfaulting,theStraitofGibraltar,wheretheMediterraneannowconnectstotheAtlantic,opened,andwatercascadedspectacularlybackintotheMediterranean.Turbulentwaterstoreintothehardenedsaltflats,brokethemup,andgroundthemintothepebblesobservedinthefirstsampletakenbytheChallenger.Asthebasinwasrefilled,normalmarineorganismsreturned.Soonlayerofoceanicoozebegantoaccumulateabovetheoldhardlayer.Thesaltandgypsum,thefaunalchanges,andtheunusualgravelprovidedabundantevidencethattheMediterraneanwasonceadesert.gypsum:amineralmadeofcalciumsulfateandParagraph1In1970geologistsKennethJ.HsuandWilliamB.F.RyanwerecollectingresearchdatawhileaboardtheoceanographicresearchvesselGlomarChallenger.AnobjectiveofthisparticularcruisewastoinvestigatetheflooroftheMediterraneanandtoresolvequestionsaboutitsgeologichistory.Onequestionwasrelatedtoevidencethattheinvertebratefauna(animalswithoutspines)oftheMediterraneanhadchangedabruptlyabout6millionyearsago.Mostoftheolderorganismswerenearlywipedout,althoughafewhardyspeciessurvived.AfewmanagedtomigrateintotheAtlantic.Somewhatlater,themigrantsreturned,bringingnewspecieswiththem.Whydidthenearextinctionandmigrationsoccur?Theword“objective”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph1asachangethatoccurredinthefaunaoftheMostinvertebratespeciesdisappearedduringawaveofAfewhardyspecieswipedoutmanyoftheMediterranean’sSomeinvertebratesmigratedtoAtlanticNewspeciesoffaunapopulatedtheMediterraneanwhentheoldmigrantsParagraph3Withquestionsuchastheseclearlybeforethem,thescientistsaboardtheGlomarChallengerprocessedtotheMediterraneantosearchfortheanswers.OnAugust23,1970,theyrecoveredasample.Thesampleconsistedofpebblesofgypsumandfragmentsofvolcanicrock.Notasinglepebblewasfoundthatmighthaveindicatedthatthepebblescamefromthenearbycontinent.Inthedaysfollowing,samplesofsolidgypsumwererepeatedlybroughtondeckasdrillingoperationspenetratedtheseafloor.Furthermore,thegypsumwasfoundtopossesspeculiaritiesofcompositionandstructurethatsuggestedithadformedondesertflats.Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsumlayercontainedtinymarinefossils,indicatingopen-oceanconditions.AstheydrilledintothecentralanddeepestpartoftheMediterraneanbasin,thescientiststooksolid,shiny,crystallinesaltfromthecorebarrel.Interbeddedwiththesaltwerethinlayersofwhatappearedtobewindblownsilt.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“Notasinglepebblewasfoundthatmighthaveindicatedthatthepebblescamefromthenearbycontinent”?ThemostobviousexnationfortheoriginofthepebbleswasnotsupportedbytheThegeologistsdidnotfindasmanypebblesastheyThegeologistswerelookingforaparticularkindofThedifferentpebblescouldnothavecomefromonlyoneWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutthesolidgypsumItdidnotcontainanymarineIthadformedinopen-oceanIthadoncebeensoft,deep-seaItcontainedsedimentfromnearbySelecttheTWOanswerchoicefromparagraph3thatidentifymaterialsdiscoveredinthedeepestpartoftheMediterraneanbasin.ToreceivecredityoumustselectTWOanswers.VolcanicrockThissiltSoft,deep-seaCrystallineWhatisthemainpurposeofparagraphTodescribethephysicalevidencecollectedbyHsuandToexinwhysomeofthequestionsposedearlierinthepassagecouldnotbeansweredbythefindingsoftheGlomarChallenger.ToevaluatetechniquesusedbyHsuandRyantoexploretheseaTodescribethemostdifficultproblemsfacedbytheGlomarChallengerParagraph4Thetimehadcometoformulateahypothesis.Theinvestigatorstheorizedthatabout20millionyearsago,theMediterraneanwasabroadseawaylinkedtotheAtlanticbytwonarrowstraits.Crustalmovementsclosedthestraits,andthelandlockedMediterraneanbegantoevaporate.Increasingsalinitycausedbytheevaporationresultedintheexterminationofscoresofinvertebratespecies.Onlyafeworganismsespeciallytolerantofverysaltyconditionsremained.Asevaporation,theremainingbrine(saltwater)becamesodensethatthecalciumsulfateofthehardlayerwasprecipitated.Inthecentraldeeperpartofthebasin,thelastofthebrineevaporatedtoprecipitatemoresolublesodiumchloride(salt).Later,undertheweightofoverlyingsediments,thissaltflowedsticallyupwardtoformsaltdomes.Beforethishappened,however,theMediterraneanwasavastdesert3,000metersdeep.Then,about5.5millionyearsagocamethedeluge.Asaresultofcrustaladjustmentsandfaulting,theStraitofGibraltar,wheretheMediterraneannowconnectstotheAtlantic,opened,andwatercascadedspectacularlybackintotheMediterranean.Turbulentwaterstoreintothehardenedsaltflats,brokethemup,andgroundthemintothepebblesobservedinthefirstsampletakenbytheChallenger.Asthebasinwasrefilled,normalmarineorganismsreturned.Soonlayerofoceanicoozebegantoaccumulateabovetheoldhardlayer.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingwasresponsiblefortheevaporationoftheMediterranean’sThemovementsofEarth’sTheaccumulationofsedimentChangesinthewaterleveloftheAtlanticChangesinEarth’sTheword“scores”inthepassageisclosestinmeaninglargedifferentAccordingtoparagraph4,whatcausedmostinvertebratespeciesintheMediterranean eTheevaporationofchemicalsnecessaryfortheirCrustalmovementsthatconnectedtheMediterraneantothesaltierThemigrationofnewspeciesthroughthenarrowTheirinabilitytotoleratetheincreasingsaltcontentoftheWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.ThestraitofGibraltarreopenedwhentheMediterraneanandtheAtlanticbecameconnectedandtheofwaterfromoneseatotheothercausedcrustaladjustmentsandTheMediterraneanwasdramaticallyrefilledbywaterfromtheAtlanticwhencrustaladjustmentsandfaultingopenedtheStraitofGibraltar,thecewherethetwoseasarejoined.ThecascadesofwaterfromtheAtlantictotheMediterraneanwerenotasspectacularasthecrustaladjustmentsandfaultingthatoccurredwhentheStraitofGibraltarwasconnectedtothoseseas.AsaresultofcrustaladjustmentsandfaultingandthecreationoftheStraitofGibraltar,theAtlanticandMediterraneanwereconnectedandbecameasingleseawithspectacularcascadesofwaterbetweenthem.Theword“Turbulent”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningParagraph2■AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallenger’sscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.■Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.■WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?■Thus,scientistshadinformationabouttheshapeofthedomesbutnotabouttheirchemicalcompositionandorigin.AnexpeditiontotheMediterraneanansweredsomelong-standingquestionsabouttheocean’sResearcherscollectedfossilstodeterminewhichnewspeciesmigratedfromtheAtlanticwitholderScientistsaboardtheGlomarChallengerwerethefirsttodiscovertheexistenceofdomelikemassesunderneaththeseafloor.Samplesrecoveredfromtheexpeditionrevealedimportantdifferencesinchemicalcompositionandfossildistributionamongthesedimentlayers.EvidencecollectedbytheGlomarChallengersupportsgeologists'beliefsthattheMediterraneanhadevaporated eadesert,beforeitrefilledwithwater.MediterraneansaltdomesformedaftercrustalmovementsopenedthestraitsbetweentheMediterraneanandtheAtlantic,andtheMediterraneanrefilledwithwater.1.○ 2.○ 3.○ 4.○ 5.○2 6.○ 7.○ 8○ 9.○ 10.○ 11.○ 12.○ 13.○141970年，地理學(xué)家KennethJ.Hsu和WilliamB.F.Ryan曾在海洋船GlomarChallenger號(hào)上致力收集調(diào)研資料。這次特別巡航的一個(gè)目的是地中海的地層以及解決關(guān)于其地質(zhì)歷史的問(wèn)題。其中一個(gè)問(wèn)題是有關(guān)地中海地區(qū)無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物（沒(méi)有脊椎的動(dòng)物）600百萬(wàn)年前發(fā)生劇變的。大部分古老的生物都幾乎了，盡管一些頑強(qiáng)的種類(lèi)得以生存。一些動(dòng)物成功地遷移到了大西洋。不久后，這些動(dòng)物又回來(lái)了，并帶回來(lái)新的物種。為什么這最近的動(dòng)物和遷移會(huì)發(fā)生呢？GlomarChallenger號(hào)上科學(xué)家們的另一個(gè)任務(wù)是嘗試去確定深埋在地中海海底穹頂狀巨塊的。這些結(jié)構(gòu)在早些年被回聲探測(cè)器探測(cè)過(guò)，但是它們?cè)谔綔y(cè)過(guò)程中從未被。它們是像海灣海岸一帶的含鹽圓頂狀巨塊嗎？如果是的話，為什么在地中海海GlomarChallenger號(hào)前往地中海尋找答案。1970823日，他們恢復(fù)了日子里，隨著海底巖層實(shí)驗(yàn)的進(jìn)行，石膏固體樣本被不斷地放在甲板上。而且，這些膏狀物的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)特性表明它們形成于沙時(shí)間明確地闡明了一個(gè)假設(shè)。者們構(gòu)思了這樣的理論：大約2000萬(wàn)年前，地中海是一條寬闊的航道，它通過(guò)兩條狹窄的海峽與連接。地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)封閉了海峽，被陸地包圍的地中海也開(kāi)始蒸發(fā)。由蒸發(fā)引起的越來(lái)越高的鹽度造成無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物種類(lèi)的滅深處，剩余鹽水的持續(xù)蒸發(fā)形成的可溶的氯化鈉（鹽。后來(lái)，在上層沉淀物的重壓下，鹽向上形成了含鹽的圓頂。然而在這之3000米深的大沙漠。然后，550萬(wàn)年前發(fā)生了洪水。作為地殼調(diào)整和斷層作用的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在連接地中海和Challenger鹽、石膏、動(dòng)物區(qū)系的變更，還有不尋常的沙礫層都為地中海曾經(jīng)是塊沙漠的理論提供了充分的AncientRomeandThereisaqualityofcohesivenessabouttheRomanworldthatappliedneithertoGreecenorperhapstoanyothercivilization,ancientormodern.LikethestoneofRomanwall,whichwereheldtogetherbothbytheregularityofthedesignandbythatpeculiarlypowerfulRomancement,sothevariouspartsoftheRomanrealmwerebondedintoamassive,monolithicentitybyphysical,organizational,andpsychologicalcontrols.Thephysicalbondsincludedthenetworkofmilitarygarrisons,whichwerestationedineveryprovince,andthenetworkofstone-builtroadsthatlinkedtheprovinceswithRome.Theorganizationalbondswerebasedonthecommonprinciplesoflawandadministrationandontheuniversalarmyofofficialswhoendcommonstandardsofconduct.Thepsychologicalcontrolswerebuiltonfearandpunishment—ontheabsolutecertaintythatanyoneoranythingthatthreatenedtheauthorityofRomewouldbeutterlydestroyed.ThesourceofRomanobsessionwithunityandcohesionmaywellhavelaininthepatternofRome’searlydevelopment.WhereasGreecehadgrownfromscoresofscatteredcities,Romegrewfromonesingleorganism.WhiletheGreekworldhadexpandedalongtheMediterraneanseaslanes,theRomanworldwasassembledbyterritorialconquest.Ofcourse,thecontrastisnotquitesostark:inAlexandertheGreattheGreekshadfoundthegreatestterritorialconquerorofalltime;andtheRomans,oncetheymovedoutsideItaly,didnotfailtolearnthelessonsofseapower.Yettheessentialdifferenceisundeniable.TheKeytotheGreekworldlayinitshigh-poweredships;thekeytoRomanpowerlayinitsmarchinglegions.TheGreekswereweddedtothesea;theRomans,totheland.TheGreekwasasailoratheart;theRoman,aCertainly,intryingtoexintheRomanphenomenon,onewouldhavetocegreatemphasisonthisalmostinstinctfortheterritorialimperative.Romanprioritieslayintheorganization,exploitation,anddefenseoftheirterritory.InallprobabilityitwasthefertileinofLatium,wheretheLatinswhofoundedRomeoriginated,thatcreatedthehabitsandskillsoflandedsettlement,landedproperty,landedeconomy,landedadministration,andaland-basedsociety.FromthisarosetheRomangeniusformilitaryorganizationandorderlyernment.Inturn,adeepattaenttotheland,andtothestabilitywhichrurallifeengenders,fosteredtheRomanvirtues:gravitas,asenseofresponsibility,peitas,asenseofdevotiontofamilyandcountry,andiustitia,asenseofthenaturalorder.ModernattitudestoRomancivilizationrangefromtheinfiniyimpressedtothethoroughdisgusted.Asalways,therearethepowerworshippers,especiallyamonghistorians,whoarepredisposedtoadmirewhateverisstrong,whofeelmoreattractedtothemightofRomethantothesubtletyofGreece.Atthesametime,thereisasolidbodyofopinionthatdislikesRome.Formany,RomeisatbesttheimitatorandthecontinuatorofGreeceonalargerscale.Greekcivilizationhadquality;Rome,merety.Greecewastheinventor;Rome,theresearchanddevelopmentdivision.SuchindeedwastheopinionofsomeofthemoreinlectualRomans.”hadtheGreeksheldnoveltyinsuchdisdainaswe,”askedHoraceinhisepistle,“whatworkofancientdatewouldnowexist?”Rome’sdebttoGreecewasenormous.TheRomansadoptedGreekreligionandmoralphilosophy.Inliture,GreekwriterswereconsciouslyusedasmodelsbytheirLatinsuccessors.ItwasabsoluyacceptedthataneducatedRomanshouldbefluentinGreek.Inspeculativephilosophyandthesciences,theRomansmadevirtuallynoadvanceonearlyachievements.YetitwouldbewrongtosuggestthatRomewassomehowajuniorpartnerinGreco-Romancivilization.TheRomangeniuswasprojectedintonewspheres—especiallyintothoseoflaw,militaryorganization,administration,andengineering.Moreover,thetensionsthatarosewithintheRomanstateproducedliryandicsensibilitiesofthehighestorder.ItwasnoaccidentthatmanyleadingRomansoldiersandstatesmenwerewritersofhighcaliber.Paragraph1ThereisaqualityofcohesivenessabouttheRomanworldthatappliedneithertoGreecenorperhapstoanyothercivilization,ancientormodern.LikethestoneofRomanwall,whichwereheldtogetherbothbytheregularityofthedesignandbythatpeculiarlypowerfulRomancement,sothevariouspartsoftheRomanrealmwerebondedintoamassive,monolithicentitybyphysical,organizational,andpsychologicalcontrols.Thephysicalbondsincludedthenetworkofmilitarygarrisons,whichwerestationedineveryprovince,andthenetworkofstone-builtroadsthatlinkedtheprovinceswithRome.Theorganizationalbondswerebasedonthecommonprinciplesoflawandadministrationandontheuniversalarmyofofficialswhoendcommonstandardsofconduct.Thepsychologicalcontrolswerebuiltonfearandpunishment—ontheabsolutecertaintythatanyoneoranythingthatthreatenedtheauthorityofRomewouldbeutterlydestroyed.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.TheregularityandpowerofstonewallsinspiredRomansattemptingtounifythepartsoftheirAlthoughtheRomansuseddifferenttypesofdesignswhenbuildingtheirwalls,theyusedregularcontrolstomaintaintheirrealm.

SeveraltypesofcontrolunitedtheRomanrealm,justasdesignandcementheldRomanwallsRomansbuiltwallstounitethevariouspartsoftheirrealmintoasingleentity,whichwascontrolledbyAccordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingarecontrolsthatheldtogethertheromanworldadministrativeandlegalthepresenceoftheacommonParagraph2ThesourceofRomanobsessionwithunityandcohesionmaywellhavelaininthepatternofRome’searlydevelopment.WhereasGreecehadgrownfromscoresofscatteredcities,Romegrewfromonesingleorganism.WhiletheGreekworldhadexpandedalongtheMediterraneanseaslanes,theRomanworldwasassembledbyterritorialconquest.Ofcourse,thecontrastisnotquitesostark:inAlexandertheGreattheGreekshadfoundthegreatestterritorialconquerorofalltime;andtheRomans,oncetheymovedoutsideItaly,didnotfailtolearnthelessonsofseapower.Yettheessentialdifferenceisundeniable.TheKeytotheGreekworldlayinitshigh-poweredships;thekeytoRomanpowerlayinitsmarchinglegions.TheGreekswereweddedtothesea;theRomans,totheland.TheGreekwasasailoratheart;theRoman,alandsman.Thephrase“obsessionwith”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningthinkingfixationinterestattitudeAccordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingwasNOTcharacteristicofRome’searlyExpansionbyseaTerritorialExpansionfromoneoriginalExpansionthroughinvadingWhydoestheauthormention“AlexandertheGreat”intheToacknowledgethatGreekcivilizationalsoexpandedbylandTocompareGreekleaderstoRomanTogiveanexampleofGreekleaderwhomRomansToindicatethesuperiororganizationoftheGreekParagraph3Certainly,intryingtoexintheRomanphenomenon,onewouldhavetocegreatemphasisonthisalmostinstinctfortheterritorialimperative.Romanprioritieslayintheorganization,exploitation,anddefenseoftheirterritory.InallprobabilityitwasthefertileinofLatium,wheretheLatinswhofoundedRomeoriginated,thatcreatedthehabitsandskillsoflandedsettlement,landedproperty,landedeconomy,landedadministration,andaland-basedsociety.FromthisarosetheRomangeniusformilitaryorganizationandorderlyernment.Inturn,adeepattaenttotheland,andtothestabilitywhichrurallifeengenders,fosteredtheRomanvirtues:gravitas,asenseofresponsibility,peitas,asenseofdevotiontofamilyandcountry,andiustitia,asenseofthenaturalorder.Theword“fostered”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningParagraph3suggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthepeopleofTheireconomywasbasedontraderelationswithotherTheyhelddifferentvaluesthanthepeopleofAgricultureyedasignificantroleintheTheypossessedunusualknowledgeofanimalParagraph4ModernattitudestoRomancivilizationrangefromtheinfiniyimpressedtothethoroughdisgusted.Asalways,therearethepowerworshippers,especiallyamonghistorians,whoarepredisposedtoadmirewhateverisstrong,whofeelmoreattractedtothemightofRomethantothesubtletyofGreece.Atthesametime,thereisasolidbodyofopinionthatdislikesRome.Formany,RomeisatbesttheimitatorandthecontinuatorofGreeceonalargerscale.Greekcivilizationhadquality;Rome,merety.Greecewastheinventor;Rome,theresearchanddevelopmentdivision.SuchindeedwastheopinionofsomeofthemoreinlectualRomans.”hadtheGreeksheldnoveltyinsuchdisdainaswe,”askedHoraceinhisEpistle,“whatworkofancientdatewouldnowexist?”P(pán)aragraph4indicatesthatsomehistoriansadmireRomancivilizationbecausethediversityofcultureswithinRomanitsitsinnovativethelargebodyofliturethatitInparagraph4,theauthordevelopsadescriptionofRomancivilizationcomparingtheopinionsofRomaninlectualstoGreekinidentifyingwhichcharacteristicsofromancivilizationwerecopiedfromexininghowthedifferencesbetweenRomanandGreecedevelopedastimecontrastingcharacteristicsofRomancivilizationwithcharacteristicsofGreekAccordingtoparagraph4,inlectualRomanssuchasHoraceheldwhichofthefollowingopinionsabouttheircivilization?AncientworksofGreeceheldlittlevalueintheRomanTheGreekcivilizationhadbeensurpassedbytheRomancivilizationproducedlittlethatwasoriginalorRomansvaluedcertaintypesofinnovationsthathadbeenignoredbyancientParagraph5Rome’sdebttoGreecewasenormous.TheRomansadoptedGreekreligionandmoralphilosophy.Inliture,GreekwriterswereconsciouslyusedasmodelsbytheirLatinsuccessors.ItwasabsoluyacceptedthataneducatedRomanshouldbefluentinGreek.Inspeculativephilosophyandthesciences,theRomansmadevirtuallynoadvanceonearlyachievements.TheRomangeniuswasprojectedintonewspheres—especiallyintothoseoflaw,militaryorganization,administration,andengineering.Moreover,thetensionsthatarosewithintheRomanstateproducedliryandicsensibilitiesofthehighestorder.ItwasnoaccidentthatmanyleadingRomansoldiersandstatesmenwerewritersofhighcaliber.Theword“spheres”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningWhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadingRomansoldiersandstatesmenissupportedbyparagraphs5and6?TheycouldreadandwritetheGreekTheyfrequentlywrotepoetryandTheyfocusedtheirwritingonmilitaryTheywroteaccordingtothephilosophicallawsoftheParagraph4ModernattitudestoRomancivilizationrangefromtheinfiniyimpressedtothethoroughAsalways,therearethepowerworshippers,especiallyamonghistorians,whoarepredisposedtoadmirewhateverisstrong,whofeelmoreattractedtothemightofRomethantothesubtletyofGreece.■Atthesametime,thereisasolidbodyofopinionthatdislikesRome.■Formany,RomeisatbesttheimitatorandthecontinuatorofGreeceonalargerscale.■Greekcivilizationhadquality;Rome,merety.Greecewastheinventor;Rome,theresearchanddevelopmentdivision.SuchindeedwastheopinionofsomeofthemoreinlectualRomans.”hadtheGreeksheldnoveltyinsuchdisdainaswe,”askedHoraceinhisEpistle,“whatworkofancientdatewouldnowTheyesteemsymbolsofRomanpower,suchasthemassiveTheRomanworlddrewitsstrengthfromseveralimportantNumerouscontrolsimposedbyRomanrulershelditsterritoryTheRomanmilitarywasorganizeddifferentlyfromoldermilitaryRomansvaluedseapowerasdidtheLatins,theoriginalinhabitantsofRomanvalueswererootedinastrongattaenttothelandandthestabilityofruralRomecombinedaspectsofancientGreekcivilizationwithitsowncontributionsinnewEducatedRomansmodeledtheirownlitureandphilosophyontheancient參考答案：1○32.○33.○24.○15.○16.○47.○38.○29.○410.○311.○212.○113.214.○14遍布各地、統(tǒng)一行動(dòng)的府。精神上的控制則建立在恐懼和懲罰上——的是任何人，或任何事，只要到羅馬的發(fā)展而來(lái)。希臘沿著地中海擴(kuò)張，然而羅馬則通過(guò)的占領(lǐng)而壯大。當(dāng)然，他們的對(duì)比也不是那么的絕對(duì)：在大帝時(shí)之間本質(zhì)的區(qū)別是不容否認(rèn)的。希臘世界的關(guān)鍵是強(qiáng)大的船隊(duì)，而羅馬的關(guān)鍵則是他們行進(jìn)的。希臘人死守著海洋，羅馬人的是，為了解釋羅馬現(xiàn)象，人們應(yīng)該極大的強(qiáng)調(diào)他們的幾乎是本能的觀念。羅馬人的天性就在于對(duì)的組織、擴(kuò)張和防御。完全也可能是Latium平原——拉丁人最初建立羅馬的地方，早就了羅馬人陸地、陸地財(cái)產(chǎn)、陸地經(jīng)濟(jì)、陸地行政以深的依戀孕育了羅馬人的品格：gravitas，一種責(zé)任感；peitasiustitia，一種對(duì)自然秩序的使命?，F(xiàn)在人們對(duì)羅馬的態(tài)度各異，從無(wú)限的崇尚到徹底的。經(jīng)常威的者，尤其是在歷史學(xué)家中，不由自主的推崇強(qiáng)大，他們對(duì)羅馬權(quán)力的欣賞遠(yuǎn)勝于對(duì)希臘狡黠的欣賞。與此同時(shí)，有一種的觀念厭惡羅馬。對(duì)于很多人而言，羅馬至多不過(guò)是對(duì)希臘些高智商羅馬人的觀點(diǎn)?！半y道希臘人創(chuàng)造出新的事物后，我們就會(huì)被認(rèn)為是如此的微不足道嗎？”Horace在他的信件中問(wèn)道“古羅馬的欠著希臘無(wú)數(shù)的羅馬人吸收了希臘人的和哲學(xué)在文學(xué)上希臘作家被下意識(shí)的當(dāng)作他們拉丁后裔的模范。然而如果認(rèn)為羅馬是希臘羅馬文化的晚輩那就錯(cuò)了。羅馬的天才們突破了新的領(lǐng)域—尤其是在法律、的組織、管理學(xué)和工程學(xué)上。而且，由羅馬國(guó)家內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生的壓力促使文學(xué)和藝術(shù)的造詣達(dá)到最高水平。所以很多羅馬的高級(jí)軍官和們都是高素質(zhì)的作家。Agriculture,Iron,andtheBantuThereisevidenceofagricultureinAfricapriorto3000B.C.Itmayhavedevelopedindependently,butmanyscholarsbelievethatthespreadofagricultureandironthroughoutAfricalinkedittothemajorcentersoftheNearEastandMediterraneanworld.ThedryingupofwhatisnowtheSaharadeserthadpushedmanypeoplestothesouthintosub-SaharaAfrica.Thesepeoplessettledatfirstinscatteredhunting-and-gatheringbands,althoughinsomecesnearlakesandrivers,peoplewhofished,withamoresecurefoodsupply,livedinlargerpopulationconcentrations.AgricultureseemstohavereachedthesepeoplefromtheNearEast,sincethefirstdomesticatedcropsweremilletsandsorghumswhoseoriginsarenotAfricanbutwestAsian.Oncetheideaofntingdiffused,Africansbegantodeveloptheirowncrops,suchascertainvarietiesofrice,andtheydemonstratedareceptivenesstonewimports.TheproposedareasofthedomesticationofAfricancropslieinabandthatextendsfromEthiopiaacrosssouthernSudantoWestAfrica.Subsequently,othercrops,suchasbananas,wereintroducedfromSoutheastAsia.LivestockalsocamefromoutsideAfrica.CattlewereintroducedfromAsia,asprobablyweredomesticsheepandgoats.HorseswereapparentlyintroducedbytheHyksosinvadersofEgypt(1780-1560B.C.)andthenspreadacrosstheSudantoWestAfrica.RockpaintingsintheSaharaindicatethathorsesandchariotswereusedtotraversethedesertandthatby300-200B.C.,thereweretraderoutesacrosstheSahara.HorseswereadoptedbypeoplesoftheWestAfricansavannah,andlatertheirpowerfulcavalrysallowedthemtocarveoutlargeempires.Finally,thecamelwasintroducedaroundthefirstcenturyA.D.Thiswasanimportantinnovation,becausethecamel’sabilitiestothriveinharshdesertconditionsandtocarrylargeloadscheaplymadeitaneffectiveandefficientmeansoftransportation.Thecameltransformedthedesertfromabarrierintoastilldifficult,butmoreaccessible,routeoftradeandIroncamefromWestAsia,althoughitsroutesofdiffusionweresomewhatdifferentthanthoseofagriculture.MostofAfricapresentsacuriouscaseinwhichsocietiesmoveddirectlyfromatechnologyofstonetoironwithoutthroughtheintermediatestageofcopperorbronzemetallurgy,althoughsomeearlycopper-workingsiteshavebeenfoundinWestAfrica.KnowledgeofironmakingpenetratedintotheandsavannahsofWestAfricaatroughlythesametimethatironmakingwasreachingEurope.EvidenceofironmakinghasbeenfoundinNigeria,Ghana,andMali.ThistechnologicalshiftcauseprofoundchangesinthecomplexityofAfricansocieties.Ironrepresentedpower.InWestAfricatheblacksmithwhomadetoolsandfunctions.Ironhoes,whichmadethelandmoreproductive,andironweapons,whichmadethewarriormorepowerful,hadsymbolicmeaninginanumberofWestAfricasocieties.Thosewhoknewthesecretsofmakingirongainedritualandsometimespoliticalpower.UnlikeintheAmericas,wheremetallurgywasaverylateandlimiteddevelopment,Africanshadironfromarelativelyearlydate,develoingeniousfurnacestoproducethehighheatneededforproductionandtocontroltheamountofairthatreachedthecarbonandironorenecessaryformakingiron.MuchofAfricamovedrightintotheIronAge,takingthebasictechnologyandadaptingittolocal;conditionsandresources.Thediffusionofagricultureand