Native Americans in the United States的實用學(xué)習(xí)課件

NativeAmericansintheUnitedStates的實用學(xué)習(xí)課件第1頁/共30頁AmericanIndiansandIndianAmericansPeoplefromIndia(andtheirdescendants)whoarecitizensoftheUnitedStatesareknownasIndianAmericansorAsianIndians.NativeAmericansarealsocommonlyknownasIndiansorAmericanIndians,andhavebeenknownasAboriginalAmericans,Amerindians,Amerinds,ColoredFirstAmericans,NativeIndians,Indigenous,OriginalAmericans,RedIndians,RedskinsorRedMen.第2頁/共30頁NativeAmericansNativeAmericansintheUnitedStatesaretheindigenous(土生土長的)peoplesfromNorthAmericanowencompassedbythecontinental

UnitedStates,includingpartsofAlaskaandtheislandstateofHawaii.Theycomprisealargenumberofdistincttribes,states,andethnicgroups,manyofwhichsurviveasintact（完整無缺的）politicalcommunities.TheterminologyusedtorefertoNativeAmericansiscontroversial.第3頁/共30頁ThegroupofNativeAmericanThegroupofNativeAmericanknownastheWoodlandIndiansismadeupofseveraltribes.Thesearesomeofthemajortribes.Delaware Wampanoag HuronNarraganset Powhatan

Iroquois

Mohawk Oneida OnondagaCayuga Seneca Tuscarora

第4頁/共30頁MapoftheareatheEasternWoodlandIndianslived.第5頁/共30頁ClothingTheirclothingwasmademostlyfromhidesofanimals.Inthewinter,themenworeshirts,leggings（裹腿，綁腿）,and（鹿皮鞋）madeofbuckskin.Buckskinisclothingmadefromtheskinsofanimals,mainlydeer.Thewomenworeskirtstheyhadwovenfromthewildgrasses,coveredwithfurs,withleggingsunderneath.Inthesummer,themenworeabreechcloth（腰布，短褲）,ashortpieceofbuckskinthathungfromthefronttothebackoftheIndian.Thewomenworetheirgrassdresses,andthechildrenworenothingatall.

第6頁/共30頁ThisisapictureofthetraditionaldressofmeninmanyoftheEasternWoodlandtribes.

Dyedquills（大羽毛）decoratedmoccasinsinred,blueandviolet.TheseareSeneca（塞內(nèi)卡族）quilledmoccasins第7頁/共30頁Wampum（貝殼念珠）Wampumbeltsandnecklacesweremadefromwampumbeads.Thesebeadswereactuallywhiteandpurpleshells.WampumwasusedasmoneybetweenwhitemanandIndians.WampumbeltswereusedasaformofcommunicationbetweenIndiantribes.Wampumbeltswouldbemadeintopicturesshowingthereasonitwasmade.AllIndianmessengerscarriedwampumbeltswhengoingtoothertribes第8頁/共30頁第9頁/共30頁FoodManyoftheEasternWoodlandtribeshuntedsmallgamesuchasdeer,rabbit,andbear.Sincetheirvillageswereusuallyneartheocean,streams,orlakes,theyalsofishedusingspearsandnets.Berries（漿果）,nuts,andwildplantswereimportantformsoffood.Manyofthesetribeswereconsideredtobeexcellentfarmers.Theyhadlargefarmswhichgrewcorn,beans,andsquash.Corn,beans,andsquash(南瓜屬植物)werethemostimportantcropsplanted.Theywereknowas“TheThreeSisters”astheywerealsogrowntogether.第10頁/共30頁ShelterTheIroquoisIndianslivedinwigwamsandlonghouses.

第11頁/共30頁ToolsAx，Arrowpoints，drillpoints

，Theboneawl

，Thegorget，Thisblade第12頁/共30頁thoughtsabouttheuniverseFirst,atthetimeofEuropeancontact,allbutthesimplestindigenousculturesinNorthAmericahaddevelopedcoherentreligioussystemsthatincludedcosmologies(宇宙學(xué))—creationmyths,transmittedorallyfromonegenerationtothenext,whichpurportedtoexplainhowthosesocietieshadcomeintobeing.Second,mostnativepeoplesworshipedanall-powerful,all-knowingCreatoror“MasterSpirit”(abeingthatassumedavarietyofformsandbothgenders).Theyalsovenerated（敬重）orplacatedahostoflessersupernaturalentities,includinganevilgodwhodealtoutdisaster,suffering,anddeath.Thirdandfinally,themembersofmosttribesbelievedintheimmortalityofthehumansoulandanafterlife,themainfeatureofwhichwastheabundanceofeverygoodthingthatmadeearthlylifesecureandpleasant.第13頁/共30頁adjustmentbetweenOldandNewWorld

EuropeancolonizationoftheAmericasledtocenturiesofconflictandadjustmentbetweenOldandNewWorldsocieties.MostofthewrittenhistoricalrecordaboutNativeAmericanswasmadebyEuropeansafterinitialcontact.NativeAmericanslivedinhunter/farmersubsistencesocietieswithsignificantlydifferentvaluesystemsthanthoseoftheEuropeancolonists.ThedifferencesinculturebetweentheNativeAmericansandEuropeans,andtheshiftingalliances（狡猾的同盟）amongdifferentnationsofeachculture,ledtogreatmisunderstandingsandlonglastingculturalconflicts.第14頁/共30頁Assimilation（同化）Afterthecoloniesrevolted（反抗）againstGreatBritainandestablishedtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,Inthelate18thcentury,GeorgeWashingtonandHenryKnoxconceivedoftheideaof“civilizing”NativeAmericansinpreparationofAmericancitizenship.Assimilation（同化）becameaconsistentpolicythroughAmericanadministrations.第15頁/共30頁removeIntheearly19thcentury,mostNativeAmericansoftheAmericanDeepSouthwereremovedfromtheirhomelandstoaccommodateAmericanexpansionwithsomegroupspresentlyresidinginAlabama,Florida,Lousianna,Mississippi,NorthCarolina,andTennessee.

BytheAmericanCivilWar,manyNativeAmericannationshadbeenrelocatedwestoftheMississippiRiver.MajorNativeAmericanresistancetookplaceintheformof"IndianWars,"whichwerefrequentupuntilthe1890s.第16頁/共30頁NativeAmericanstodayhaveauniquerelationshipwiththeUnitedStatesofAmericabecausetheycanbefoundasmembersofnations,tribes,orbandsofNativeAmericanswhohavesovereigntyorindependencefromthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates.第17頁/共30頁Animalintroductions

Withthemeetingoftwoworlds,animals,insects,andplantswereexchangedbetweentwo.Thehorse,pig,andcowwerealloldworldanimalsthatwereintroducedtoNativeAmericanswhoneverknewsuchanimals.

ThereintroductionofhorsesresultedinbenefitstoNativeAmericans.Astheyadoptedtheanimals,theybegantochangetheirculturesinsubstantialways,especiallybyextendingtheirranges.第18頁/共30頁agoldenageForsomeEuropeans,NativeAmericansocietiesremindedthemofaconceptionofagoldenageknowntothemonlyinfolkhistory.Naturalfreedomistheonlyobjectofthepolicyofthe[NativeAmericans];withthisfreedomdonatureandclimaterulealoneamongstthem...[NativeAmericans]maintaintheirfreedomandfindabundantnourishment...[andare]peoplewholivewithoutlaws,withoutpolice,withoutreligion.

—-JeanJacquesRousseau,JesuitandSavageinNewFrance

第19頁/共30頁playedacentralroleinshapingthehistoryofthenationAmericanIndianshaveplayedacentralroleinshapingthehistoryofthenation,andtheyaredeeplywovenintothesocialfabricofmuchofAmericanlife...Duringthelastthreedecadesofthetwentiethcentury,scholarsofethnohistory,ofthe"newIndianhistory,"andofNativeAmericanstudiesforcefullydemonstratedthattounderstandAmericanhistoryandtheAmericanexperience,onemustincludeAmericanIndians.—-RobbieEthridge,CreekCountry.TheIndianspresentedareverseimageofEuropeancivilizationwhichhelpedAmericaestablishanationalidentitythatwasneithersavagenorcivilized.

—-CharlesSanford,TheQuestforParadise

第20頁/共30頁civilizingGeorgeWashingtonandHenryKnoxbelievedthatNativeAmericanswereequalsbutthattheirsocietywasinferior.Washingtonformulatedapolicytoencouragethe"civilizing"process.第21頁/共30頁educationAftertheAmericanCivilWarandIndianwarsinthelate19thcentury,NativeAmericanboardingschoolswereestablished,whichwereoftenrunprimarilybyoraffiliatedwithChristianmissionaries(傳教士).AtthistimeAmericansocietythoughtthatNativeAmericanchildrenneededtobeacculturatedtothegeneralsociety.Theboardingschoolexperienceoftenprovedtraumatic（經(jīng)歷痛苦的）toNativeAmericanchildren,whowereforbiddentospeaktheirnativelanguages,taughtChristianityanddeniedtherighttopracticetheirnativereligions,andinnumerousotherwaysforcedtoabandontheirNativeAmericanidentitiesandadoptEuropean-Americanculture.Thereweredocumentedcasesofsexual,physicalandmentalabuseoccurringattheseschools.第22頁/共30頁NativeAmericansasAmericancitizens

In1857,ChiefJusticeRogerB.TaneyexpressedthatsinceNativeAmericanswere"freeandindependentpeople"thattheycouldbecomeU.S.citizen第23頁/共30頁westwardexpansionoftheUnitedStatesInthenineteenthcentury,theincessantwestwardexpansionoftheUnitedStatesincrementallycompelledlargenumbersofNativeAmericanstoresettlefurtherwest,oftenbyforce,almostalwaysreluctantly.第24頁/共30頁NativeAmericanstrugglesamidpovertyNativeAmericanstrugglesamidpovertytomaintainlifeonthereservationorinlargersocietyhaveresultedinavarietyofhealthissues,somerelatedtonutritionandhealthpractices.Inaddition,somestudieshavefoundhighratesofheartdisease,diabetes（糖尿?。?drugaddiction,mentalillnessandsuicide.Intheearly21stcentury,NativeAmericancommunitiesremainanenduringfixtureontheUnitedStateslandscape,intheAmericaneconomy,andinthelivesofNativeAmericans.第25頁/共30頁NativeAmericanstoday

Accordingto2003UnitedStatesCensusBureauestimates,alittleoveronethirdofthe2,786,652NativeAmericansintheUnitedStatesliveinthreestates:Californiaat413,382,Arizonaat294,137andOklahomaat279,559.In2000,eightoftenAmericanswithNat