托福入學測試模擬卷

LONGRETOEFLAdmissionTest-GeneralModule一.同義詞1.Thoughclumsyandbulkyithasavirtuedeartoarchaeologists:itisdurable.Fire,forexample,whichisdeathtopapyruspaperorotherwritingmaterialssuchasleatherandwood,simplybakesithard,therebymakingitevenmoredurable.Theword“virtue”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtopricedesigndesirablequalityphysicalcharacteristic2.Wealthcouldbetaxed,andthroughtaxation,kingscouldcreatestrongandcentralizedstates.Intheyearstocome,allianceswiththemiddleclassesweretoenablekingstoweakenaristocraticinterestsandbuildthestatesthatcametobecalledmodern.Theword"alliances"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtotransactionscommunicationspartnershipsconflicts3.First,iftherearemorespeciesinanecosystem,thenitsfoodwebwillbemorecomplex,withgreaterredundancyamongspeciesintermsoftheirnutritionalroles.Theword“redundancy”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoduplicationvarietyrequirementsflexibility4.However,themassiveincreaseinpopulationthatinEuropewasatfirstattributedtoindustrializationstartingintheeighteenthcenturyoccurredalsoandatthesameperiodinChina,eventhoughtherewasnocomparableindustrialization.Theword“attributed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoaccustomedcreditedexposedtransformed5.Confrontedwithamultitudeofunreliablefigures,economistshavecomparedthepopulationrecordswiththeaggregatedataforcultivatedlandareaandgrainproductioninthesixcenturiessince1368.Theword“aggregate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoavailablereliablecombinedrecorded6.Therewasalsoagaininfarmtools,draftanimals,andfertilizer,tosaynothingofthepopulationgrowthitself,whichincreasedhalfagainasfastascultivatedlandareaandsoincreasedtheratioofhumanhandsavailableperunitofland.Theword“ratio”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoproportionavailabilityimportancecost7.Townsandcitieswereestablishednotonlyasgarrisons(militaryposts)butascentersforthediffusionofGreeklanguage,literature,andthought,particularlythroughlibraries,asatAntioch(inmodernTurkey)andthemostfamousofall,atAlexandriainEgypt,whichwouldbethefinestintheworldforthenextthousandyears.Theword"diffusion"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoadoptionspreadteachinglearning8.Intheocean,microscopicphytoplankton(tinyfloatingplants)andbacteria(simple,single-celledorganisms)aretheprincipalsourcesoforganicmatterthatistrappedandburiedinsediment.Theword"trapped"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtohiddendestroyedcaughtfoundWhenthecurrentapproachestheequatorthewestward-flowingtradewindscausenutrient-richcoldwateralongthecoasttorisefromdeeperdepthstomoreshallowones.Theword"approaches"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtonearscrossestravelsalongleavesInfact,thelinkbetweenthetwoissogreatthattheyareoftenreferredtojointlyasENSO(ElNino-SouthernOscillation).Theword"jointly"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtotogetherthereforerightfullysimply二.語法改錯VitaminD,whichthebodyneedsinordertoabsorbcalcium,isproducedwhenskinisexposedtoultravioletrays.calcium,isproducedcalcium,andiscalcium,producingitcalciumandproducescalciumandproducesitThesubtitleofMaryShelley'sgothicmasterpieceFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheusreferstoamythicalGreekcharacterhestolefirefromthegods.character,hestolecharacterwhostolecharacter,whohavingstolencharacter,whosestealingcharactertohavestolenWhentheweatherwasnice,Lisawasmorelikelytowalkthantakingthebusbecausetheroutetoherschooltookherthroughabeautifulpark.wasmorelikelytowalkthantakingwasmorelikelytowalkthantotakebeingmorelikelytowalkinsteadoftakingismorelikelywalkingthantakingismorelikelytowalkastakeInatypicalrestaurantkitchen,thechefranksabovethesous-chef,whichisusuallyresponsibleforsupervisingthelinecooks,whodotheactualcooking.whichisusuallyresponsibleforsupervisingwhichisusuallyresponsibletosupervisewhoseusualresponsibilityistheysupervisewhoisusuallyresponsibletosupervisewhoisusuallyresponsibleforsupervisingMusicseemstobeuniversal,whichexistsinsomeforminallhumancultures.whichexistswhereitexistsitexistsexistsexisting三.閱讀理解Siam,1851—1910[Paragraph1】Inthelatenineteenthcentury,politicalandsocialchangeswereoccurringrapidlyinSiam(nowThailand).Theoldrulingfamilieswerebeingdisplacedbyanevolvingcentralizedgovernment.Thesefamilieswerepensionedoff(givenasumofmoneytoliveon)orsimplyhadtheirrevenuestakenawayorrestricted;theirsonswereenticedawaytoschoolsfordistrictofficers,latertobepostedinsomefarawayprovince;andtheoldpatron-clientrelationsthathadboundtogetherlocalsocietiessimplydisintegrated.Localrulerscouldnolongerprotecttheirrelativesandattendantsinlegalcases,andwiththeendingin1905ofthepracticeofforcingpeasantfarmerstoworkpart-timeforlocalrulers,therulersnolongerhadaregularbaseforrelationswithruralpopulations.Theoldlocalrulingfamilies,then,wereseveredfromtheirtraditionalsocialcontext.Accordingtoparagraph1,thesituationforSiam’soldrulingfamilieschangedinallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPT:oTheirincomeswerereduced.oTheirsonswerepostedasdistrictofficersindistantprovinces.oTheycouldselllandsthathadtraditionallybelongedtothem.oTheyhadlesscontrolovertheruralpopulations.[Paragraph2】Thesamesituationviewedfromtheperspectiveoftheruralpopulationisevenmorecomplex.Accordingtothegovernment’sfirstcensusoftheruralpopulation,takenin1905,therewereaboutthirtythousandvillagesinSiam.Thiswasprobablyalargeincreaseoverthefigureeventwoorthreedecadesearliei,duringthelate1800s.Itisdifficulttoimagineitnow,butSiam’sCentralPlaininthelate1800swasnowherenearasdenselysettledasitistoday.TherewerestillforestscloselysurroundingBangkokintothelastofthenineteenthcentury,andevenatcentury,sendtherewerewildelephantsandtigersroamingthecountrysideonlytwentyorthirtymilesaway.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingwastrueofSiamin1905?oItsurbanpopulationbegantomigrateoutofthecitiesandintothecountry.oItsCentralPlainwasalmostasdenselypopulatedasitistoday.oItwassoruralthatwildelephantsandtigerssometimesroamedBangkok.oIthadmanymorevillagesthanitdidinthelate1800s.[Paragraph3】Muchpopulationmovementinvolvedtheopeningupofnewlandsforricecultivation.Twothingsmadethispossibleandencouragedittohappen.First,theopeningofthekingdomtothefullforceofinternationaltradebytheBoringTreaty(1855)rapidlyencouragedeconomicspecializationinthegrowingofrice,mainlytofeedtherice-deficientportionsofAsia(Indiaandchinainparticular).TheaverageannualvolumeofriceexportedfromSiamgrewfromunder60millionkilogramsperyearinthelate1850stomorethan660millionkilogramsperyearattheturnofthecentury;andoverthesameperiodtheaveragepriceperkilogramdoubled.Duringthesameperiod,theareaplantedinriceincreasedfromabout230,000acrestomorethan350,000acres.Thisgrowthwasachievedastheresultofthecollectivedecisionsofthousandsofpeasantsfamiliestoexpandtheamountoflandtheycultivated,clearandplantnewland,oradoptmoreintensivemethodsofagriculture.Paragraph3mentionsallofthefollowingassignsofeconomicgrowthinSiamEXCEPTo anincrease in thepriceorriceo anincrease in theamountofriceleavingSiamo anincrease in thenutritionalqualityoftherice growno anincrease in theamountoflandusedforrice productionAccordingtoparagraph3,farmingfamiliesincreasedtheamountofricetheygrewinpartbyogrowingvarietiesofricethatproducedgreateryieldsoformingcollectivefarmsbyjoiningtogetherwithotherfarmfamiliesoplantingriceinareasthathadpreviouslyremainedunplantedohiringlaborerstohelpthemtendtheirfields[Paragraph4】Theywereabletodosobecauseofoursecondconsideration.Theywererelativelyfreerthantheyhadbeenhalfacenturyearlier.OverthecourseoftheFifthReign(1868-1910),thetiesthatboundruralpeopletothearistocracyandlocalrulingelitesweregreatlyreduced.Peasantsnowpaidataxonindividualsinsteadofbeingrequiredtorenderlaborservicetothegovernment.Undertheseconditions,itmadegoodsensetothousandsofpeasantfamiliestoineffectworkfull-timeatwhattheyhadbeenabletodoonlypart-timepreviouslybecauseoftherequirementtoworkforthegovernment:growriceforthemarketplace.Accordingtoparagraph4,whathappenedafterthegovernmentendedthepracticeofrequiringruralpeopletoperformlaborforit?oRuralpeoplebecamemorecloselyconnectedtothearistocracy.oralpeoplespentmoretimegrowingriceforprofit.oThegovernmentbegantopaythelaborerswhogrewriceforit.oThegovernmentintroducedaspecialtaxonrice.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenparagraphs3and4inthepassage?oParagraph4providesfurtherevidenceoftheeconomicgrowthofSiamdiscussedinparagraph3.oParagraph4continuesthediscussionbeguninparagraph3offarmingimprovementsthatledtoeconomicgrowth.oParagraph4examinesaparticulareffectoftheBowringTreatymentionedinparagraph3.oParagraph4discussesthesecondoftwofactorsthatcontributedtotheexpansionofricefarmingmentionedonparagraph3.TheDeclineofVenetianShipping[Paragraph1】Inthelatethirteenthcentury,northernItaliancitiessuchasGenoa,Florence,andVenicebegananeconomicresurgencethatmadethemintothemostimportanteconomiccentersofEurope.Bytheseventeenthcentury,however,otherEuropeanpowershadtakenover,astheItaliancitieslostmuchoftheireconomicmight.[Paragraph2】ThisdeclinecanbeseenclearlyinthechangesthataffectedVenetianshippingandtrade.First,Venic’sintermediaryfunctionsintheAdriaticSea,whereithaddominatedthebusinessofshippingforotherparties,werelosttodirecttrading.Inthefifteenthcenturytherewaslittleproblemrecruitingsailorstorowthegalleys(largeshipspropelledbyoars):guilds(businessassociations)wererequiredtoproviderowers,andthroughadraftsystemfreecitizensservedcompulsorilywhencalledfor|Intheearlysixteenthcenturytheshortageofrowerswasnotseriousbecausethedemandforgalleyswaslimitedbyamovetoroundships(round-hulledshipswithmorecargospace),withrequiredfewerrowers.■Buttheshortageofcrewsprovedtobeagreaterandgreaterproblem,despitecontinuousappealtoVenic’straditionofmaritimegreatness.■Eventhoughsailors,wagesdoubledamongthenorthernItaliancitiesfrom1550to1590,thisdidnotelicitanincreasedsupply，Lookatthefoursquares"]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Theincreaseinrewardstilldidnotattractyoungpeopletothishardlife,andconvictedcriminalsandslaveswerepressedintoservices.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingcontributedtothedeclineofVenetianshipping?oThelossoftradeinAdriaticSeaoThemovefromgalleystoroundshipsoThedecreaseddemandforgalleysoThedoublingofsailor,swagesAllofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph2aswaysthatVeniceprovidedrowersforitsgalleyEXCEPToRequiringbusinessassociationstoprovidesailorsoRecruitingsailorsfromothercitiesinnorthernItalyoDraftingVenetiancitizensintoservicesasrowersoAppealingtothetraditionsofVeniceasaseapower[Paragraph3】TheprobleminshippingextendedtotheArsenale,Venice,sgeandpowerfulshipyard.Timberranshort,anditwasnecessarytoprocureitfromfartherandfartheraway.InancientRomantimes,theItalianpeninsulahadgreatforestoffirpreferredforwarships,butscarcitywasapparentasearlyastheearlyfourteenthcentury.ArsenaleofficersfirstbroughttimberfromthefoothillsoftheAlps,thenfromnorthtowardTrieste,andfinallyfromacrosstheAdriatic.Privateshipbuilderswererequiredtobuytheiroakabroad.Asthecostsofshipbuildingrose,VeniceclungtoitsoutdatedstandardwhiletheDutchwereinnovationinthelighterandmoreeasilyhandledships.Accordingtoparagraphs3,whydidthebuildingofshipsinVenetianshipyardsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive?oThewagesofofficersandworkersintheArsenalekeptrisingoRomanshipyardswereusingalltheavailablefirtreesforthewarshipsoThetimberusedintheshipbuildinghadtobebroughtfromfartherandfartherawayoVenetianstandardsrequiredthatshipbuildersusetop-qualitymaterials.[Paragraph4】Thestepfrombuyingforeigntimbertobuyingforeignshipswasregardedasashortone,especiallywhencomplaintswereheardinthelattersixteenthcenturythatthestandardsandtraditionsoftheArsenalewererunningdown.Workwasstretchedoutanddonepoorly.Olderworkershadbeenallowedtostopworkahalfhourbeforetheregulartime,andin1601youngerworksleftwiththem.MerchantscomplainedthattheprivilegesreservedforVenetian-builtandownedshipswerefirstextendedtothoseVenetianswhoboughtshipsfromabroadandthentoforeign-builtandownedvessels.HistorianFredericLaneobservesthatafterthe10ssofshipsinbattleinthelatesixteenthcentury,theshipbuildingindustrynolongerhadthecapacitytorecoverthatithaddisplayedatthestartofthecentury.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph3and4ascontributingtotheproblemsoftheVenetianshipbuildingindustryattheendofthesixteenthcenturyEXCEPToThequalityofworkperformedintheArsenalehaddeclinedoVenetian-builtshipswereheavyandgenerallyinefficientoArsenaleshipbuildersworkedmoreslowlyoOnlyafewmerchantscontrolledthebuyingandsellingofmostoftheVenetian-builtshipsWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.oThelossofshipsinbattleattheendofthesixteenthcenturyshowedthatVenetianshipbuilderslackedtheskillstheyhadpossessedatthebeginningofthecentury.oVenetianshipbuildingfailedtoquicklyreplacetheshipslostinbattleattheendofthesixteenthcenturyasitwouldhavedoneearlierinthecentury.oFredericLanenotedthatVenicelostshipsinbattleattheendofthesixteenthcentury,showingthatVenetianshipbuildingwasnotlongerknownforitsreliability.oVenetianshipbuildinghadbeenknownforitshighqualityofworkatthebeginningofthesixteenthcentury,buttowardtheendofthecenturyVenetianshipswerepoorerinquality.[Paragraph5】TheconventionalexplanationforthelossofVenetiandominanceintradeisestablishmentofthePortuguesedirectsearoutetotheEast,replacingtheoverlandSilkRoadfromtheBlackseaandthehighlyprofitableIndianOcean-caravan-easternMediterraneanroutetoVenice.ThePortugueseVascodaGama’sVoyagearoundsouthernAfricatoIndiatookplaceattheendofthefifteenthcentury,andby1502thetrans-Abrabiancaravanroutehadbeencutoffbypoliticalunrest.Whydoestheauthormention“VascodaGama'VoyagearoundsouthernAfricatoIndia”inthepassage?otoindicatehowthePortuguesecametochallengeVenetiandominanceoftradewiththeEastotoexplainwhypoliticaltroublesresultedinth