語言學教程復習資料胡壯麟

如對你有幫助，請購買下載打賞，謝謝！第一章l.Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2.Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness（任意性）referstotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.（soundsandmeanings）Duality（二層性）:Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Productivity/creativity（創(chuàng)1J造性）:Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.④Displacement（移位性）:HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atmomentofcommunication.（p7）FunctionsoflanguageInformative（信息功能）:togiveinformationaboutfacts.（ideational）Interpersonal（人際功能）:toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusinasociety.（age,sex,language,background,accent,status）Performative（施為功能）：languageisusedtodothings,toperformcertainactions.（name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare）.Emotive/Expressive（情感功能）：toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.Phaticcommunion（寒暄交流）:tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.（Health,weather）Recreationalfunction（娛樂）：theuseoflanguageforsheerjoy.（lyrics,poetry）Metalingualfunction（元語言功能）:totalkaboutlanguageitself.Whatislinguistics?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptive&prescriptiveSynchronic&diachronicLangue&paroleCompetence&performanceDescriptive（描寫/述性）-describeandanalyzelinguisticfactsorthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse（modernlinguistic）Prescriptive（規(guī)定性）一laydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage（traditionalgrammar:“neveruseadoublenegative”）Synchronicstudy（共時）一descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime（modernlinguistics）Diachronicstudy（歷時）—descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime（historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime）第四章WhatisSyntax（句法）？Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedto如對你有幫助，請購買下載打賞，謝謝!formsentences.句法就是研究語言的不同成分組成句子的規(guī)則FourApproaches:Thetraditionalapproach傳統(tǒng)語言觀(Partsofspeech、SyntacticFunction不考、Category范疇、Concordandgovernment一致關系和支配關系)、Thestructuralapproach結構語言觀、Thegenerativeapproach、Thefunctionalapproach功能語言觀Thetraditionalgrammarregardssentencesasasequenceofwords,soitpaysgreatattentiontothestudyofwords,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionofwordsintermsofsubject,predicate,etc.PartsofspeechTraditionalgrammardefines8partsofspeech:nouns,verbs,pronouns,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,conjunctionsandinterjections.ThetermCategory范疇insomeapproachesreferstowordclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,范疇這一術語狹義上是指詞類和功能eg.Noun,Verb,Subject,Predicate.Morespecifically,itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits:thecategoriesofthenoun名詞的范疇,includenumber,gender,caseandcountability(case);thecategoriesoftheverb動詞的范疇:tense,aspect,voice,etc.Numberismostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun名詞和不可數(shù)名詞.Twotermsofnumberinnouns:singularandplural單數(shù)和復數(shù)NumberisalsoreflectedintheinflectionsofpronounsandverbsGenderisalsomostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun.InEnglish,thegenderdistinctionsareonthewholenatural,determinedbythebiologicalgenderofthecreature.Caseisusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentifythesyntacticrelationshipbetweenwordsinasentence.在詞類分析中，格范疇用來辨別句子中詞之間的句法關系InEnglish,pronounshavethreecasesofnominative主格，accusative受格，andgenitive與格.Nounshavetwoofgeneralandgenitive所有格InEnglish,thecaseofnounisrealizedinthreechannels:(a)inflection(b)followingapreposition(c)wordorderTense時態(tài)：theabsolutelocationofaneventoractionontime.Itismarkedbyaninflectionoftheverb.Asaresult,thereareonlytwotensesrecognizednow:pastandpresent.Sincethefuturetimedoesnotinvolveanyinflectionoftheverb,wedonotrefertoa“futuretense”,eventhoughinmanydifferentwayswecantalkaboutthefuture.Aspect體：Ithasnothingwithtime,andittellsuswhetheranactionisongoingorcompleted.Perfective(完成體)andImperfective(進行體)PerfectiveandProgressive(inEnglish)Voice語態(tài)：describetherelationshipbetweenverbandsubjectPassive被動語態(tài)andactive主動語態(tài)Concordandgovernment①Concord(一致關系)referstoagreementbetweenwords,especiallybetweenaverbandthesubjectofasentence.?Government(支配關系)isatypeofgrammaticalrelationshipbetweentwoormoreelementsinasentence.Intraditionalgrammar,thetermgovernmenthastypicallybeenusedtorefertotherelationshipbetweenverbsandnounsorbetweenprepositionsandnouns.TheStructuralApproach，由FerdinanddeSaussure提出如對你有幫助，請購買下載打賞，謝謝!SyntacticRelations：Positionalrelations位置關系、Relationsofsubstitutability替代關系、Relationsofco-occurrence同現(xiàn)關系Immediateconstituent（直接成分）isanymeaningfulconstituentatthefirststepinananalysis..Anendocentricconstruction（向心結構）isaconstructionthatcontains:ahead,whichisthesingleobligatoryelementintheconstruction;oneormoreoptionalelementssubordinatetothehead..theme（主位）referstotheknowninformationwhichisnotnewtothereaderorlistenerRheme（述位）referstotheinformationthatisnew.ThenewinformationiswhatistobetransmittedtothereaderorlistenerThelinguistsofthePragueschoolbelievedthatsentencemaybeanalyzedfromthefunctionalsideaswellasthegrammaticalside.subject,predicate（grammaticalside）theme,rheme（functionalside）第五章WhatisSemantics?Semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningofwords,phrasesandsentences.語義學是研究單詞、短語和句子的意義的學科GeoffreyLeech利奇Seventypesofmeaning7種意義類型：①Conceptualmeaning概念意義②Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義③Socialmeaning社會意義④Affectivemeaning感情意義 AssociativeMeaning聯(lián)想意義（② ⑥）?Reflectedmeaning反射意義⑥Collocativemeaning搭配意義⑦Thematicmeaning主位意義.Conceptualmeaning（概念意義）isalsocalled“denotative”（夕卜延義）anditisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefers⑹概念意義也叫外延義，它關注詞語是艮它所指稱事物之間的聯(lián)系Conceptualmeaningismeani